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Dossier thématique sous la direction de Naomi Davidson et Capucine Boidin; International audience; Dans l’historiographie vietnamienne des années 1990, apparaît le terme « nữ », désignant le genre féminin pour souligner l’engagement spécifique des femmes dans la guerre, à l’égale de celui des hommes, voire au-delà de celui des hommes dans une facture d’héroïsation. À partir de nouveaux corpus d’histoire orale des combattantes et combattants clandestins dits des « Commandos de Saigon », l’article interroge les tensions de l’écriture d’une histoire des femmes en temps de guerre. En effet, penser le genre de l’indépendance, attentif aux mécanismes des dominations masculines, aide à construire une histoire de la guerre plus proche des réalités sociales, moins hagiographique.

La politique et la religion ont longtemps été considérées comme des domaines conflictuels dans le discours officiel de la République socialiste du Viêt Nam. L’observation des pratiques religieuses au niveau local montre cependant que la négociation entre les institutions religieuses et l’État a toujours eu lieu et continue aujourd’hui. Analysant des données collectées ces dix dernières années, cet article explore la relation dialectique entre le pouvoir religieux et le pouvoir politique dans un village de la province de Nam Định. Les entretiens avec des anciens et deux maîtres de rituel, l’observation des cultes dédiés au génie tutélaire et à des ancêtres de lignées démontrent que les figures révolutionnaires telles que Hồ Chí Minh, les martyrs nationaux et les personnalités militaires, sont légitimées dans l’ordre villageois par leur intégration dans le rituel local et la mystique taoïste. Politics and religion have long been seen as conflicting domains in the Socialist Republic of Viêt Nam in official discourse. Yet, attention to local religious practice reveals long historical traditions of negotiation between local religious institutions and the State that continue in contemporary practice. Based on data collected over the last ten years, this paper explores the dialectical relationship between religious and state power in a rural village in Nam Dinh Province. Interviews with village elders and two ritual masters, and observation of communal rituals to propitiate the village tutelary god and lineage ancestors demonstrates that figures associated with the revolutionary State, such as Hồ Chí Minh, national martyrs and military personalities, are legitimized and integrated into the local communal order through their integration into local rituals and daoist mysticism.

Viet Nam now is one of the most dynamic emerging countries in East Asia region. Viet Nam is considered as one of the largest aquatic exporting countries in the world. Most of aquatic exporters are in Mekong Delta. An Giang Province is located in this region. This study aims to verify the 10 components which constitute the competitiveness of aquatic exporters in An Giang Province by SPSS 22.0. Through Cronbach's Alpha accreditation, exploratory factor EFA, confirmatory factor CFA, structural equation model SEM were analyzed to offer proposals and recommendations in order to help the aquatic exporters improve their competitiveness in the international market.

This article presents experiences and conclusions of an audit approach that focuses on the thesis that universities can gain most from external impulses when actively acquired and adapted by partic...

In July 2014, Indonesia implemented a safeguard tariff on galvalume, a type of galvanized flat-rolled steel. Chinese Taipei and Viet Nam challenged the measure, mainly claiming that Indonesia's administering authority failed to satisfy various substantive and procedural requirements of the GATT 1994 and the Safeguards Agreement. The Panel and AB found that the tariff was not a safeguard measure but rather was a simple increase in Indonesia's applied rate. Interestingly, Viet Nam, the largest import supplier, is a member of a free trade area with Indonesia, meaning Viet Nam is not subject to the MFN rate. Viet Nam's preferential tariff treatment likely influenced Indonesia's decision to claim the action was a safeguard. Ironically, even though the Appellate Body essentially rejected its claims, the ruling benefits Viet Nam.

Do firms pay more taxes after formalization? The answer to this question is nontrivial. Tax noncompliance can be a persistent behavior among formerly informal firms. Analyzing the relationship between formalization and tax payments can also be challenging if nonswitching and switching firms have different characteristics. I use a panel dataset built from five small and medium-sized enterprise surveys conducted in Viet Nam from 2005 to 2013. By comparing nonswitching informal firms to switchers, I show that switchers are more likely to pay taxes and to pay a higher amount, thereby confirming heterogeneity. By comparing switchers before and after formalization, I find that formalization increases tax payment likelihood by 20% and the tax amount paid by 93%. A control function approach indicates that my results are robust to potential endogeneity of formalization. Therefore, this paper provides supportive evidence for a key public policy rationale to promote formalization: increased tax revenues.

Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is one of basic contents of managerial accounting. Balanced Scorecard (BSC) will help the manager to measure and evaluate the operating performance in enterprises. Therefore, providing the theory base as well as in fact with regards to apply with Balanced Scorecard, impact of applying with Balanced Scorecard on the performance of company, from then providing for the managers with the base to promote on applying the Balanced Scorecard in Vietnamese Enterprises aimed to improve the operating performance of enterprises meaningfully and neccessary. However, balanced scorecard in general is a very new content in both theoretical and practice in Viet Nam. The study aims to explore the application with Balanced Scorecard in enterprises according to 4 perspective of Balanced Scorecard in Vietnamese commercial banks. In the dimension of this paper, SPSS 22 was used to collect and analysis data, basing on the results of 109 questionnaires of managers and head of department from Vietnamese commercial banks. Research have shown impact of Balanced Scorecard on the performance of Vietnamese commercial banks. This is the scientific basis for enterprises of Vietnam in general and Vietnamese commercial banks firms in particular have a successful application of balanced scorecard to improve the business performance.

The study aims to identify the factors affecting employee loyalty in the case of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Tra Vinh province, Viet Nam and to find out critical factors affecting the loyalty of employees in SMEs. This is implemented with the method of collecting primary data of 320 employees working at SMEs in 5 districts including: Cau Ngang, Tra Cu, Chau Thanh, Cang Long, Tieu Can) and Tra Vinh City, Viet Nam. Using the multivariate regression method, the researchers have found 6 factors affecting employee loyalty: colleagues, leaders, job characteristics, remuneration policies, organizational culture, and working environment. Particularly, learning opportunities may not be not statistically significant for employees' loyalty towards small and medium-sized enterprises in Tra Vinh province. From the above research results, the authors have proposed implicational piolicies such as: focusing on colleague relationships, improving leadership of business owners, attaching importance to appropriate work arrangement, having appropriate remuneration policies for laborers, building effective organizational culture and working environment to improve employee loyalty at SMEs. From the above policy implications, helping business owners realize the aspirations of workers in small and medium-sized enterprises more closely in the future, in order to sustainably develop the business system in Vietnam.

Using a representative sample of more than 5,000 Vietnamese enterprises, we explore the firm-level productivity effects of corporate social responsibility (CSR). The data enables us to create 12 quantitative CSR measures, which can be grouped into two broader categories related to management and community-based CSR initiatives. We find a positive relationship between adoption of CSR initiatives and firm efficiency, and reveal that the impact is stronger for firms in non-competitive industries. Moreover, we show that local community focused CSR initiatives drive the aggregate effect. This suggests that socially responsible actions by firms are likely to pay-off when stakeholder engagement has a localised focus. We provide evidence of reciprocity by showing that employees accept a lower share of additionally generated value-added (controlling for productivity differences) in exchange for working in a company that signals ‘good’ corporate values.

We conduct a contingent valuation investigation of the preference of international migrants for better home country institutional quality. Our study uses contingent valuation questions in a survey of 1.6% of Vietnamese adult migrants living in New Zealand (NZ) in 2016 to establish the compensating differentials that make those migrants indifferent between residing in NZ and returning to Viet Nam (VN) in hypothetical scenarios. We find that the estimated willingness to pay for an incremental unit improvement in institutional quality in VN is, on average, about NZD 80 per week (approximately 33% of the average weekly wage in VN in PPP terms for the same period), and positively associated with the respondents’ age and the perceived importance of institutional quality in VN to their repatriation intentions. This study underscores the importance of institutional quality to migration decisions by showing that migrants are willing to trade-off part of their regular income for better home country institutional quality.

This paper aims to contribute to the growing literature on the potential benefits of the Internet on rural livelihoods. We estimate the relationship between Internet access and agricultural production in rural Viet Nam using a panel dataset from 2008–2012. This is a time span during which Internet access increased substantially and government‐run and private online outlets providing information about agriculture started to operate. Our findings suggest that Internet access is associated with a 6.8% higher volume of total agricultural output. We find that this result is manifested through more efficient use of fertilizer. Our findings are stronger for younger households. The less developed northern provinces have benefited the most from the arrival of the Internet. The results are weaker in the case of rice, which is related to strong government involvement in rice production and prices.

With increasing focus placed on global rankings, partnerships, and student mobility, institutions are increasingly embedding internationalisation within their strategic language and approach. This ...

The higher education system of Viet Nam has been undergoing reform process with the aim of seeking a position in the world’s education market. However, recent changes in the system have made the operational efficiency of the system less stable, thus making it more challenging to improve the country’s universities world rankings. In this paper, we investigate the performance of tertiary education institutions in Viet Nam and evaluate the efficiency gap between colleges and universities. Using the metafrontier directional technology approach, we estimate both the group frontier and metafrontier efficiencies for 112 universities and 141 colleges using data for 2011–2013 and compute their differences imposed by the technology associated with different levels of ownership and locations. The findings showed that the performance of universities were better than that of colleges, at 0.837 0.774, respectively. However, under an unrestricted metafrontier framework, the metatechnology ratios suggest that universities and colleges were operated comparatively well by potentially increasing their performance by 7.8 and 5.0 per cent, respectively. Both urban universities and colleges are found to be more efficient than their rural counterparts, but the effects of ownerships showed mixed results on the performance of universities and colleges. Our results highlight the need for appropriate policies and enabling environment that will enhance the performance of each institution. It is imperative to re-evaluate the specific role and individual contributions of colleges and universities in the national education system and assist rural universities and colleges to explore their full potential to enhance their performance. First published online 17 September 2019

Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate children's acquisition of Vietnamese speech sounds. Method Participants were 195 children aged 2;2–5;11 (years;months) living in Northern Viet Nam who spoke Vietnamese as their 1st language. Single-word samples were collected using the Vietnamese Speech Assessment ( Phạm, Le, & McLeod, 2016 ) to measure accuracy of consonants, semivowels, vowels, and tones. Results Percentage of consonants correct for children aged 2;0–2;5 was 46.39 ( SD = 7.95) and increased to 93.13 ( SD = 6.13) for children aged 5;6–5;11. The most difficult consonants were /ɲ, s, z, x/. Percentage of semivowels correct for children aged 2;0–2;5 was 70.74 ( SD = 14.38) and increased to 99.60 ( SD = 1.55) for children aged 5;6–5;11. Percentage of vowels correct for children aged 2;0–2;5 was 91.93 ( SD = 3.13) and increased to 98.11 ( SD = 2.79) for children aged 5;6–5;11. Percentage of tones correct for children aged 2;0–2;5 was 91.05 ( SD = 1.42) and increased to 96.65 ( SD = 3.42) for children aged 5;6–5;11. Tones 1, 2, 5, and 6 were acquired by the youngest age group, whereas Tone 3 (creaky thanh ngã ) and Tone 4 (dipping–rising thanh hỏi ) did not achieve 90% accuracy by the oldest age group. Common phonological patterns (> 10%) were fronting, stopping, deaspiration, aspiration, and semivowel deletion for children aged 2;0–3;11 and were fronting and deaspiration for children aged 4;0–5;11. Conclusion This is the 1st comprehensive study of typically developing Northern Vietnamese children's speech acquisition and provides preliminary data to support the emerging speech-language pathology profession in Viet Nam.

This article examines the link between local institutional quality in the home country and locational choices of international return migrants. We scrutinize the locational choices of Vietnamese return migrants to the south central and the south regions of Viet Nam in 2014. Binary and multinomial regression models are fitted to identify the influence of migrants' individual attributes and the characteristics of regional destinations within Viet Nam. Our analysis reveals that both individual-specific and region-specific variables are significantly related to Vietnamese return migrants' choices when registering for permanent residency back in their home country. More remarkably, we provide compelling evidence of the positive role of institutional quality at the local level in these migration decisions. Moreover, the effect of institutional quality differs with the characteristics of migrants: regions with better institutional quality are more attractive both to younger return migrants and to those who returned from host countries with better institutional quality. International Migration

The expansion of health insurance in emerging countries raises concerns about the unintended negative effects of health insurance on labour supply. This article examines the labour supply effects of the Health Care Fund for the Poor (HCFP) in Vietnam in terms of the number of work hours per month and labour force participation (the probability of employment). Employing various matching methods combined with a Difference-in-Differences approach on the Vietnam Household Living Standard Surveys 2002–2006, we show that the HCFP, which aims to provide poor people and disadvantaged minority groups with free health insurance, has a negative effect on labour supply. This is manifested in both the average number of hours worked per month and the probability of employment, suggesting the income effect of the HCFP. Interestingly, the effects are mainly driven by the non-poor recipients living in rural areas, raising the question of the targeting strategy of the programme. © 2019, © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

This paper identifies whether there was a performance difference among micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) led by men and by women in Vietnam during the period 2005–2013 and aims to provide explanations for the differences, if any, in various performance indicators. The paper adopts a quantitative approach using a firm-level panel dataset in the manufacturing sector in 10 provinces/cities in Vietnam in five waves from 2005 to 2013. Fixed effect models are estimated to examine the influence of firm variables and demographic, human capital characteristics of owners/managers on firms’ value added, labor productivity and employment creation. We found that men led MSMEs did not outperform those led by women on average. Although the average value added was lower for female-led firms in the informal sector, the opposite was true in the formal sector where women tend to lead medium-size firms with higher value added and labor productivity. The performance disparity was more envisaged across levels of formality and less clear from a gender perspective. Moreover, while firms owned by businessmen seemed to create more jobs, firms owned by women had a higher share of female employees. No significant difference in business constraints faced by women and by men was found.

Schools are an attractive entry point to improve children’s diets, as their eating habits can be shaped during childhood and the information disseminated from school can reach adults through children. We implemented a cluster-randomized trial in 12 schools in peri-urban Viet Nam to assess if two school-based interventions increased knowledge of healthy diets among children and their parents, as well as children’s consumption of healthy foods. First, children were given lessons about food before school lunch and encouraged to share the lessons with their parents. Second, children were provided with healthy snacks to reinforce messages about healthy eating. We found that in the short term, the nutrition lessons raised the knowledge index score of the children by 0.35 standard deviation. After six months, this intervention lost its effectiveness, emphasizing the need for linkage between knowledge and practice. By itself, free access to fruit at school increased the children’s daily fruit consumption by half a portion, but not at the expense of home fruit consumption. Access to healthy foods at school can therefore be an effective measure to raise children’s healthy consumption. Child-parent communication was not a reliable channel for knowledge dissemination in our setting.

International audience; In this introduction we argue that sonic experiences in contexts of organized violence can be understood as lieux de mémoire (sites of memory). Exploring how these sonic sites are indissociable from the individual and collective experience of places, we show how they form networks of relationships within which the memory of silences and sounds is constructed and actualized. We also argue that these sonic lieux de mémoire can be seen from two perspectives, representing the dark and bright sides of the same phenomenon. On one hand, sound, music and silence are used as weapons in organized violence, for example in detention facilities or during wars or political conflicts. On the other hand, they constitute symbolic resources, positive tools that contribute to the (re)construction of subjectivities and thus can serve as tools for survival and resistance. In both cases, sound and musical practices are essential facets of what makes us human.; Dans cette introduction nous affirmons que les expériences sonores en contexte de violence organisée peuvent être comprises comme des « lieux de mémoire sonore ». Indissociables de l’expérience individuelle et collective des lieux, ils constituent des réseaux de relations non prédéterminées, dans lesquels la mémoire des silences et des sons se construit et s’actualise. Nous soutenons aussi que les lieux de mémoire sonore peuvent être appréhendés sous une double perspective, à la fois la face noire et la face lumineuse d’un même phénomène. D’une part, le son, la musique et le silence sont utilisés comme des armes en contexte de violence organisée, que cela soit par exemple dans certains lieux de détention ou en situation de guerre ou de conflit politique. D’autre part, ils constituent des ressources symboliques qui contribuent à la (re)construction de subjectivités, notamment dans des situations faisant suite à des expériences d’exil forcé et de violence organisée. Dans tous les cas, les pratiques sonores et musicales sont des ressources immatérielles constitutives des êtres humains.

Vegetable safety is a public concern in Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam—developing countries in Southeast Asia. Eliminating this concern requires insight into factors shaping it. Food risk perception might differ among countries due to the dissimilarities in culture, social, and economic conditions. However, an understanding on this difference is lacking in Southeast Asia. This paper is the first attempt to compare factors influencing risk perception of vegetables in Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Principle component analysis and ordered logit regression were employed on a sample of 1,199 consumers from the three countries. We found trust and perception of hazards influenced risk perception across countries. Gender shaped risk perception in Laos and Vietnam. The importance of vegetables and risk information determined risk perception in Vietnam only, while hazard knowledge and homegrown vegetables were predictors of risk perception solely in Cambodia. Since Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam are inhomogeneous in risk perception, policy measures to address food risk perception should be tailored to each country.

While export-oriented shrimp farming has become an important source of income for many small-scale farmers in developing countries, the rate at which products are rejected at the ports of developed...

The exporting and subcontracting decisions of a panel of Vietnamese private small- and medium-sized enterprises is investigated. We find that among subcontractors, subcontracting is a supplementary rather than primary activity; the propensity to export increases with managers' or owners' knowledge of customs law; and, there is some evidence that subcontractors are more likely to have made product improvements while exporters are more likely to have adopted new processes or technologies. Our study provides useful insights into SME exporting and subcontracting strategies made more relevant by the expected reductions in trade costs associated with the World Trade Organization's Trade Facilitation Agreement.

Radical innovation in product and services have become more important for firms to gain competitive advantages and stay ahead in the competition. In the supply chain, more and more suppliers endeav...

This paper examines the intergenerational transmission of educational attainment using data on Japan. By exploiting unique information on whether children have ever given up schooling for financial reasons and, if they have, which level of schooling they have forgone, it attempts to assess the role of borrowing constraints in determining intergenerational educational mobility in a more direct manner than previous attempts made in the literature. We find that there has been a steady increase in the degree of the intergenerational transmission of educational attainment, resulting in lower intergenerational mobility, during the postwar period in Japan. We also find that while the importance of borrowing constraints for determining intergenerational educational mobility declined at one time, it seems to have become significant enough once again to lower intergenerational educational mobility for the youngest cohort we examined in this paper. However, our analysis also shows that the relative importance of adolescent academic ability for children’s educational attainment has increased in recent years, underlying the increasing importance of early investments in children’s human capital for their subsequent academic advancement.

Vietnamese is one of the 20 most commonly spoken languages in the world; however, there are no standardised tools to assess Vietnamese children's speech. This study aimed to validate and norm the Vietnamese version of the Intelligibility in Context Scale (ICS-VN). Data were collected from parents of 181 children (aged 2;0-5;11) living in Ha Noi, Northern Viet Nam. The mean ICS-VN score was 4.43 (out of a maximum of 5), indicating that children were 'usually' to 'always' intelligible; however, item-level scores demonstrated significant differences between communication partners. Children with parental concerns about speech and language had significantly lower mean scores than children without parental concerns. Scores also differed by children's age, parents' occupation and mothers' education level but not by sex of child or fathers' education level. The ICS-VN had good psychometric properties indicating it to be a valid tool for use with Vietnamese-speaking children in Northern Viet Nam.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of monitoring local authorities on the quality of governance and public services reported by citizens in Vietnam, using the Vietnam Governance and Public Administration Performance Index (PAPI) surveys. Design/methodology/approach PAPI randomly selected 200 locations in 93 districts of 30 provinces to conduct its survey in 2010, and subsequently rolled out the survey nationally in 2011 and 2012. Using 2011 and 2012 survey data, the authors compare the quality of governance and public services reported in provinces and districts that were covered in the 2011 PAPI survey with those that were not surveyed in 2010. Theories suggest that local authorities may improve their behavior if they have been surveyed and are, thus, aware that they are being monitored, leading to higher quality governance. Findings In this paper, the authors find that governance quality reported in later years by citizens in the surveyed provinces and districts of the 2010 PAPI survey was significantly higher than the quality reported by citizens in locations that were not surveyed in 2010. Monitoring appears to improve a wide range of governance aspects, including local participation in village decisions, transparency of local decision-making, accountability, administrative procedures and public service delivery. Originality/value The main innovation of this study is to use a randomized survey on governance as a natural experiment to measure the impact of monitoring on the quality of governance and public services, as reported by citizens.

Using a firm-level panel dataset on private small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Viet Nam’s manufacturing sector, this paper examines productivity dynamics of formal and informal firms. We decompose productivity changes into changes within and between formal and informal firms. We assess the contributions of firm entry and exit as well as informal–formal transitions. Our results show that productivity is considerably lower and misallocation more prevalent in the informal than in the formal sector. Yet, formalizing firms in Viet Nam make an important contribution to aggregate productivity growth among manufacturing SMEs, growing faster than other firms and increasing efficiency. We identify two ‘regimes’ of formalization. Until early 2010, more productive (previously) informal firms formalize. Policy changes and accelerated formalization then alter the characteristics of formalizers, as less productive firms become formal. While this formalization wave depresses average formal total factor productivity growth, the overall productivity effect is positive.

The literature shows that political connections have different effects on firms’ activities. However, the question of how political connections affect firms’ formalization has not been explored. Using data from three waves of the Vietnam Small and Medium Enterprise Survey for the period from 2007 to 2011, this paper aims to examine the relationship between political connections and firms’ formalization in Viet Nam. We find that firms with political connections increase their share of formal workers. The results also show that smaller firms tend to be more formalized if they have political connections. To overcome bias and inconsistency concerns due to potential omitted variables and reverse causality, we use political connections in a firm’s industry in other districts as an instrumental variable. The instrumental variable results confirm our previous results that political connections do indeed lead to a higher level of formalization.

We investigate whether there are racial and ethnic disparities in children's education in Ethiopia, India, Peru and Viet Nam. We find that in all the four countries, and especially in Viet Nam, children from small ethnic groups have lower education attainment and cognitive ability. The gap in educational attainment and cognitive ability among ethnic children is larger than the gap in school enrolment, and the gap tends to be wider for older children. Using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, we find that the main contribution to the gap in education between children from small ethnic groups and large ethnic groups in India, Peru and Viet Nam is the difference in endowments (i.e., characteristics of children and their families) rather than the difference in the coefficients of endowments. However, in Ethiopia, the difference in the coefficients contributes more than the difference in endowments to the gap in education. Child health, parental education, household expenditure and an urban environment are important variables for explaining the gap in education between children from small and large ethnic groups.

The United Nations has proposed 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all stakeholders and the community. Either facing poverty, quality education, gender equality, increasing economic growth, innovating industry and infrastructure, environmental protection, or creating sustainable cities and communities, the mining industry is engaged. Southeast Asia consists of countries at various economic development stages that are increasingly integrating into trade, investment, and finance. The mining industry plays a critical role in Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Viet Nam, partly contributing to the increasing growth rates of the Gross Domestic Products in these countries for years. Mining companies are also top taxpayers and the biggest employers, although modern mining is using fewer laborers. However, mining in these countries faces challenges from its social and environmental impacts, misconceptions of the community and media, and the interference of civil societies, etc. Consequently, withdrawals of the mining licenses happen sometimes. The paper reviews how mining companies in Southeast Asia deal with the social acceptance of mining activities. Aspects such as economic development, culture, and social background are characterized.

Protoperidinium is one of the most important genera of armoured marine dinoflagellates. Despite its importance and many previous studies on this genus, the descriptions of many species are incomplete, their diagnostic features not properly described and illustrated and most species have been illustrated, if at all, only by line drawings and not documented by micro-photography. As here described, examinations of about 600 phytoplankton net samples collected from Viet Nam and adjacent coastal waters over the last decade revealed about 100 species of Protoperidinium, ten of which belong to the section Oceanica and this paper is the first in a series describing all species of Protoperidinium found in Vietnamese waters. The Oceanica species are described and illustrated by light, and for some also by scanning electron, microscopy. The species are: Protoperidinium claudicans, P. depressum, P. depressum var. claudicanoides, P. larsenii sp. nov., P. murrayi, P. oceanicum f. bisintercalares comb. nov., P. oceanicum var. tenellum comb. nov., P. paraoblongum, P. venustum and P. venustum var. facetum. Protoperidinium larsenii L. Phan Tan, L. Nguyen-Ngoc, and H. Doan-Nhu is new to science. It was found in the coastal waters of Rach Gia in Kien Giang Province, western part of south Viet Nam (Gulf of Thailand). The new species is characterized by its broad shape, conical epitheca and short, non-divergent antapical horns; the 1’ plate is asymmetrical, there are 3 anterior intercalary plates, the 2a plate is quadrangular; and the sutures connecting the 6” plate with the 4’ plate and the 7” form an almost straight line. By these features P. larsenii differs from the similar species P. claudicans and P. latidorsale. Protoperidinium oceanicum (Vanh ffen) Balech () f. bisintercalares (Graham) H. Doan-Nhu, L. Phan-Tan, L. Nguyen-Ngoc, and J. Larsen comb. nov. and Protoperidinium oceanicum (Vanh ffen) Balech () var. tenellum (Graham) L. Nguyen-Ngoc, L. Phan-Tan, H. Doan-Nhu and J. Larsen comb. nov. are two new combinations.

This paper evaluates the conjecture that factory managers may not be offering a cost-minimizing configuration of compensation and workplace amenities by using manager and worker survey data from Better Work Vietnam. Working conditions are found to have a significant positive impact on global life assessments and reduce measures of depression and traumatic stress. We find significant deviations in manager perceptions of working conditions from those of workers. These deviations significantly impact a worker's perception of well-being and indicators of mental health. Such deviations may lead the factory manager to underprovide certain workplace amenities relative to the cost-minimizing configuration, which may in part explain the persistence of relatively poor working conditions in developing economies.

International audience; This paper examines social changes currently underway in a Tày commune in the Lào Cai province through the lens of the balance between State interventions in social practices and the responses of the local population. The author compares empirical facts with the three interpretations of State-Society relationships conceptualized by Benedict Kerkvliet. This study focuses on the way the national policies of “establishing a civilized way of life” are implemented by the local authorities and then adopted, assimilated and changed by the local population. The first part introduces the principles, objectives and rationale behind these policies from a historical perspective, beginning at the national level and ending at the local one. The second part gives details on the content of the reform with respect to weddings, funerals and festivals, as implemented in the commune studied. The last part aims to illustrate, through a specific case study of a wedding, how these policies are implemented, focusing particularly on the responses of the local population. This case study cross-checked with others allows the identification of three main ways of receiving external influences : passive resistance by maintaining prohibited practices and norms ; a combination of endogenous and exogenous elements ; a pragmatic assimilation. Finally, this study shows that the social change operates through a dialectic between State interventions, which entail assimilation, and local cultural reinventions.; Cet article vise à comprendre certaines modalités du changement social actuel dans une commune tày de la province de Lào Cai à travers la tension entre les interventions de l'État sur les pratiques de sociabilité collectives et les réactions des populations locales face à ces interventions. L'auteur opère par ce biais une mise en perspective des faits empiriques avec les trois interprétations des rapports État-société conceptualisées par Benedict Kerkvliet. L'étude se concentre sur la manière dont les politiques nationales « d'édification d'un mode de vie civilisé » sont mises en place par les autorités locales puis adoptées, assimilées et transformées par les populations. La première partie présente les principes, les objectifs et les logiques de ces politiques dans une perspective historique, en partant du point de vue national pour aboutir sur une échelle locale. La seconde partie détaille le contenu des réformes mises en oeuvre dans la commune étudiée. La troisième et dernière partie vise à illustrer par un cas de mariage la mise en oeuvre de ces politiques, en axant la réflexion sur les réactions locales. Ce cas recoupé à d'autres permet d'identifier trois modalités de réception d'éléments extérieurs : une résistance passive par contournement des règles officielles ; une combinaison des éléments endogènes et exogènes; et une assimilation pragmatique. Cette étude montre en définitive que le changement social s'opère à travers une dialectique entre des interventions étatiques assimilatrices et des réinventions culturelles.

What are the characteristics of peasants in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam? This question is largely indebted to the seminal work of Pierre Gourou in the Red River Delta or Tonkin Delta. However, land management practices in the southern part of the country remain a kind of terra incognita for researchers. This paper examines some main features of southern peasants’ behaviors concerning land ownership, labor use, and market-driven behaviors in the socio-historical context of “open community” villages by comparing them with those of northern peasants. The paper’s main argument is that Mekong Delta villages constitute an evident example of the “farmer society” type, different from the “peasant society” type—a distinction devised by Eric Wolf. Quelles sont les caractéristiques des paysans vietnamiens du delta du Mékong ? Si la question a fait largement débat tout au long du xxe siècle pour le delta du fleuve Rouge ou du Tonkin grâce à l’étude de Pierre Gourou, les pratiques de gestion de la terre au sud du pays comportent de vastes zones d’ombre pour les chercheurs. Cet article examine certains traits dominants des comportements des paysans du delta du Mékong concernant la propriété privée, l’utilisation de la main-d’œuvre et d’autres pratiques liées au mode de production agricole. Réunissant et comparant un ensemble de données socio-historiques, les auteurs abordent les communautés villageoises en termes de « communautés ouvertes » et ouvrent des lignes de comparaison avec les paysans du nord du pays. L’article arrive à la conclusion que les villages du delta du Mékong constituent un exemple manifeste d’un type de « société d’agriculteurs » qui génèrent des nuances par rapport au type de « société paysanne » jusqu’alors proposée par Eric Wolf.

This paper attempts to measure the effect of resource misallocation on aggregate manufacturing total factor productivity, focusing on Vietnamese manufacturing firms during the period 2000–2009. One of the major findings of this paper is that there would have been substantial improvement in aggregate total factor productivity in Viet Nam in the absence of distortions. The results imply that potential productivity gains from removing distortions in Vietnamese manufacturing are large. We also find that smaller firms tend to face advantageous distortions, while larger firms tend to face disadvantageous ones. Moreover, the efficient size distribution is more dispersed than the actual size distribution. These results suggest that Viet Nam's policies may constrain its largest and most efficient producers, and coddle its smallest and least efficient ones.

This paper uses new data to examine whether APEC achieved its aim of reducing trade transaction costs by 10% over the 2002–2010 period. An inversion of the familiar gravity model makes it possible to infer trade costs based on the observed pattern of trade and production across economies. Analysis of trade costs calculated in this way shows that although intra- and extra-APEC trade costs fell during the sample period, they did not do so substantially more quickly than elsewhere in the world. Indeed, the region taken as a whole did not meet the 10% reduction goal. However, a considerable number of individual economies not only met the goal, they greatly exceeded it. Consistent with their outward oriented development strategies and leverage of global and regional value chains, some APEC economies saw very rapid falls in their trade costs over the 2002–2010 period, Viet Nam being a standout performer. Overall, about one third of the forum's membership for which consistent data are available met or exceeded the 10% reduction goal. APEC's two Trade Facilitation Action Plans can therefore be seen as having had mixed records of success.

We examine important changes in agriculture in Vietnam in the context of ongoing structural changes in the economy. We use a household-level panel dataset and a quantitative framework to document the extent and consequences of factor misallocation in agriculture during the period between 2006 and 2016. Despite rapid growth in agricultural productivity and a reallocation of factor inputs to more productive farmers, we find that misallocation across farmers remains high and increased during the period. Reallocation of factor inputs has not been strong enough to accommodate substantial changes in farm productivity over time. Our analysis also reveals important differences between the north and south regions.

In developing countries, a significant share of land transactions occurs among closely related parties and often does not entail any specific compensation (in-kind or monetary). Despite the prevalence of these non-market or informal transactions, the literature has paid little attention to the determinants and consequences of these exchanges. In this paper we shed light on the role land use certificates play on the agreed compensation of rental agreements when landlords, particularly those with weaker ex-ante tenure security (i.e. women), rent out land to their relatives in Viet Nam. We find that female-headed households who lease their plots to relatives are less likely to receive any type of payment, unless they possess a title for the plot they leased. A regional decomposition of our results shows that this effect is more predominant in the Northern regions.

This paper examines how the interaction of social trust and institutions, such as land administration, affects household economic decisions in Viet Nam. Using a panel dataset of rural households from 2008 to 2014, we show that negative consequences of the duration of land administration on agricultural investment have been lower in rural households with higher level of trust. Higher-trust households, when facing higher barrier from land administration, tend to invest more on agricultural land compared to low-trust households where household heads are male. We also find that high-trust households enhance land property rights when facing obstacles from land administration.

The purpose of this study is to understand an effect of the logistics service on firm financial performance in textile industry of Da Nang city, Viet Nam. A questionnaire was developed to survey several critical factors in the logistics services. Factor analysis method was applied to find some major configurations for each influential factor, and multi-regression method was employed to analyze the influence of critical factor on the firm financial performance. The results showed that internal logistics, inbound logistics, outbound logistics, support activities, and cost of logistics have significantly positive relationship with the firm financial performance. Interestingly, the cost of logistics becomes the main factor affecting the firm financial performance in the textile industry.

The past 30 years have seen a consistent increase in agricultural commercialization in rural Vietnam, at the same time when rural residents have moved increasingly into non-agricultural activities. The contribution of the latter to welfare improvement and poverty reduction is well known; in this paper we investigate the extent to which increased agricultural commercialization has also contributed to improving welfare levels. For this purpose, we use the five-wave Vietnam Access to Resources Household Survey (VARHS) panel data set from 2008-16 to consider the specific impacts of increased commercialization of rice, Vietnam's dominant crop. We use three measures of welfare and two measures of agricultural commercialization, and find a significant impact of commercialization on household assets, a longer term welfare measure. However, we do not find much impact on household income and food consumption. The results also show heterogeneous effects across different types of households, with particularly large impacts for those who are frequent sellers.

This paper examines how the interaction of social trust and institutions, such as land administration, affects household economic decisions in Vietnam. Using a panel dataset of rural households from 2008 to 2014, we show that negative consequences of the duration of land administration on credit access, agricultural investment, and land use rights have been mitigated in communes with higher level of trust. These results support the view that trust complements formal institutions.

This paper analyses the relationship between climate and migration in rural households in Vietnam. We propose an instrumental variable approach that controls for the potential endogeneity between crop production and migration using monthly minimum temperatures in the growing season as an instrument of rice production. Results show that the rise in minimum temperature during the core month of the growing season (i.e. June) does cause a reduction in rice production which, in turn, has a positive impact on people's propensity to migrate. This finding is robust to the use of different estimators and plausible violations to exogeneity of the instrument.

In itsFinal Modification for Reviewsthe US DOC announced on 14 February 2012 that it would cease the use of zeroing in the calculation of anti-dumping (AD) margins in all reviews as of 16 April 2012. However, it did not pertain to targeted dumping. In itsFinal Ruleof 22 April 2014, it codified substantial discretion in calculating AD duties, including the use of zeroing, in targeted dumping. Thus the panel inUS‒Shrimp II (Viet Nam)erred in not finding ‘as such’ inconsistency by the US with the AD Agreement, despite this not being a targeted dumping complaint. Given the record of the US in complying with zeroing petitions, it should have incurred the burden of proof, which is not satisfied by these pronouncements. Market structure should be used by panels in ‘as applied’ inconsistency determinations. Viet Nam should have included an Article 3 violation in its complaint.

This paper investigates the effect of commodity prices, in particular rice and coffee, on the decision of migrating at the individual level. As most coffee production is sold by households for exports, we would expect that coffee price shocks would have a direct effect on the probability to migrate. On the other hand, we would anticipate that fluctuations in rice prices have little or no effect on migration decisions, given that rice is mainly produced for household consumption. We test these hypotheses drawing evidence from migration in Viet Nam. We show that the lower the price of coffee, the higher the likelihood of migrating. This evidence seems to suggest that migration acts as a shock-coping strategy. We find that rice prices have no effect on the probability of migrating. We further explore the extent of migrants’ self-selection and show that lower coffee prices increase the migration probability of individuals with lower education.

Industrial parks have been promoted as cornerstone strategies for economic development in countries around the world, including Viet Nam. The transformation of conventional industrial zones (IZs) into eco-industrial parks (EIPs) presents an effective opportunity to attain inclusive and sustainable industrial development, as well as increasing the economic competitiveness and resilience of industrial parks. This paper presents and discusses the interventions, key results, and lessons learned from the Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI) and UNIDO&rsquo, s work on EIPs in Viet Nam as part of the Project &ldquo, Implementation of eco-industrial park initiative for sustainable industrial zones in Viet Nam&rdquo, The Project was undertaken with the objective of developing policies and guidelines to facilitate the transformation of industrial zones into eco-industrial parks and implementing EIP principles in five existing industrial zones in the provinces of Da Nang (Hoa Khanh IZ), Can Tho (Tra Noc 1 and 2 IZs), and Ninh Binh (Khanh Phu IZ and Gian Khau IZ), which serve as pilots to support replication and upscaling across Viet Nam. The application of the Project&rsquo, s policy, company, and park-level interventions demonstrated their value in contributing to the development and implementation of EIP practices in the country. Rather than stand-alone solutions, multi-disciplinary EIP concepts are most effective if applied as part of an integrated top-down approach (policy support as entry point for interventions) combined with a bottom-up approach (industrial park as entry point). The issuance of Decree 82/2018/ND-CP on the management of industrial parks and economic zones is a new policy outlining the requirements and process for transforming industrial zones into EIPs. The Decree is thereby an important driver for EIP development. Legal challenges with regards to EIPs still exist, including the lack of available and reliable data and the need for detailed standards and guidelines on reusing by-products, wastes, and wastewater. The final adoption of minimum EIP requirements in Viet Nam for social, economic, and environmental aspects is a key issue for scaling up implementation. The work undertaken as part of the Project will continue through the Global EIP Programme, in which Viet Nam is one of the participating countries.

The discovery that several figurative idioms are semantically motivated by a common conceptual metaphor (CM) has opened up a path to more systematic and insightful learning. However, it was still unclear to what extent the elaboration of conceptual metaphors (CMs) could facilitate learners’ reception and production of idioms over time. To address this issue, a quasi-experiment was conducted, with the pre-test – post-test design, on a sample of 69 Vietnamese undergraduates. Results revealed that the explanation of CM was especially beneficial for the students’ idiom reception over time, and to a lesser extent for their use of idioms. Though not outstanding in the short term compared with the traditional method, this cognitive approach showed its relatively long-lasting value in terms of both idiom reception and production.