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The glutathione peroxidase (GPX) family in plants contains various isoenzymes, each with distinct subcellular localizations, tissue-specific expression patterns, and responses to environmental stress. In current study, we conducted genome-wide bioinformatics analyses of the GPX gene family in Nymphaea colorata, identifying five putative NcGPX genes dispersed across five of the fourteen chromosomes. Examination of the protein sequences revealed that NcGPXs comprehend three conserved cysteine residues, with predicted in-silico subcellular localizations in chloroplast, extracellular, or cytoplasm. We reported that NcGPX genes protein lengths and molecular weight (MW) ranged from 171 to 248 amino acids (aa) and 18.798–27.076 kDa, respectively. A comparative neighbor-joining phylogenetic study revealed that GPX genes were clustered into four main groups (Group A– D) from water lily and two closely related plant species, alongside with Arabidopsis thaliana. The universal analysis showed that segmental duplications occurred within the NcGPX gene family. Investigation of gene structure and motifs suggested that most NcGPX genes have relatively conserved exon-intron structures and motif arrangements. Promoter region exploration of NcGPX genes revealed numerous cis-acting regulatory elements associated with development, stress, and hormone responses. The identified 3D protein structures showed that water lily GPXs form conserved dimeric protein signatures. Finally, gene expression and enzymes accumulation of NcGPXs in response to different abiotic stresses, in leaves of N. colorata were analysed using real-time RT-qPCR and spectrophotometry. The results indicate that different members of the GPX gene family are co-ordinately regulated under specific environmental stress conditions, establishing a foundation for studying their gene functions and improving abiotic stress tolerance in water lily genetic breeding.

Plants in their natural habitat frequently face different biotic and abiotic stresses, which lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage cell membranes, cause peroxidation and deterioration of macromolecules, and ultimately result in cell death. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), a class of metalloenzymes, is primarily found in living organisms and serves as the principal line of defense against ROS. The SOD gene family has not yet been characterized in any species of water lily from the genus Nymphaea. The present study aims to conduct a genome-wide study to discover SOD genes in four representative water lily species. In our present comparative study, we discovered 43 SOD genes in the genomes of four water lily species. The phylogenetic investigation results revealed that SOD genes from water lily and closely related plant species formed two distinct groups, as determined by their binding domains with high bootstrap values. Enzymatic ion-binding classified the SOD gene family into three groups, FeSOD, Cu/ZnSOD, and MnSOD. The analysis of gene structure indicated that the SOD gene family exhibited a relatively conserved organization of exons and introns, as well as motif configuration. Moreover, we discovered that the promoters of water lily SODs contained five phytohormones, four stress-responsive elements, and numerous light-responsive cis-elements. The predicted 3D protein structures revealed water lily SODs form conserved protein dimer signatures that were comparable to each other. Finally, the RT-qPCR gene expression analysis of nine NcSOD genes revealed their responsiveness to heat, saline, cold, cadmium chloride, and copper sulphate stress. These findings establish a basis for further investigation into the role of the SOD gene family in Nymphaea colorata and offer potential avenues for genetic enhancement of water lily aquaculture.

Plants in their natural habitat frequently face different biotic and abiotic stresses, which lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage cell membranes, cause peroxidation and deterioration of macromolecules, and ultimately result in cell death. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), a class of metalloenzymes, is primarily found in living organisms and serves as the principal line of defense against ROS. The SOD gene family has not yet been characterized in any species of water lily from the genus Nymphaea. The present study aims to conduct a genome-wide study to discover SOD genes in four representative water lily species. In our present comparative study, we discovered 43 SOD genes in the genomes of four water lily species. The phylogenetic investigation results revealed that SOD genes from water lily and closely related plant species formed two distinct groups, as determined by their binding domains with high bootstrap values. Enzymatic ion-binding classified the SOD gene family into three groups, FeSOD, Cu/ZnSOD, and MnSOD. The analysis of gene structure indicated that the SOD gene family exhibited a relatively conserved organization of exons and introns, as well as motif configuration. Moreover, we discovered that the promoters of water lily SODs contained five phytohormones, four stress-responsive elements, and numerous light-responsive cis-elements. The predicted 3D protein structures revealed water lily SODs form conserved protein dimer signatures that were comparable to each other. Finally, the RT-qPCR gene expression analysis of nine NcSOD genes revealed their responsiveness to heat, saline, cold, cadmium chloride, and copper sulphate stress. These findings establish a basis for further investigation into the role of the SOD gene family in Nymphaea colorata and offer potential avenues for genetic enhancement of water lily aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]