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PurposeMost businesses strive to control the efficiency of their supply chains; however, luxury firms face additional challenges from counterfeit, gray market and copycat products. Blockchain technology can address these issues and enhance firms' supply chain management, guaranteeing the traceability and origin of luxury products. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the utility and contexts influencing the implementation of blockchain technology to optimize supply chain management and prevent fraud in the luxury industry.Design/methodology/approachThe research uses a qualitative approach based on the grounded theory method. Data are collected by semi-structured interviews with 12 stakeholders working on blockchain applications in the luxury business sector.FindingsHighlighting the problems faced by luxury brands' supply chains, this study presents blockchain technology as a solution for disintermediation, traceability and transparency in the luxury goods sector. The constraints faced by luxury brands incorporating this technology into their ecosystem include the knowledge gap, the multiplicity of third parties involved in the production process and bias toward short-term returns on investment.Originality/valueBlockchains promote greater transparency and efficiency within supply chains, which builds consumer trust and improves brand revenue. Considering luxury brands' reluctance to adopt blockchains, this study suggests that luxury firms adopt a staggered implementation of private blockchain networks starting with a small number of third-party suppliers.

International audience; This paper investigates the link between business actors' perceptions of the compatibility between ecological responsiveness and business performance and the level of corporate commitment to address ecological issues. The dichotomy between peripheral (or symbolic) actions and embedded (or substantive) actions traditionally assumed in business research arguably reflects a limited conceptualisation of the link between ecological responsiveness and business performance. It fails to exhaustively explain how companies create, maintain, or disrupt practices that affect the natural environment. Combining insights from a conceptual framework that encompasses four scenarios of compatibility (trade-off, ambidexterity, synergy, and symbiosis) and 50 interviews with 25 management consultants, the results show that perceptions of compatibility are associated with a valence of business responses towards either maturation strategies (accommodative, philanthropic, progressive, and consolidative) or minimalistic strategies (lackadaisical, compliance, opportunistic, and cosmetic). The findings bring greater nuance to key forms of corporate ecological responsiveness, and how business agents' interpretations play a key role in shaping a firm's activities in this domain.

We model the work of a front-line service worker as a queueing system. The server interacts with customers in a multi-stage process with random durations. Some stages require an interaction between server and customer, while other stages are performed by the customer as a self-service task or with the help of another resource. Random arrivals by customers at the beginning and during an encounter create random lengths of idle time in the work of the server (breaks and interludes respectively). The server considers treatment of an infinite amount of back-office tasks, or tasks that do not require interaction with the customer, during these idle times. We consider an optimal control problem for the server's work. The main question we explore is whether to use the interludes in service encounters for treating back-office, when the latter incur switching times. Under certain operating environments, working on back-office during interludes is shown to be valuable. Switching times play a critical role in the optimal control of the server's work, at times leading the server to prefer remaining idle during breaks and interludes, instead of working on back-office, and at others to continue back-office in the presence of waiting customers. The optimal policy for use of the interludes is one with multiple thresholds depending on both the customers queueing for service, and the ones who are in-service. We illustrate that in settings with multiple interludes in an encounter, if at all, the back-office work should be concentrated on fewer, longer and later interludes., NA

International audience; -L'inclusion des défis du développement durable en tant que thème de recherche dans le « champ » du management a mis en lumière certaines sources d'incohérences dans les postulats ontologiques et épistémologiques qui y sont associés. Inspiré de l'expérience de l'auteur dans un programme de recherche et de formation « Marie Curie » fondé sur la collaboration entre universitaires et acteurs d'entreprises et une volonté de stimuler le progrès social (« Innovating for Sustainability », 2013-2016), cet article appelle à un effort « supradisciplinaire » de production des savoirs pour permettre la construction d'un paradigme de management (mieux) adapté aux défis du développement durable. Trois formes principales de supradisciplinarité sont identifiées : la multidisciplinarité, l'interdisciplinarité et la transdisciplinarité. Si toutes ces formes ont le potentiel de stimuler le progrès vers le développement durable, le processus de « transdisciplinarité » est présenté comme la forme d'engagement la plus avancée, mais aussi la plus exigeante.

International audience; Tracing infectious individuals and clusters is a major tactic for mitigating the pandemic. This paper explores the factors impacting the intentions and actual use of COVID-19 contact tracing apps based on a technology acceptance model. A partial least squares structural equation model has been applied to understand determinants for the usage of tracing apps based on a large sample (N = 2,398) from more than 30 countries (mainly from Germany and USA). Further, the paper presents a classification of COVID-19 apps and users. Through that, the study provides insights for technologists and designers of tracing apps as well as policy makers and practitioners to work toward enhancing user acceptance. Moreover, the results are abstracted to general social participation with apps in order to manage future strategies. The theoretical contribution of this work includes the results of our acceptance model and a classification of COVID-19 tracing and tracking apps.

CNRS 4, FNEGE 3, HCERES B; International audience; Research literature on blockchain technology is starting to emerge. Blockchain technology is primarily associated with cryptocurrencies, raising interest in an application in other business sectors, thanks to its characteristics. The decentralized nature of blockchain creates the new concept of a token economy, which can help to trace and valorize intellectual property - one of the essential challenges in co-creation. This paper considers how blockchain technology and tokenization can solve challenges in co-creation projects consisting of large companies, startups and entrepreneurial accelerators. The paper proposes an exploratory analysis based on interviews conducted with French companies and startups. The findings include a framework of (1) challenges, lack of operating rules, trust, and traceability, and (2) the potential benefits of blockchain and tokenization to solve issues that arise. The findings can be useful for both startups and large companies as a starting point for understanding and adopting blockchain technology.

Building on the institutional economics perspective, we study how local firms in an emerging economy exploit institutional voids by sourcing inputs from industries with a large informal economy. We argue that this allows them to build a cost-related competitive advantage and leverage it both to export and to enhance export performance. The empirical study uses a unique dataset compiled by the Mexican authorities covering manufacturing plants between 2005 and 2012. Our results indicate that firms operating in industries that procure from industries with an extensive informal economy are more likely to export and to have better export performance.

Le 17 mars 2020, la totalite de la population francaise se retrouve confinee afin de faire face a l’epidemie de Covid-19. Dans le cadre de plans de continuite, les entreprises organisent une forme de teletravail contraint, a temps plein pour les collaborateurs eligibles. Cette situation inedite est une forme de teletravail peu structuree qui questionne l’influence des outils, pratiques et processus d’information mis en place par les services RH sur l’evolution de la relation manageriale des teletravailleurs en periode de confinement. La partie empirique repose sur une etude quantitative realisee pendant le confinement entre le 15 avril et le 11 mai 2020 aupres de 169 repondants. Les resultats revelent qu’un manque d’outils, de pratiques et de processus d’information pourrait modifier durablement la relation manageriale. Le deploiement plus generalise d’une information adaptee par les services RH contribuerait a developper la confiance des collaborateurs et la perception positive du teletravail et de la relation manageriale. L’information devrait etre egalement ciblee en fonction du degre de maturite du salarie face au teletravail.

International audience; This study fills a gap in the consumer emotions literature regarding customer frustration in a customer service setting. Most research on customer emotions has examined anger, happiness or affect in general, largely ignoring the particularities of frustration. Consistent with appraisal theory, we use five experiments to explore the different appraisal dimensions that define frustration and its relation to customer loyalty and satisfaction. Contrary to common belief, we show that frustration is not simply the result of goal-blocking, but rather of a more complex combination of appraisals which differentiate it from anger and lead to distinct effects on satisfaction and loyalty. We also examine how the effects of frustration on loyalty and satisfaction are mitigated by service recovery in a further experiment and an event reconstructive method. Our results test appraisal theory, inform theory on customer emotions and have important implications for our understanding of customer satisfaction and loyalty following frustrating customer service encounters.

Purpose Nowadays, Bitcoin is facing many environmental problems arising from the proof of work based on blockchain. For this reason, Bitcoin Green (BITG) has been created and would solve these issues. The purpose of this paper is to visualize the users’ perception toward BITG through Twitter text analysis. Design/methodology/approach The big data used in this study includes two sources. The first data were extracted from the “Google Trends” engine during the period between 20 September 2015 and 15 September 2020. The second data were extracted from the Twitter application. This research explores the perceived ease of use, the perceived usefulness, the social influence, the perceived control and the user attitudes toward BITG. Therefore, lexicon-based sentiment analysis techniques combined with different dictionaries are built to visualize the drivers of investor attitudes toward the BITG using Twitter text messages. Besides, this study has checked the validity of two main assumptions using the normality (Jarque-Bera) and Kruskal-Wallis rank sum tests capable to conclude whether users mostly perceive BITG as a sustainable technology. Findings This empirical work affords insights into users’ intentions by exploring the drivers of BITG perception. The results show that users positively perceive the use of BITG as a sustainable blockchain. Besides, its usefulness is more appreciated from its ethical and technological characteristics, and its perceived application is mainly based on investment and coin offering use. Similarly, users are mostly showing positive emotions toward BITG. Research limitations/implications Tweets related to “BITG” are not as voluminous as the other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum, which make it difficult to extract all the characteristics and use cases. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this work is the first one that uses the theory of planned behavior and the theory of acceptance model to explore cognitive factors in understanding investor intentions in adopting BITG.

International audience; This study investigates the influence of buyer–seller personality similarities on compulsive buying behaviour in a dyadic setting. To provide insights into the gaps in previous research, we collected both buyer and corresponding seller data, and considered sellers' personalities. Specifically, using difference score analyses and variance-based structural equation modelling, we analysed 1038 buyer–seller dyads in service encounters. Compared with the effects of individual buyers' personalities on compulsive buying, the combined personality results showed that buyer–seller agreeableness similarities increase the compulsive buying behaviour of agreeable buyers. On the other hand, buyer–seller similarities in openness and neuroticism reduce compulsive buying. A further analysis showed that buyer–seller interactions mediate the effect of their extraversion and openness similarities on compulsive buying, while buyers' shopping enjoyment mediates the effect of their extraversion and neuroticism similarities on compulsive buying. Overall, compulsive buyers have interpersonally different buying behaviours when their personalities match (differ) with their corresponding sellers'. Thus, marketers can match agreeable buyers with similar sellers to promote sales, while dissimilar sellers should be complemented with open-minded and neurotic buyers, in particular, to reduce losses.

International audience; A vast quantity of high-dimensional, unstructured textual news data is produced every day, more than two decades after the launch of the global Internet. These big data have a significant influence on the way that decisions are made in business and finance, due to the cost, scalability, and transparency benefits that they bring. However, limited studies have fully exploited big data to analyze changes in news diversity or to predict financial market movements, specifically stock market crashes. Based on modern methods of textual analysis, this paper investigates the relationship between news diversity and financial market crashes by applying the change-point detection approach. The empirical analysis shows that (1) big data is a relatively new and useful tool for assessing financial market movements, (2) there is a relationship between news diversity and financial market movements. News diversity tends to decline when the market falls and volatility soars, and increases when the market is on an upward trend and in recovery, and (3) the multiple structural breaks detected improve the ability to forecast stock price movements. Therefore, changes to news diversity, embedded in big data, can be a useful indicator of financial market crashes and recoveries.

PurposeStudies on women’s entrepreneurship in Morocco are scarce, despite the potential of women for the country’s economy. This research takes place in a socio-cultural environment searching for a compromise between tradition and modernity. Families occupy a prominent place in Morocco, directly influencing women’s activities. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of family in Moroccan women’s entrepreneurial success.Design/methodology/approachThe qualitative research is based on 60 interviews with women entrepreneurs in Morocco, including women business owners, women professionals and also women co-operators who have not been documented until now, due to data accessibility. It is diversified in terms of personal, family and professional characteristics. The analysis uses an intersectionality framework taking gender and social class into consideration.FindingsThe results highlight three categories of women entrepreneur: the “elite”, the “self-made women” and the “co-operators”. Each category is characterised by specific familial and professional realities, underpinned by differentiated dynamics in terms of gender and social class.Practical implicationsThe study, from a practical point of view, contributes to a better understanding of the differentiated realities encountered in terms of women’s entrepreneurship, in the Moroccan context.Originality/valueStudies in developing countries tend to consider women entrepreneurs as a homogeneous group. This research highlights the fact that family support, women entrepreneurs’ practices and their role in entrepreneurial success depend on the background situations in terms of gender and social class. It also contributes to the entrepreneurial success field, revealing different definitions and perceptions of success among women entrepreneurs.

Les travaux en science regionale evoquent de plus en plus que l'environnement des entreprises nouvellement creees conditionne la portee de leur creation de valeur, et de leur impact economique local, voire regional. Nous interrogeons ici dans quelle mesure les differences de contexte entrepreneurial contribuent en partie a expliquer les differences de niveau de developpement regional. Nos resultats montrent une heterogeneite spatiale de l’influence du contexte entrepreneurial sur le developpement regional. Dans ce sens, encourager la creation d’entreprises ne suffit pas, il faut aussi et avant tout creer les conditions favorables permettant de creer des entreprises dont la durabilite et les taux de creation d’emplois sont eleves.Classification JEL : C21, C26, R58

International audience; Despite the many advantages of containerization for goods transportation, the management of empty containers is a major disadvantage, driving costly repositioning operations. We investigate the potential for consignees to manage an inventory of empty containers at their location so as to enable direct reuse of these containers by consignors located in the surroundings. One difficulty is that the detention fees imposed by shipping companies under merchant haulage are nonlinear. Moreover, cleaning and related activities might be necessary if the consignee keeps some empties. These difficulties incentivize consignees to immediately return containers to the sea terminal. Contrary to this practice, we show that managing containers via time‐based threshold policies can save costs. Without cleaning costs, we prove that a time‐based policy with a timeout return time is optimal. We next develop a policy improvement approach to include the cleaning costs in the analysis. This results in a two‐thresholds time‐based policy where the two time thresholds control the admission into and rejection out of the inventory. We next analyze the impact of this proactive management on the level of direct container reuse. This practice enables a high level of direct reuse. It also reduces container repositioning costs. Yet, the incentive to implement our policy varies a lot from one setting to another. In particular, low cleaning costs or high repositioning costs lead to significant costs improvement when implementing our policy. Finally, we further explore if the incentive could be made stronger by modifying the structure and/or purpose of the detention costs.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, comprehensive, accurate, and timely digital contact tracing serves as a decisive measure in curbing viral transmission. Such a strategy integrates corporate innovation, government decision-making, citizen participation, and community coordination with big data analytics. This article explores how key stakeholders in an open innovation ecosystem interact within the digital context to overcome challenges to public health and socio-economic welfare imposed by the pandemic. To enhance the digital contact tracing effectiveness, communities are deployed to moderate the interactions between government, enterprises and citizens. As an example, we study the community-based digital contact tracing in Wuhan, a representative case of China’s ‘virus exceptionalism’ in COVID-19 mitigation. We discuss the effectiveness of this strategy and raise critical ethical concerns regarding decision-making in R&D management.

CNRS 2, FNEGE 2, HCERES A, ABS 3; International audience; The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between board feminization and innovation through corporate venture capital (CVC) investments, as well as the moderating effects on this relationship of independence and management skills. This study relies on a set of unique data to measure CVC activity for all French-listed companies that undertook a CVC strategy between 2000 and 2018. We found that the appointment of female independent directors impeded CVC investments, whereas the appointment of female directors with management backgrounds enhanced such investments. Our findings are robust to alternative measures of board feminization. Overall, our results enrich the debate on the usefulness of these innovation vehicles for the French economy.

This article aims to estimate the effect of expert assessments on the prices for single malt Scotch whiskies on the investment market. Our results obtained using an original dataset combining data from Jim Murray's Whisky Bible and a web trading platform specializing in whisky investment show that the quality rating is not a powerful predictor of investor ask prices, especially when controlling for distillery and bottler reputation. This finding suggests that although the Murray score may embed information of use to unsophisticated investors, its effect on price can be outperformed by a detailed knowledge of the whisky industry. (JEL Classifications: L11, L15, Q13)

CNRS 4, FNEGE 3, HCERES B; International audience; Telemedicine solutions are invading our daily lives, raising a major issue concerning the personalization of remote consultation and trust in the physician’s Competence, Integrity and Benevolence (Trusting Beliefs). The aim of this study is to extend the existing Technology-Acceptance-Model (TAM) using the concept of Trusting Beliefs and Perceived Personalization. To test the model, a quantitative approach using existing scales has been selected. A survey was administered to students from several French business schools and the sample of 158 students was analysed using a Partial Least Approach. Findings highlight the key role of Trusting Beliefs in Perceived-Personalization. While two of the three dimensions (Benevolence and Integrity) of Trusting Beliefs theory have no influence on the Intention-to-Use, Competence has a direct, positive and significant impact on Intention-to-Use a Telemedicine Cabin. The relationship between the variables of the TAM is validated, except for Perceived-Ease-of-Use, which does not impact the Intention-to-Use a Telemedicine cabin.

International audience; This research investigates how different configurations of acquirers' resources, capabilities, and strategic fit with the target firm influence investors' decisions following acquisition announcements. Drawing on signalling theory and the resource-based view, we argue that investors closely scrutinize acquirers' bundles of resources to evaluate holistically the future outcome of the deal. Our fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) confirms that investors' decisions leading to abnormal stock returns following acquisition announcements depend on the configuration of the acquirer's resources, capabilities, and strategic fit with the target. It also reveals different configurations that lead to high or low short-term stock market performance. Based on the findings, we propose five strategic profiles of merger and acquisition (M&A) deals.

CNRS 2, FNEGE 2, HCERES A; International audience; This paper proposes a model that measures the impact of advertising on users’ perceptions when using a smartwatch. One of its main contributions is to analyze the moderating effects of national culture. A PLS approach is mobilized to test the relationships of the model. The sample consists of 1,197 respondents made up of smartwatch users living in France, Germany, the United Kingdom and United States. Our findings highlight the impact of Advertising on variables measuring affect and emotions, and the importance of Perceived-Enjoyment when using a smartwatch was demonstrated. However, we found that Brand-Experience does not impact Attitude-Toward-Using and that national culture moderates five relationships of the model. Our results demonstrate the importance of brands maintaining and reinforcing their affective link with customers.

PurposeTo illustrate how threats of institutional duality (ID) incidence subsidiaries confront are converted to opportunities, by conceptualizing how subsidiaries attain operational legitimacy at both their headquarters (HQs) and host countries.Design/methodology/approachUsing a systematic literature review, the authors build on institutional theories by analyzing the ID literature along its structure, main processes and outcomes. The authors configure frameworks of both HQ control systems and host countries' institutional threats, showing how subsidiaries contingently navigate across them using configuration, differentiation and avoidance strategies.FindingsThe authors’ findings show that “foresighted” subsidiaries attain operational legitimacy through configuration, differentiation and avoidance of threats incidental to ID, by strategizing along certain formal and informal institutional variables including legal, sociocultural and technical factors.Originality/valueThe authors propose “structural configuration of ID incidence” and “subsidiary path to legitimacy” frameworks. The former configures how the interaction between HQ and host countries' variables constitute ID incidence threats. The latter highlights how “foresighted” subsidiaries use configuration, differentiation and avoidance strategies to attain operational legitimacy.

CNRS 3, FNEGE 3, HCERES B; International audience; This article aims to identify differences in the impact of Self-connectivity and the variables of the technological acceptance model (TAM) on smartwatch adoption in developed countries. The countries involved in the data collection were the United States of America, the United Kingdom, Germany, and France. A sample of 1,197 respondents was used. The study identifies distinct adoption behaviours of smartwatch users in these countries and the moderating impacts of age and gender. The study's results confirm that perceived ease-of-use has no impact on attitude-toward-using the smartwatch and its findings emphasize the key role of perceived-connectivity and the moderating effect of culture on the adoption of innovative products.

This paper examines how corporate social responsibility (CSR) affects the level of financial distress risk (FDR). Using a sample of 1201 US-listed firms during 1991–2012, our results indicate that firms with higher CSR levels have lower FDR, suggesting that a better CSR performance makes firms more creditworthy and have better access to financing, which is rewarded with less financial defaults. This finding is robust to using alternative proxies of FDR, to controlling for potential endogeneity, and is mainly driven by the community, diversity, employee relations, and environmental dimensions of CSR. Moreover, this relationship is more prevalent in firms with strong governance mechanisms and high product market competition. It is also more exacerbated for less distressed firms and during non-crisis periods. Overall, our findings suggest that the adoption of CSR practices comes with less distress and default risks, likely leading to a more attractive corporate environment, better financial stability and more crisis-resilient economies.

International audience; This article explores the barriers and strategies experienced by Spanish working fathers regarding work-family balance. Based on 29 in-depth interviews with Spanish working fathers in different types of organizations and sectors, the results of this study present different barriers that are divided into three groups: contextual barriers, organizational barriers and internalized barriers. The results also suggest that the study’s participants fall into three categories or patterns: hegemonic gender order conformers, borderers and deviants, who use three different strategies (no strategies, invisible strategies and visible strategies) to overcome the barriers detected in this research. The dynamics of reinforcing, being complicit and challenging hegemonic masculinities within the workplace are discussed in light of recent theories regarding gender and organizations, masculinities and fatherhood.

CNRS 3, FNEGE 3, HCERES B; International audience; Smartphones have changed consumer behavior by providing new mobile technology applications. In order to understand the intention to use mobile applications, this study highlights the factors of usability, loyalty, and trust based on technology acceptance models and relationship marketing by using mobile restaurant guides. This research fills a gap regarding the comparison of mobile application users' behavior in France and Russia. The authors tested the model by a total sample of 244 respondents (123 from Paris and 121 from Moscow) and analysed it with SmartPLS. The comparison of subgroups indicates that Russian users are sensitive toward the variable of trust, while French users are more impacted by mobile application usability. This study can be relevant for practitioners who work internationally, developers of mobile applications, and restaurant managers.

Within the context of the internationalization of organizations and, in particular, growing numbers of staff members from different cultures, the number of studies on the management of cultural differences has increased considerably. However, as several authors have observed, studies on cultural differences and the concept of cultural identity remain limited, in large part due to the influential studies of Hofstede, which led to increased interest in national cultures. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the importance of cultural identity, which is a broader concept than national identity and only partly determined by it. Cultural identity is based on the distinctiveness or specificity of a given community, encompassing certain characteristics common to its people. A distorted view can significantly hinder understanding and communication with citizens of a specific nation. Today, as many authors observe, there is renewed interest in the complex, multidimensional process of identity construction in cross-national, cross-cultural work settings.The aim of the present study is therefore to review the processes involved in the formation of cultural identity and its importance for understanding individuals’ distinctive, culture-specific traits and to show how individuals with plural identities influence and transform contemporary organizations. Finally, a research program focused on recontextualizing cultural identity in contemporary organizations is proposed.

How to regulate employee conduct and engage them in high performance works actively and continuously has always been the important topic for organizations. Based on affective events theory and social exchange theory, a moderated mediating model was constructed with the affective commitment as mediator and the supervisor&ndash, subordinate exchange guanxi as moderator. Regression analyses and conditional indirect effects were tested by SPSS and PROCESS with 374 matched supervisor&ndash, subordinate pairs. The paper explores the moderated mechanism of supervisor-subordinate guanxi to the chain of &ldquo, ambidextrous leadership&ndash, employee&rsquo, s affective commitment&ndash, workplace deviance behavior.&rdquo, The results showed that the affective commitment mediated the effect between ambidextrous leadership and employees&rsquo, workplace deviance behavior, and supervisor&ndash, subordinate exchange guanxi moderated the relationship between ambidextrous leadership and employees&rsquo, workplace deviance behavior but also moderated the mediating effect of affective commitment. The results have significances to improve human resource management practices and reduce the workplace deviance behavior of employees.

Cet article montre comment un dispositif d’integration des nouveaux arrivants permet de lutter contre l’obsolescence des competences. Alors que la litterature s’interesse principalement au developpement des competences, notre article analyse les facteurs de leur obsolescence et les moyens d’y remedier. L’etude du cas d’un etablissement du Groupe SNCF nous permet d’identifier les competences devenues obsoletes et les facteurs organisationnels et RH qui ont produit cette dynamique. Nos donnees montrent egalement qu’un dispositif d’integration permet de considerer les nouveaux arrivants comme les acteurs d’une nouvelle strategie organisationnelle qui les legitime dans un role d’agent de diffusion du savoir. Nos resultats montrent enfin que la diversite des profils (âges, experiences, traits de personnalite, etc.) represente un facteur crucial dans la lutte contre l’obsolescence des competences parce qu’elle permet le developpement d’une « learning agility » favorisant le co-engagement et la co-responsabilite. Notre article enrichit la litterature en identifiant l’integration comme un levier RH strategique de lutte contre l’obsolescence des competences.

The EU Cohesion policy is the main tool for economic and social modernization in less developed countries and regions, particularly in Central and Eastern Europe. It has undergone a major reform for the programming period 2014-2020. It is the result of asymmetrical decisions between the states of a two-speed Europe. Through the analysis of the documents produced by the EU actors and a thorough literature review, we show the paradigmatic shift towards a more territorialized policy focusing on the territorial capital of each region, and leaving more room for local actors in the design of the development strategy., La politique de Cohésion de l'Union européenne est le principal outil de modernisation économique et sociale dans les pays et régions moins développés, notamment en Europe centrale et orientale. Elle a connu une profonde réforme pour la période de programmation 2014-2020. Elle est le résultat de décisions assymétriques entre les Etats d'une Europe à deux vitesses. A travers l'analyse des documents produits par les acteurs de l'UE et une revue de littérature approfondie, nous montrons le changement paradigmatique à l'oeuvre vers une politique plus territorialisée se concentrant sur le capital territorial de chaque région, et laissant une plus grande place aux acteurs locaux dans la construction de la stratégie de développement.

International audience; We examine the effect of age and the moderating effect of labour market situations on individuals’ decisions to enter into risky innovative entrepreneurship. Using population-level data from 94 countries from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor database we find that although age is negatively related to the choice of innovative entrepreneurship, the age–innovative entrepreneurship choice relationship is moderated by the labour market status of the individual. More specifically, full-time employed older individuals, who are most likely to become successful entrepreneurs, are less likely to choose risky innovative entrepreneurship. Considering that innovative entrepreneurship is crucial for economic growth, our results point to the importance of facilitating employed middle-age and older individuals’ entries into innovative entrepreneurship especially in a context of ageing societies.

A base-stock inventory system for perishables with Markovian demand and general lead-time and lifetime distributions is investigated. Using a queueing network model, we derive explicit expressions of the stationary distribution of the inventory state together with the total expected cost in a base-stock system with lost-sales. Next, we show some monotonicity properties of the cost function and propose a procedure to derive the optimal base-stock. Extensions to the backorders case and to a dual-sourcing system with multiple warehouses are also provided. Our results generalize existing ones from the literature where the lifetime and the lead-time follow either deterministic or exponential distributions. Finally, we investigate the effect of the lifetime and lead-time variability on the system cost and the optimal base-stock level. In particular, we show the substantial errors made when assuming deterministic or exponential distributions for the lifetime. This further shows the need to have results beyond exponential or deterministic assumptions.

International audience; The majority of global problems and organizational challenges are byproducts of poor human attitude and behavior (Stibe, Röderer, Reisinger, & Nyström, 2019). Every crucial domain in our lives continuously provides evidence of how things are getting unbalanced despite the progress in building increasingly capable technological innovations, such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, and drones, just to name a few. Managers and employees often look for and find reasons outside of themselves for why there are weak performing organizations and global environmental issues.Societies, communities, businesses, organizations, and industries, basically everyone, need help in making their transformations succeed and sustain positive directions (Waddell, Creed, Cummings, & Worley, 2019). Many people want to change, but it is also well known how often their new year’s resolutions end in February. People tend to perceive changes as something difficult, impossible, and mystical, thus are willing to avoid them. Such attitude naturally leads to poor decisions and consequent behavioral outcomes for societies and corporations.While transformation research has gained more traction in multiple contexts over the last several years (Malar, Arvidsson, & Holmstrom, 2019), this particular transforming work is emerging as an inevitable response to the ever-growing imbalance in our lives across the globe. Advanced information technologies are being continuously developed to make our lives better and businesses grow. However, the fundamental question still remains: With all the evolving information technology, has there been significant success in achieving happier societies and strong organizations?

Motivated by overflow policies implemented in service systems, we consider a multi-server queue with customers’ abandonment where rejection control is exercised on customers currently waiting in the queue. Our aim is to find a good balance between conflicting goals, namely, the rate of rejected customers and a cost function which may involve wait and abandonment metrics like percentiles of the waiting time or rate of abandonment. We develop a Markov decision process approach where the waiting time of the first customer in line is used in a discretized form to define the system state. We show that a time-based threshold policy is optimal, and develop a procedure to compute the optimal threshold. Our analysis explains some known behaviors in practice. For instance, if the cost function is constant in the system state like with wait percentiles, then the optimal threshold is one of the time limits defining the percentiles. Also, abandonment is shown to have beneficial or detrimental effect depending on the system manager’s objective.

International audience; Using the illustration of flying winemakers, this conceptual paper looks at international entrepreneurship and the microfoundations of dynamic capabilities to explore how nomad entrepreneurs manage dynamic capabilities in global contexts. We first identify the key features of nomad entrepreneurs and their relationship with their environment to conceptualize nomadic dynamic capabilities. We then analyze the specific role of knowledge transfer in managing nomadic dynamic capabilities and put forward a stylized model of the microfoundations of nomadic dynamic capabilities. We contribute to the international entrepreneurship and global dynamic capabilities literature by investigating the role of nomad entrepreneurs as connectors both across and beyond borders for globalized industries. We also contribute to the microfoundations of the dynamic capabilities stream of literature by emphasizing the sources of nomadic dynamic capabilities and their role in a micro-level driven research agenda in terms of the concrete actions of nomad entrepreneurs to elucidate higher-level phenomena.

CNRS 2, FNEGE 2, HCERES A; International audience; Multi-sided platforms, enabling interactions between different user sides, hold an important place in the contemporary economy. Current literature, focusing on established and successful platforms, has neglected to study B2B multi-sided platform adoption mechanisms. In this article, we analyze these mechanisms by investigating the case of dematerialization platforms for B2B transactions between the multiple actors involved in public works contracts. Various qualitative materials, including 28 semi-structured interviews, were gathered over a thirty-month period. Adopting a business user perspective, this study contributes to the literature on multi-sided platforms in various ways. We show that platform adoption, in project-based B2B contexts, is mainly constrained by a high level of affiliation costs and the existence of tight-interdependencies between users' activities at project level. Thus, a consecutive adoption path would result in negative cross-group network externalities and undermine the platform's attractiveness. Conversely, a concurrent adoption path would activate positive network externalities and encourage platform adoption decisions.

International audience; On assiste actuellement à de profondes mutations des formes d’organisation de travail. Les distinctions entre le travail salarié et le travail indépendant prennent aujourd’hui une dimension nouvelle. En effet, les dernières réformes sociales contribuent à remettre en question la nature du lien entre l’employeur et le salarié et celle du lien entre le donneur d’ordre et le travailleur indépendant. Les données normatives de ces 20 dernières années démontrent que le lien de subordination comme critère d’autorité fait l’objet d’une évolution pour caractériser ces types de relation managériale. Les situations des salariés autonomes et celles des travailleurs indépendants tendent à se rapprocher à travers un rapport de force relevant du pouvoir.

International audience; Cet article présente un retour réflexif sur les 99 numéros de la revue Management & Avenir. Nous mettons en évidence, à la fois les invariants qui ont permis la publication de plus de 1 300 articles académiques, mais aussi ses évolutions assurant sa pérennité. Dans l’optique de ce retour rétrospectif, cet article approfondit les concepts au cœur de la revue, le management et la prospective. L’étude est fondée sur une analyse thématique et temporelle des articles parus dans RMA.

Port dues have a limited impact on the door-to-door international decision making process. They are, however, a major source of revenue for port authorities. Their objective is to balance budgets (recovery pricing, marginal cost pricing, external cost pricing, etc.) and enable financing of infrastructure. As such, while they may not have a direct impact on the attractiveness and competition of ports, their indirect impact is unquestionable. This study investigates vessel port dues, which follow diverse formulas of calculation that complicate comparisons. Therefore, we classify vessel port dues into two categories: Gross Tonnage based, and Cubic Meter based. These categories are essential insofar as they correspond to two geographical realities of ports: bay ports for the former, and channel ports for the latter. An empirical study on ports located in Western Mediterranean Sea countries illustrates the relevance of these two models. It also exposes deviation in the application of these models implied by path dependency. Such deviation has an influence on the pricing system and fairness of invoicing. This work demonstrates the necessity for improving port pricing in several ports on both banks of the Western Mediterranean Sea, as well as the necessity for fairer application of port dues. Keywords: Port Dues, Vessel Dues, Port Pricing, Mediterranean Sea, Marginal Cost Pricing

International audience; EU cohesion policy celebrated its twenty years of existence in 2009. The establishment of this policy stems for the observation that market forces may not be sufficient to significantly reduce regional inequalities. The EU therefore built this financial solidarity tool between member states with the aim of improving the competitiveness of disadvantaged regions and correcting regional imbalances. Yet, literature (particularly in spatial econometrics) on the question of the effectiveness of European funds is not unanimous. Hence, we suggest to analyse the cohesion policy and its role in regional growth through a method developed in spatial analysis, namely the GWR (Geographically Weighted Regression). The results show that the effects of the cohesion policy are differentiated according to EU regions. Spatial variations of the influence of European funds on the economic growth of regions ask for inflections in the Cohesion policy, especially in favor of a more territorialized policy.; La politique de Cohésion de l’UE a fêté ses vingt années d’existence en 2009. La mise sur pied de cette politique part du constat que les forces du marché ne sont pas nécessairement suffisantes pour réduire significativement les inégalités territoriales. L'UE a alors construit cet outil de solidarité financière entre États membres avec l'objectif d'améliorer la compétitivité des régions défavorisées et de corriger les déséquilibres régionaux. Pourtant, la littérature sur la question de l’efficacité des Fonds européens n’est pas unanime. Aussi, nous proposons d’analyser la politique de Cohésion et son rôle dans la croissance régionale au travers d’une méthode développée en analyse spatiale, à savoir la Gwr (régression géographiquement pondérée). Les résultats montrent que les effets de la politique de Cohésion sont différenciés en fonction des régions de l’UE. Les variations spatiales de l’influence des Fonds européens sur la croissance économique des régions appellent des inflexions sur la politique de Cohésion, en particulier en faveur d’une politique davantage territorialisée.

International audience; We consider a blended call center with calls arriving over time and an infinitely backlogged amount of outbound jobs. Inbound calls have a non-preemptive priority over outbound jobs. The inbound call service is characterized by three successive stages where the second one is a break; i.e., there is no required interaction between the customer and the agent for a non-negligible duration. This leads to a new opportunity to efficiently split the agent time between inbound calls and outbound jobs. We focus on the optimization of the outbound job routing to agents. The objective is to maximize the expected throughput of outbound jobs subject to a constraint on the inbound call waiting time. We develop a general framework with two parameters for the outbound job routing to agents. One parameter controls the routing between calls and the other performs the control inside a call. We then derive structural results with regard to the optimization problem and numerically illustrate them. Various guidelines to call center managers are provided. In particular, we prove for the optimal routing that at least one of the two outbound job routing parameters has an extreme value.

International audience; L’article évalue, à l’aide de la méthode d’appariement par le score de propension appliquée aux données d’une enquête réalisée en 2010, un prix implicite du non-raccordement pour les ménages d’une petite ville africaine (Dapaong au Togo). Les bénéfices associés à l’obtention d’un branchement privé sont évalués à l’aide de deux variables traditionnelles en économie (quantité et prix). Le raccordement de tous les ménages génèrerait une hausse de la consommation unitaire en eau de 86 ou 92 litres par jour (selon les algorithmes), ce qui permettrait de satisfaire, au-delà des seuils recommandés par les organisations internationales, les besoins en eau des populations. Par ailleurs, l’estimation du coût moyen élargi suggère, qu’en dépit du coût de raccordement initial, l’accès au réseau offrirait une réelle opportunité de réduction de leur coût global pour chaque mètre cube d’eau consommé en raison, notamment, de la disparition du coût d’opportunité du temps de collecte.

International audience

International audience; Developing countries are more and more committed to building a knowledge-based economy as a means to diversify from their current resource-based economy. The current focus of many governments is on technology with real insights on creative economy and arts. In this context, universities are seen as a key partner of the government. This article presents the results of two innovative case studies of professors working in the College of Art and Design collaborating with a professor in the College of Business to integrate the concepts of entrepreneurship into their interior design courses. This was done through designing space for entrepreneurial projects and by the students acting as entrepreneurs themselves with an external client. This dual model of training combines (1) learning processes about the habits and the needs of entrepreneurs and (2) learning by acting as an entrepreneur. Such methods demonstrate the role of universities to provide a proper theoretical background for students and to foster entrepreneurial behaviors through arts entrepreneurship education. Furthermore, the central role of professors to introduce innovative teaching methods to combine entrepreneurship and the creative economy into non-business courses is an important finding in these case studies.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the conceptual construct of social innovation in business as distinct from social innovation implemented by civil society and the state. The general absence of sustained research and analysis of this phenomenon, and the dominance of grey and policy-oriented literature, mean that a broadly accepted definition of how social innovation theorises the changing role of business in society is missing Design/methodology/approach An integrative review of the representative literature on social innovation was conducted. The analysis focused on the key arguments made about the involvement of business actors in processes of social innovation and interweaved in this study to build a logically coherent definition of what social innovation in business means for the bulk of those who write and speak about it today. The scope of the literature review was expanded by integrating insights from the extant “business in society” and social innovation literatures, thereby adding clarity to the authors' conceptualisation. Findings The findings indicate that social innovation is best understood as a process driven by human relations, morality and creative capacity breaking routines and path dependencies. It fundamentally relies on the socially constructed dynamics between business and social actors who carry ideas, focus their energies, mobilise competences and create new complementarities to tackle social problems. Economic gain, in this approach, is at best an outcome of social innovation, not its engine. Originality/value What this literature review unveils that is unique about social innovation, and contributes to an enrichment of the “business in society” debate beyond the business case and win-win scenarios depicted by most scholars in this field, is that it best manifests itself as an informal social process that comes into existence at the margins of conventional ways of thinking and organising business activities. Business actors involved in social innovation are framed as self-directed and self-organised around the moral purpose of fostering social progress.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop a critical analysis of the innovation discourse, arguing that a more contextualised understanding of the challenges of innovation for development and poverty reduction in low-income economies will help the authors’ to unravel new development opportunities and provide alternatives to conventional capitalist paths to innovation.Design/methodology/approachThe authors offer an integrative review of the literature addressing the topic of innovation emerging from within developing countries. Because existing innovation models are generally presented in ways that reflect practices and thought patterns inherent to the industrialised world, a literature review that offers an initial conceptualisation and synthesis of the literature to date on the theme of innovation from within developing countries provides for a more valuable contribution than a reconceptualization of existing models.FindingsThe paper highlights different narratives of innovation, how they emerge and what are their implications. The authors outline a research agenda for generating new knowledge about innovation capabilities in what is generally known as the developing world.Originality/valueThis paper shows that the recent evolution of the discourse of development is increasingly intertwined with elements that originated in other discursive worlds. The last three decades of innovation research have been characterised by a “cross-pollination” between different disciplines: development studies, science and technology studies, business management and organisation studies. By reviewing major research works conducted by scholars in these disciplines, this paper weds literature that heretofore have remained largely isolated from each other. The key innovation narratives that the study unveils – e.g. inclusive growth, bottom of the pyramid, grassroots innovation – address major questions of concern to these academic scholars around the political and socio-technical aspects that influence a firm’s capacity to innovate in the context of developing countries.

International audience

International audience; This article presents a novel framework integrating a dynamic states approach to firm growth and a portfolio perspective of board roles. In our framework, we highlight four typical firm growth states aligned with primary board roles to guide firms effectively through the transitions associated with each state to reach a new equilibrium. The particular contribution of our framework is that it takes small and medium firm (SME) heterogeneity into account while capturing the dynamic nature of these states which are reached along non-linear, non-sequential and non-deterministic transitional pathways, as well as incorporating reverse and counterintuitive trajectories between states.

International audience; This article proposes a decision model for a ship-owner who contemplates the benefits of sailing north via the Northern Sea Route (NSR) or south via the Suez Canal Route (SCR) when transporting oil products from Russia to Asia. The decision is based on potential cost and transit time savings that change on a monthly basis according to sailing conditions and the area along the NSR. This study is applied to a 1A Ice-Class Panamax tanker vessel sailing through the NSR compared to a Panamax tanker vessel sailing through the SCR. It concludes that the NSR provides a competitive advantage in the months from August to November when conservative assumptions on ice conditions (higher bound) are considered for the level of ice thickness encountered along the route and from July to November when a lower bound is assumed.

International audience; Scholarship on women in management has been dominated by White Western women, rendering African women management research largely invisible. Consequently, we know very little about female managers in African contexts. This study advances knowledge of the career obstacles, work–life balance issues and leadership styles of African women leaders, by presenting testimonies based on exploratory qualitative interviews with 26 female port managers from two North African countries and eight sub-Saharan countries. The findings show that the interviewees in this sample are not subjugated women on the periphery of their societies. Rather, they are active agents who are capable of producing effective professional identities and mostly represent middle- or upper-class women in their societies. Although they face similar issues as those identified in previous women in management literature, including subtle or overt discrimination, work–life balance difficulties and a lack of recognition from male counterparts, their situation differs slightly from those in the West owing to their cultural, historical and religious context.