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With growing urbanization and population, management of space and land has become vital part for sustainable growth and development. Additional to urbanization and population growth, industrialization is another factor for rising need for various utilities such as sewage network, water supply, electricity etc. In such conditions, knowing where one can install new underground or overground infrastructure, without destroying existing lines, becomes more and more of a challenge. The need to connect new suburbs to existing infrastructure requires knowledge of availability. Legal issues in relation to utilities are also becoming increasingly important. Different countries and societies will have various approach to solving certain challenge, same goes for challenge of utility network registration. Some countries register utilities as separate objects with unique cadastral numbers in land administration while others register only easements. Some countries have centralized approach with high government regulations while in other utilities are registered on municipal level or even administered only by private companies. In this paper different approaches to utility network data management are analyzed. In all countries, utilities data is maintained by their managers sometimes with the help of very sophisticated applications.

Registering the rights of a 3D parcel should provide certainty of ownership, protection of rights and unambiguous spatial location. While not all cadastral jurisdictions in the world maintain a digital cadastral database, the concepts of such registration hold true regardless of whether it is a paper-based cadastre or a digital one. Similarly, the motivations and purpose for the creation of a 2D cadastre for individual jurisdictions applies to 3D cadastre as well. It provides security of ownership for 3D parcels, protects the rights of the owners, and provides valuable financial instruments such as mortgage, collateral, valuation and taxation. The current life cycle of the development of a land parcel includes processes start from outside the cadastral registration sphere, such as zoning plans and permits, but has a direct impact on how a certain development application is processed. Thus, in considering the changes required to allow a jurisdiction to register 3D, it is important to note the sphere of influence that could have an impact on 3D registration. These include planners, notaries, surveyors, data managers and registrars; however for the purpose of this paper, the research is focused on the core 3D aspects that are institutional, legal and technical. This paper explores approaches and solutions towards the implementation of initial 3D cadastral registration, as derived by current procedures of registration of 3D parcels in various countries worldwide. To this end, the paper analyses the categorisations and approaches of 3D spatial units and examines the validation requirements (constraints) on a cadastral database, at various levels of maturity. In this view, 3D data storage and visualization issues are examined in relation to the level of complexity of various jurisdictions, as provided by the results of the country inventory combined with a worldwide survey in 2010 and updated in 2014 (Van Oosterom, et al., 2014). It appears that significant progress has been achieved in providing legal provisions for the registration of 3D cadastres in many countries and several have started to show 3D information on cadastral plans such as isometric views, vertical profiles or text environment to facilitate such data capture and registration. Moreover, as jurisdictions progress towards an implementation of 3D cadastre, much 3D data collected in other areas (BIM, IFC CityGML files, IndoorGML, InfraGML and LandXML) open up the possibility of creating 3D cadastral database and combining with the existing datasets. The usability, compatibility and portability of these datasets is a low cost solution to one of the costliest phases of the implementation of 3D cadastres, which is the initial 3D data capture.

This paper explores the laws and other legal acts related to the Croatian 3D cadastre with an emphasis on those which relate to interests in strata, spatial planning, exploitation of mineral resources, environmental protection, issuing concessions and other regulations that are valid or were valid on Croatian territory, and especially the regulations regarding the registration of buildings with several separate parts (flats, apartments, offices etc.). Current overview of the legislation, method and scope of cadastral data collection is given. Effects of the application of these regulations on the present situation of registration in cadastre and land book are considered. This paper also explores current legal, institutional and some technical solutions implemented in Croatian Land Administration System and possibilities for upgrade to 3D cadastre. Implementation of any technological option for establishment of 3D cadastre is tightly related to legislation. Hence, it is needed to consider legislation and technological options in order to find solution which will be possible to implement.

Cadastral systems need to be designed and supported from three dimensional spatial perspectives. Previous researches of Croatian 3D cadastre through relevant use case examples suggest better real property separate parts registration as well as 3D building visualization (apartments, office spaces, etc.). Next to the 3D aspects of rights and restrictions, the temporal aspect, the fourth dimension of interests in real property, is an important aspect of cadastral registration. History of changes on the cadastral parcels is subject of interest for key users, mostly parties. For this purpose, Croatian Land Administration System was adapted to become a four-dimensional (4D cadastre). In the land book and cadastre all changes since their inception are recorded with the time component and date of the change. Previous researches have shown that Land Administration Domain Model (ISO 19152) is good basis for the Croatian 3D cadastre. This paper discussed that legal and institutional aspects of Croatian 3D cadastre should be considered in 3D cadastre development for each jurisdiction. Legal support to register and represent 3D properties (legal aspect), institutional support to establish relationships between involved parties (institutional aspect), and technical support to realise 3D cadastre (technical aspect) are basis for 3D cadastre development. This paper presents some 4D cadastre situations in Croatia. Goals of the new Law on Cadastre and State Survey are legal regulation of 3D cadastre, as well as the central repository establishment of Utility cadastre under the authority of the State Geodetic Administration. This paper also suggests better public utility infrastructure registration by overlapping Land cadastre and Utility cadastre and unifying records at the state level, because Utility cadastre in local government despite statutory obligation from 1999 was not developed in the past 15 years.

3D Cadastre is very interesting topic in the geodetic and cadastral scientific inter-national community, but there are a few countries that can boast with a fully established and completed 3D cadastre. Establishment of 3D cadastre is a long and tedious process, just as a traditional 2D cadastre was not created overnight. This paper will describe the current method of registration of property and separate parts of real property (apartments and office spaces) in the Croatian cadastre and land book as the basis for the establishment of 3D cadastre. Certain preconditions for the formation of 3D Cadastre in Croatia have already been met (e.g. separate part of real property ownership is possible to register in the cadastre and land book). This paper proposes two new registration solutions in Croatian Land Administration System (Unified Feature Identifier and registration of apartment volume).

An assessment of real estate value is a prediction of its value based on experience, and taking into consideration its spatial, physical, legal and economic factors. Location has great influence on value because the real estate is being significantly determined by its spatial properties. In the urban areas, correlation between the value of real estate and its location is very complex and it depends on many subjective and objective factors. Mass valuation is a procedure which, based on objective factors, using statistical methods assesses the value of a big number of real estate. Modern, Computer-Assisted, real estate valuation systems worldwide are based on the existing spatial data, a combination of land administration and topographic data, along with the market factors. Efficient functioning of a real estate cadastre, as the basic infrastructural system, facilitates significantly the planning and accomplishment of economic and other activities linked to real estate. This paper examines the possibilities of mass real estate valuation, based on 3D Vector Terrain Model, created from the digital cadastral map (DCM) of the cadastral municipality of Centre, provided by the City of Zagreb Office for Cadastre and Geodetic Works and topographical data. As in cadastre, basic unit of realised real estate valuation system is real property, which can generally be seen as land, buildings, and whatever is attached or affixed to the land. In the lack of true 3D cadastral data models and data, procedures for real estate valuation were based on model which consists of 3D physical objects made from 2D cadastral data (land parcels and buildings) and topographical data – elevation. Data were modelled, stored and analysed using the combination of PL/SQL procedures and Oracle 11g SDBMS built-in spatial functions. This paper concentrates on further development of visibility analysis calculation of real estate, which requires more detailed 3D physical model. The idea behind modelling the influence of this factor on real estate valuation is the assumption that a real estate with a bigger visibility polygon, i.e. a better view, has a bigger market value than the same real estate with a smaller visibility polygon. On the part of the model, each part of 3D property unit were manually modelled into smaller parts according to a plan of separate parts – 3D condominiums, which are smallest parts of 3D property units in the model. Thus those, procedure of automatic valuation of spatial characteristics of each condominium were possible, instead of valuation of the whole building object. This factor was calculated as visibility polygon, two-dimensional geometric shape – cross section of continuous visibility border in all directions from one point (centre of 3D condominium), considering only the cross section of horizontal vision and obstacles. Data derived from the system can be used for better understanding and explanation of real estate value spatial distribution, and as a basis for the expert system based on multi criteria decision making.

This paper describes method of registering real property and parts of real property (apartments, etc.) in the cadastre and land books. Approach to registering particular structures and corresponding rights is delineated based on existing legislation. For example, tunnels, bridges and other 3D cadastre relevant structures are considered. Bylaw on Utility Cadastre regulates registration of public utility lines in Croatia. The paper portrays development of the utility cadastre and depicts current maintenance and management. The utility cadastre contains data about the type, purpose, basic technical features, and location of built utility lines, and lists the names and addresses of their managers. The following topics are covered: key 3D real world situations, infrastructural and utility networks, buildings, X/Y coordinates and Z coordinates. Legislation regulating that bodies of local government must establish and manage the utility cadastre was passed already in 1999, but few of these bodies assumed this responsibility since. Future development of Croatian 3D cadastre is proposed based on current situation and demand for establishing the 3D cadastre.