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Introduction: Most of the world's part, including India comes under stone belt area, where incidences and frequency of kidney stone are high. Presence and diversity of bacteria inside the Calcium-Oxalate (CaOx) stones and its role in kidney stone formation is poorly studied. Aim: The aim of the present study was to report the presence and diversity of bacteria in CaOx kidney stones. Materials and Methods: A total 120 kidney stone samples from 24 subjects (having symptomatic recurrent kidney stone episodes) had been collected from a retrospective study. These were subjected to Fourier Transformation Infrared (FTIR) spectral analysis. Bacterial diversity inside the kidney stone nidus anticipated with making gene library clones and sequencing of 16S rRNA gene as a molecular marker. Results: The FTIR spectral analysis revealed that the stones were of pure CaOx in nature. Successful clone library preparation for 16S rRNA gene confirmed the bacterial imprints in the kidney stones. The present analyses indicate that the microbes present in stones are diverse in origin. Bacillus was found to be the major genus whiles the other five genera viz., Acinetobacter, Enterococcus, Leucobacter, Prolinoborus, and Streptococcus as diversity prospects in CaOx stone nidus. Conclusion: The present study report the presence of bacteria inside the nidus of CaOx stones through the molecular approach; which may help urologist to understand that bacteria can be associated with formation of CaOx stones. Further, we suggest that these bacteria may be associated with recurrent episodes of stones; hence, underscores the need for use of suitable antibacterial therapy along with surgical procedures to remove them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lonar Lake is a hypersaline and hyperalkaline soda lake and the only meteorite impact crater in the world situated in basalt rocks. Although culture-dependent studies have been reported, a comprehensive understanding of microbial community composition and structure in Lonar Lake remains elusive. In the present study, microbial community structure associated with Lonar Lake sediment and water samples was investigated using high-throughput sequencing. Microbial diversity analysis revealed the existence of diverse, yet largely consistent communities. Proteobacteria (30%), Actinobacteria (24%), Firmicutes (11%), and Cyanobacteria (5%) predominated in the sequencing survey, whereas Bacteroidetes (1.12%), BD1-5 (0.5%), Nitrospirae (0.41%), and Verrucomicrobia (0.28%) were detected in relatively minor abundances in the Lonar Lake ecosystem. Within the Proteobacteria phylum, the Gammaproteobacteria represented the most abundantly detected class (21-47%) within sediment samples, but only a minor population in the water samples. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were found at significantly higher abundance (p ≥ 0.05) in sediment samples, whereas members of Actinobacteria, Candidate division TM7 and Cyanobacteria (p ≥ 0.05) were significantly abundant in water samples. Compared to the microbial communities of other hypersaline soda lakes, those of Lonar Lake formed a distinct cluster, suggesting a different microbial community composition and structure. Here we report for the first time, the difference in composition of indigenous microbial communities between the sediment and water samples of Lonar Lake. An improved census of microbial community structure in this Lake ecosystem provides a foundation for exploring microbial biogeochemical cycling and microbial function in hypersaline lake environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]