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Background: Visual findings summarized in the figures and tables of academic papers are invaluable sources for biomedical researchers. Captions associated with the visual findings are often neglected while retrieving biomedical images in published academic papers., Objectives: This study is to assess caption-based topical descriptors for microscopic images of breast neoplasms, as published in academic papers retrieved through the PubMed Central database., Method: Human indexers as well as an automatic keyword finder called TAPoR generated the topical descriptors from collected captions. The study then compared the human-generated descriptors to machine-generated descriptors. Finally, a set of core descriptors was developed from both sets and automatically mapped into the Unified Medical Language System's (UMLS) Metathesaurus through a MetaMap Transfer engine., Results: Major topical descriptors included histologic disease names, laboratory procedures, genetic functions and components. Human indexers provided more relevant descriptors than TAPoR. The UMLS Metathesaurus identified several semantic types including Indicator, Reagent, or Diagnostic Aid; Organic Chemical; Laboratory Procedure; Spatial Concept; Qualitative Concept; and Quantitative Concept., Discussion: The findings suggest that caption-based descriptors can complement title or abstract-based literature indexing for figure image retrieval in articles. With respect to forming a metadata framework for online microscopic image description, the semantic types can be used as a core metadata set. In this regard, this finding can be used for standardising a microscopic image description protocol to train medical students., Conclusions: It is incumbent upon libraries and other information agencies to promote and maintain an interest in the opportunities and challenges associated with biomedical imaging.

Although CPT 1999 contains fewer changes than in past years, coders should take some time to learn them by: familiarizing themselves with the new symbols + and [symbol: see text] reviewing Appendix A for a complete list of modifiers as well as modifiers used in the ambulatory surgery center hospital outpatient setting; reviewing Appendix E for a complete list of add-on codes; reviewing Appendix F for a list of modifier-51-exempt codes; consulting the excludes note found above code 69,990 to identify procedures exempt from the use of the new operating microscope code; examining the specific codes used to identify bronchoscopic procedures; reviewing the parenthetical notes found after code 15,001, directing the coder to also assign the appropriate code for lesion excision; reviewing the changes associated with the coding of destruction of lesions understanding the changes in immunization code assignment; consulting payers for specific reimbursement guidelines.