Author: "A. Calatroni" / Topic: accelerators and storage rings - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

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134 results on '"A. Calatroni"'

1. Evaluation of the nonlinear surface resistance of REBCO coated conductors for their use in the FCC-hh beam screen

Author: P Krkotić, A Romanov, N Tagdulang, G Telles, T Puig, J Gutierrez, X Granados, S Calatroni, F Perez, M Pont, J M O’Callaghan, European Organization for Nuclear Research, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Generalitat de Catalunya, European Cooperation in Science and Technology, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Krkotić, Patrick, Tagdulang, Nikki, Telles, Gilherme T., Gutierrez Royo, Joffre, Calatroni, Sergio, Pont Montaner, Montserrat, O'Callaghan, Juan Manuel, Krkotić, Patrick [0000-0003-1892-0350], Tagdulang, Nikki [0000-0002-6248-0906], Telles, Gilherme T.[0000-0002-2620-7283], Gutierrez Royo, Joffre [0000-0002-8897-0276], Calatroni, Sergio [0000-0002-2769-8029], Pont Montaner, Montserrat [0000-0003-4830-2692], O'Callaghan, Juan Manuel [0000-0002-2740-0202], Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Doctorat en Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, and Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. RF&MW - Grup de Recerca de sistemes, dispositius i materials de RF i microones
Subjects: High-temperature superconductor, Coated conductors, Colliders (Nuclear physics), Metals and Alloys, Física::Física de partícules [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Condensed Matter Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Col·lisionadors (Física nuclear), Surface resistance, Materials Chemistry, Ceramics and Composites, Future circular collider, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Superconductors
Abstract: To assess the feasibility of using high-temperature superconductors for the beam screens of future circular colliders, we have undertaken a study of the power dependence of the microwave surface resistance in state-of-the-art REBCO coated conductors at about 8 GHz and 50 K. We have employed a dielectric resonator to produce radio-frequency (RF) electromagnetic fields on the surface of the coated conductors having amplitudes similar to those generated by proton bunches circulating in the vacuum chamber of the proposed future circular collider Hadron-Hadron (FCC-hh) at CERN We show that surface resistances in REBCO coated conductors without artificial pinning centers are more affected by a RF magnetic field than those containing nano-inclusions. Despite that, at 8 GHz, 50 K, and 9 T, most REBCO coated conductors studied outperform copper in terms of surface resistance, with the best sample having a 2.3 mΩ surface resistance while being subject to an RF field 2.5 times stronger than that in the FCC-hh. We also extrapolate the measured data to 16 T and 1 GHz, the actual FCC-hh dipole magnetic field, and the mid-beam frequency spectrum, demonstrating the possibility of lowering the surface resistance of the vacuum chamber by up to two orders of magnitude compared to copper. Further, we discuss the correlation between the time structure of the electromagnetic fields provided by vector network analyzers compared to the proton bunches' time structure in the collider and present the effect of low alternating magnetic fields on vortex displacement and the possibility of demagnetization of superconducting samples., The authors acknowledge the support and samples provided by Bruker HTS GmbH, Fujikura Ltd, SuNAM CO Ltd SuperOx, SuperPower Inc. and Theva Dünnschichttechnik GmbH. This work was supported by CERN under Grant Nos. FCC-GOV-CC-0072/KE3358, FCC-GOV-CC-0153/KE4106 and FCC-GOV-CC-0208/KE4947/ATS. UPC funding was also provided through the Unit of Excellence María de Maeztu MDM2016-0600. N Tagdulang and A Romanov acknowledge MSCA-COFUND-2016-754397 for the PhD Grant. ICMAB authors acknowledge RTI2018-095853-B-C21 SuMaTe from MICINN and co-financing by the European Regional Development Fund; 2017-SGR 1519 from Generalitat de Catalunya and COST Action NANOCO-HYBRI (CA16218) from EU, the Center of Excellence award Severo Ochoa CEX2019-000917-S., With funding from the Spanish government through the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000917-S).
Published: 2022

2. Thin film (high temperature) superconducting radiofrequency cavities for the search of axion dark matter

Author: J. Golm, S. Arguedas Cuendis, S. Calatroni, C. Cogollos, B. Dobrich, J.D. Gallego, J.M. Garcia Barcelo, X. Granados, J. Gutierrez, I.G. Irastorza, T. Koettig, N. Lamas, J. Liberadzka-Porret, C. Malbrunot, W.L. Millar, P. Navarro, C.P.A. Carlos, T. Puig, G.J. Rosaz, M. Siodlaczek, G. Telles, W. Wuensch, European Commission, European Research Council, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Organization for Nuclear Research, Golm, Jessica [0000-0001-9551-5848], Calatroni, Sergio [0000-0002-2769-8029], Döbrich, B. [0000-0002-6008-8601], Gallego, Juan Daniel [0000-0002-7148-5127], García Barceló, J. M. [0000-0003-3565-4189], Irastorza, Igor G. [0000-0003-1163-1687], Lamas, Neil [0000-0002-7092-2807], Malbrunot, C. [0000-0001-6193-6601], Millar, W. Lee [0000-0003-1536-2269], Rosaz, Guillaume J. [0000-0001-5987-128X], Siodlaczek, Marc [0000-0003-1410-2975], Siodlaczek, Marc [0000-0002-2620-7283], Wuensch, Walter [0000-0001-7378-5345], Golm, Jessica, Calatroni, Sergio, Döbrich, B., Gallego, Juan Daniel, García Barceló, J. M., Irastorza, Igor G., Lamas, Neil, Malbrunot, C., Millar, W. Lee, Rosaz, Guillaume J., Siodlaczek, Marc, and Wuensch, Walter
Subjects: Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, 2G HTS conductors, FOS: Physical sciences, SRF superconducting radio frequency cavities, Condensed Matter Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Quality factor, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Axion, Superconducting resonators, Physics - Accelerator Physics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract: 5 pages, 6 figures. v2: minor updates after referee comments, matches published version in IEEE, The axion is a hypothetical particle which is a candidate for cold dark matter. Haloscope experiments directly search for these particles in strong magnetic fields with RF cavities as detectors. The Relic Axion Detector Exploratory Setup (RADES) at CERN in particular is searching for axion dark matter in a mass range above 30 $\mu$eV. The figure of merit of our detector depends linearly on the quality factor of the cavity and therefore we are researching the possibility of coating our cavities with different superconducting materials to increase the quality factor. Since the experiment operates in strong magnetic fields of 11 T and more, superconductors with high critical magnetic fields are necessary. Suitable materials for this application are for example REBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-x}$, Nb$_3$Sn or NbN. We designed a microwave cavity which resonates at around 9~GHz, with a geometry optimized to facilitate superconducting coating and designed to fit in the bore of available high-field accelerator magnets at CERN. Several prototypes of this cavity were coated with different superconducting materials, employing different coating techniques. These prototypes were characterized in strong magnetic fields at 4.2 K., This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under Grant Agreement No 730871 (ARIES-TNA). BD and JG acknowledge funding through the European Research Council under grant ERC-2018-StG-802836 (AxScale). We also acknowledge funding via the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) under project PID2019- 108122GB-C33, and the grant FPI BES-2017-079787 (under project FPA2016-76978-C3-2-P). Furthermore we acknowledge support from SuMaTe RTI2018-095853-B-C21 from MICINN co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund, Center of Excellence award Severo Ochoa CEX2019- 000917-S and CERN under Grant FCCGOV-CC-0208 (KE4947/ATS)., With funding from the Spanish government through the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000917-S).
Published: 2022

3. Electron Beam Characterization of REBCO-Coated Conductors at Cryogenic Conditions

Author: Michal Haubner, Patrick Krkotić, Catarina Serafim, Valentine Petit, Vincent Baglin, Sergio Calatroni, Bernard Henrist, Artur Romanov, Teresa Puig, and Joffre Gutierrez
Subjects: Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes, Process Chemistry and Technology, General Engineering, General Materials Science, REBCO, HTS, SEY, ESD, SEM, EDS, XPS, cryogenic temperatures, electron conditioning, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Instrumentation, Computer Science Applications
Abstract: Particle accelerators with superconducting magnets operating at cryogenic temperatures use a beam screen (BS) liner that extracts heat generated by the circulating bunched charge particle beam before it can reach the magnets. The BS surface, commonly made of high–conductivity copper, provides a low impedance for beam stability reasons, low secondary electron yield (SEY) to mitigate the electron–cloud (EC) effect, and low electron–stimulated desorption yield (ESD) to limit the dynamic pressure rise due to EC. Rare–earth barium copper oxide (REBCO) high–temperature superconductors (HTSs) recently reached technical maturity, are produced as coated conductor tapes (REBCO–CCs), and will be considered for application in future colliders to decrease the BS impedance and enable operation at around 50 K, consequently relaxing the cryogenic requirements. Aside from HTS properties, industry–grade REBCO–CCs also need qualification for EC and dynamic vacuum compatibility under accelerator–like conditions. Hence, we report the SEY and ESD measured at cryogenic temperatures of 12 K under low–energy electron irradiation of 0–1.4 keV. We also verify the sample compositions and morphologies using the XPS, SEM, and EDS methods. The energy and dose dependencies of ESD are comparable to those of technical–grade metals and one sample reached SEYMAX = 1.2 after electron conditioning.
Published: 2023
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4. A Long-Baseline Atom Interferometer at CERN: Conceptual Feasibility Study

Author: Arduini, G., Badurina, L., Balazs, K., Baynham, C., Buchmueller, O., Buzio, M., Calatroni, S., Corso, J.-P., Ellis, J., Gaignant, Ch., Guinchard, M., Hakulinen, T., Hobson, R., Infantino, A., Lafarge, D., Langlois, R., Marcel, C., Mitchell, J., Parodi, M., Pentella, M., Valuch, D., and Vincke, H.
Subjects: Astrophysics and Astronomy, General Relativity and Cosmology, Other Fields of Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, General Theoretical Physics, Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract: We present results from exploratory studies, supported by the Physics Beyond Colliders (PBC) Study Group, of the suitability of a CERN site and its infrastructure for hosting a vertical atom interferometer (AI) with a baseline of about 100 m. We first review the scientific motivations for such an experiment to search for ultralight dark matter and measure gravitational waves, and then outline the general technical requirements for such an atom interferometer, using the AION-100 project as an example. We present a possible CERN site in the PX46 access shaft to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), including the motivations for this choice and a description of its infrastructure. We then assess its compliance with the technical requirements of such an experiment and what upgrades may be needed. We analyse issues related to the proximity of the LHC machine and its ancillary hardware and present a preliminary safety analysis and the required mitigation measures and infrastructure modifications. In conclusion, we identify primary cost drivers and describe constraints on the experimental installation and operation schedules arising from LHC operation. We find no technical obstacles: the CERN site is a very promising location for an AI experiment with a vertical baseline of about 100 m.
Published: 2023

5. High-Temperature Superconductor Coatings for Beam Impedance Reduction in Particle Colliders: Nonlinear Effects

Author: Ruggero Vaglio and Sergio Calatroni
Subjects: Physics, Particle accelerator, Condensed Matter Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, 01 natural sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Vortex, Magnetic field, law.invention, Computational physics, law, Condensed Matter::Superconductivity, Electric field, Magnet, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Boundary value problem, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Electrical impedance, Beam (structure)
Abstract: Coating of surfaces facing particle beams with high-temperature superconductors (HTS) for reducing the beam coupling impedance is being considered for the next generation of hadron colliders, such as the FCC-hh at CERN, where HTS would be exposed to the high-frequency wakefields generated by the particle bunches and to the strong field of the steering magnets. In this frame, we present a simple model for the calculation of the microwave response of HTS exposed to a strong external magnetic field, which takes into account the nonlinearity of the pinning potential of the vortex lattice. The equation of motion of the vortex lattice is solved in first-order approximation, and we calculate the amplitude of the third-harmonic components in the electric field produced by vortex oscillation. We deduce the time-dependent surface impedance, which could serve as a boundary condition in the simulation codes for the calculation of beam-stability phenomena in particle accelerators. Finally, time-integration of the surface impedance allows exploring the dependence of the surface impedance on surface currents, useful for analyzing the experimental results obtained using simple resonators in terms of our model.
Published: 2021

6. The CLIC project

Author: Brunner, O., Burrows, P.N., Calatroni, S., Lasheras, N. Catalan, Corsini, R., D'Auria, G., Doebert, S., Faus-Golfe, A., Grudiev, A., Latina, A., Lefevre, T., Mcmonagle, G., Osborne, J., Papaphilippou, Y., Robson, A., Rossi, C., Ruber, R., Schulte, D., Stapnes, S., Syratchev, I., and Wuensch, W.
Subjects: hep-ex, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Particle Physics - Experiment, physics.acc-ph
Abstract: The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a multi-TeV high-luminosity linear e$^+$e$^-$-collider under development by the CLIC accelerator collaboration, hosted by CERN. The CLIC accelerator has been optimised for three energy stages at centre-of-mass energies 380 GeV, 1.5 TeV and 3 TeV. CLIC uses a novel two-beam acceleration technique, with normal-conducting accelerating structures operating in the range of 70-100 MV/m. The report describes recent achievements in accelerator design, technology development and prototyping, system tests and beam tests. Large-scale CLIC-specific beam tests have taken place, for example, at the CLIC Test Facility CTF3 at CERN, at the Accelerator Test Facility ATF2 at KEK, at the FACET facility at SLAC and at the FERMI facility in Trieste. Together, they demonstrate that all implications of the CLIC design parameters are well understood and reproducible in beam tests and prove that the CLIC performance goals are realistic. The implementation of CLIC near CERN has been investigated. Focusing on a staged approach starting at 380 GeV, this includes civil engineering aspects, electrical networks, cooling and ventilation and installation scheduling, transport. All CLIC studies have put emphasis on optimising cost and energy efficiency, and the resulting power and cost estimates are reported. The report follows very closely the accelerator project description in the CLIC Summary Report for the European Particle Physics Strategy update 2018-19. Detailed studies of the physics potential and detector for CLIC, and R&D on detector technologies, have been carried out by the CLIC detector and physics (CLICdp) collaboration. CLIC provides excellent sensitivity to Beyond Standard Model physics, through direct searches and via a broad set of precision measurements of Standard Model processes, particularly in the Higgs and top-quark sectors.
Published: 2022

7. HE-LHC: The High-Energy Large Hadron Collider Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 4

Author: Pushpalatha C Bhat, B. Seeber, C. Pagliarone, Marco Statera, Victor P. Goncalves, Daria Astapovych, W. Bartmann, S. Iwamoto, M. Mentink, Alessandro Tricoli, E. R. Bielert, Laurent Chevalier, Patrick Koppenburg, Marco Calviani, C. Montag, P. Spiller, Jan Uythoven, P. Di Nezza, G. Guillermo Canton, B. Sailer, Markus Elsing, Sara Khatibi, Luca Vecchi, Luigi Palumbo, J. P. Penttinen, T. Podzorny, Maneesh Kumar, J. M. Rifflet, C. Kotnig, Jean Zinn-Justin, Christopher B. Verhaaren, A. Chernoded, Alessandro Bertarelli, L. M. Tkachenko, C. Koeberl, P. J. Mallon, M. Takeuchi, W. Venturini Delsolaro, G. Lamanna, S. Weinzierl, J. Gao, W. Kaabi, David D'Enterria, D. Barna, Paolo Castelnovo, Rajat Gupta, Oliver Boine-Frankenheim, Adarsh Pyarelal, Andreas Salzburger, Tessa Charles, M.E. Biagini, O. Panella, M. Stuart, A. Kollegger, V. Garcia Diaz, Olcay Bolukbasi, Maurizio Pierini, H. Aksakal, Tord Riemann, Abhishek M. Iyer, V. Shiltsev, D. Buttazzo, J. Blümlein, Prateek Agrawal, L. Sestini, Martin Bauer, Felicitas Pauss, S. Fiorendi, F. Bossu, Marco Nardecchia, C. Leonidopoulos, Wojciech Kotlarski, A. Saba, I. Bautista-Guzmán, W. Hillert, Giorgio Ambrosio, T. Lehtinen, Michael Andrew Parker, Silvia Taroni, Gian F. Giudice, Ph. Lebrun, Johann A. Briffa, T. Risselada, Giuseppe Lerner, A. Lechner, L. S. Miralles, M. Kuze, J. M. Valet, P. S. B. Dev, S. Holleis, Ph. Schwemling, M. Biglietti, S. Banerjee, Thomas Schörner-Sadenius, A. Sanz Ull, V. Tikhomirov, S. Savelyeva, Jiayin Gu, D. Zhou, Federico Ravotti, S. A. Bogacz, Daniele Mirarchi, R. Tomás García, Yann Coadou, F. Yu, Y. Cai, T. Lari, F. Holdener, D. Shwartz, C. Bhat, Ramesh Gupta, Markus Klute, E. Palmieri, P. Collier, Branislav Sitar, Yves Sirois, Livio Fanò, S. Rojas-Torres, E. Locci, Ruben Garcia Alia, I. Božović Jelisavić, R. Chehab, J. A. Aguilar-Saavedra, M. Pasquali, A. Di Cicco, Bernhard Auchmann, Klaus Heinemann, Alessia Tricomi, D. Lucchesi, B. Haerer, M. Morrone, Paolo Giacomelli, Sonia Carra, A. Senol, Ivan Koop, Luca Silvestrini, Anna Stakia, Heather Gray, E. Skordis, A. D. Kovalenko, Paul Langacker, R. Li, Bernardo Bordini, R. Rata, Arjan Verweij, Shehu S. AbdusSalam, Andrey Karyukhin, U. van Rienen, Gianluigi Arduini, Bernhard Holzer, S. A. Nikitin, S. S. Kozub, Satoshi Mishima, B. Di Micco, S. Izquierdo Bermudez, N. Pukhaeva, Nigel Watson, F. Prino, Jean-Michel Sallese, Sotirios Vlachos, Alessandro Vicini, A. Valassi, Daniel Treille, F. Dordei, A. M. Fernandez Navarro, B. Dziewit, Marcello Abbrescia, J. M. Hauptman, I. Chaikovska, Paolo Giubellino, Michael J. Baker, V.V. Kashikhin, Friedrich Lackner, Filippo Sala, A. Langner, D. Pulikowski, H. Eriksson, Matteo Turri, Andrea Wulzer, M. Aiba, Lisa Borgonovi, I. Morozov, V. Haurylavets, J. F. Croteau, S. Boselli, L. A. Gonzalez Gomez, Claudia Tambasco, F. Mahmoudi, Sébastien Descotes-Genon, A. Luciani, Pavel Piminov, M. Varasteh, T. Herzig, Sandra Aumon, Cristina Bernini, Joseph Bramante, Roberta Arnaldi, G. Zick, Daniel Schulte, R. Santoro, Anna Kulesza, I. Turk Cakir, M. Nonis, Silvia Posada Arias, Livia Soffi, T. Wojtoń, E. Cennini, Florian Bauer, B. Rousset, J.-L. Grenard, C. Neubüser, Frederic Derue, Loukas Gouskos, Rainer Wallny, G. Calderini, M. Merk, M. Mühlegger, Roberto Cimino, M. Ramsey-Musolf, P. Rebello Teles, Mario Galanti, Mikhail Shaposhnikov, A. Andreazza, Maria Vittoria Garzelli, Masaya Ishino, José W. F. Valle, Colin Bernet, G. Velev, Cristina Botta, E. Fischer, J. Malclés, Giuseppe Montenero, Tripurari Srivastava, E. Renner, Shahnam Gorgi Zadeh, D. Cantore-Cavalli, Paul Laycock, J. Komppula, Simon C. Hopkins, Helmut Burkhardt, Eric Lancon, I. Aichinger, Andre Sznajder, F. Bordry, Massimo Giovannozzi, Aidan Robson, Anna Giunta, A. Carvalho, S. Farinon, Daniel Wollmann, M. Fouaidy, Martti Raidal, R. Gerard, Giovanni Volpini, U. Niedermayer, A. Alekou, Alexander J.G. Lunt, Vincenzo Cavasinni, Andrzej Siodmok, U. Kaya, Matthias Schott, Marumi Kado, S. A. Arsenyev, José Zurita, John Osborne, Patrick Meade, Gianmarco Bovone, G. Li, Klaus Schlenga, Antti Stenvall, D. Duellmann, Werner Riegler, I. Garzia, Yasuyuki Okumura, G. Pikurs, F. Maltoni, Massimo Sorbi, M. Arzeo, B. Strauss, Y. W. Baek, Mauro Chiesa, K. Ilyina-Brunner, Javier L. Albacete, R. Farinelli, C. Pes, Nicolas Morange, S. M. Zernov, U. Wagner, Emmanuelle Perez, G. G. Da Silveira, J. Neundorf, Néstor Armesto, T. Hahn, Roman N. Lee, Roderik Bruce, B. Y. Sharkov, T. du Pree, G. Cibinetto, Evelin Meoni, R. Rinaldesi, James A. Ellison, Radim Slovak, Silvia Franchino, Mikko Laine, T. Pugnat, S. P. Das, Yuji Enari, Emanuela Barzi, Cihan Bayindir, R. Boels, Jana Faltova, M. Moreno Llácer, Scott A. Yost, Michael Spannowsky, Florian Burkart, Marcin Chrzaszcz, K. Suzuki, Luca Trentadue, S. Masciocchi, Gilad Perez, Steve Peggs, K. Sugita, Eleonora Belli, Carmine Senatore, K. Y. Oyulmaz, Aldo Deandrea, Irakli Minashvili, Desmond P. Barber, M. I. Martínez-Hernández, A. Apyan, S. Petracca, Mikael Chala, Urs Achim Wiedemann, T. Sian, Olivier Deschamps, R. Monge, G. Avrillaud, Jan Kieseler, Hubert Spiesberger, J. Maitre, G. D. Shirkov, M. Hofer, Emanuela Sirtori, Sinan Kuday, Kirill Skovpen, Sara Casalbuoni, Johann Usovitsch, N. Chen, G. Tejeda-Muñoz, F. Bellini, E. Chyhyrynets, Michael Stöger-Pollach, M. Vogel, J. G. Mendes Saraiva, A. Rivetti, M. Podeur, Luc Poggioli, V. A. Gromov, R. Sirvinskaite, S. B. Leith, Giancarlo D'Ambrosio, Tony Price, Philippe Mermod, Rabindra N. Mohapatra, T. Mitshuhashi, Koji Terashi, Leonel Ferreira, L. Vale Silva, N. Muchnoi, J. L. Stanyard, Thomas Marriott-Dodington, A. Andriatis, Oleg Solovyanov, A. Daljevec, A. Butterworth, S. Myers, D. Chanal, Tatiana Pieloni, M. Rodríguez-Cahuantzi, G. Nardini, D. Boscherini, Kazuhito Ohmi, James Molson, S. Kowalski, Christoph Haberstroh, Martin Aleksa, K. Kershaw, M. Mulder, Leonid Rivkin, G. Vorotnikov, Luigi Salvatore Esposito, J. Kalinowski, Michele Cascella, Francesco Giffoni, Alessandro Polini, Georges Azuelos, M. Prioli, Wolfgang Altmannshofer, S. K. Patra, H. J. He, J. J. Aguilera-Verdugo, Hannu Paukkunen, P. Chomaz, Shoji Asai, Nicolas Magnin, Gavin P. Salam, R. Wang, F. Avino, Alexander Romanenko, A. Rossi, Steve Muanza, Richard Ruiz, Dmitry Teytelman, S. Klöppel, S. Atieh, M. Mohammadi Najafabadi, L. Apolinario, Andrea Tesi, M. Maggiora, A. Falkowski, Janusz Gluza, M. Sauvain, Hamzeh Khanpour, S. Chance, Ansgar Denner, Ma. Greco, Andreas Papaefstathiou, Manuela Boscolo, Joydeep Chakrabortty, E. Franco, R. R. Bosley, G. Peón, Fred Olness, Simone Alioli, Andrea Gaddi, M. K. Sullivan, M. Segreti, M. Panareo, Florian Goertz, Z. G. Zhao, H. Chanal, O. Martin, P. Azzurri, Agnieszka Chmielinska, M. Kordiaczyńska, O. Brunner, J. Von Ahnen, Jose Santiago, K. Foraz, Y. Alexahin, Marcello Mannelli, Christian Schwanenberger, S. Ganjour, Simone Marzani, T. M. Taylor, S. Di Vita, J. Womersley, I. Karpov, Valentina Morretta, Saverio D'Auria, Patrick Draper, B. Hacışahinoğlu, E. Gorini, Andrew J. Long, S. La Mendola, G. Zevi Dell Porta, I. Abdyukhanov, M. Cobal, Luca Marzola, E. Rochepault, A. Kusina, German Rodrigo, R. Schmidt, Jan Steggemann, E. Premat, P. Slavich, F. Gianotti, P. Jarry, Ram Krishna Dewanjee, L. Felsberger, T. Martinez, A. Niemi, Jürgen Reuter, P. A. Bruckman de Renstrom, Ryu Sawada, J. T. Childers, Gelsomina Catalano, P. Barjhoux, O. R. Blanco-García, Pilar Hernández, H. Correia-Rodrigues, V. Ippolito, S. De Curtis, Juan Rojo, Ayberk Yilmaz, S. Baird, Morteza Khatiri Yanehsari, Enrico Scomparin, Daniel Appelö, J. Kozaczuk, Matthew Jones, B. Caiffi, C. Del Bo, Susanna Guiducci, Giuliano Panico, M. Knecht, J. Coupard, M. Ciuchini, H. Kritscher, Claire Gwenlan, P. Costa Pinto, Thibaut Lefèvre, N. Bellegarde, Christian Scheuerlein, P. Ferreira da Silva, M. Verducci, X. Ruan, H. Pikhartova, Juan M. O'Callaghan, Kazuro Furukawa, D. Saez de Jauregui, Maria Rescigno, Stephan Eisenhardt, Andrea Dainese, Z. Drásal, G. H. Corral, J. M. Camalich, John Ellis, E. Gabrielli, L. Rumyantsev, A. Caliskan, K. Brunner, K. Tang, P. Sopicki, J. Fan, Marcin Kucharczyk, S. Gorgi Zadeh, Carlos A. Salgado, Simone Bologna, Y. Muttoni, A. Chancé, Patrick Jenny, Mark Boland, G. Yang, G. Wilkinson, Roger J. Hernández-Pinto, M. Novák, Gennady Stupakov, E. Jensen, Lance D. Cooley, Torbjörn Sjöstrand, S. Su, Matthew Luzum, J. Casas, Per Osland, T. Robens, Oscar A. Sampayo, Evgeny Levichev, P. N. Ratoff, G. Rolandi, M. A. Valdivia Garcia, Anthony Keith Morley, L. van Riesen-Haupt, A. Sublet, M. A. Mazzoni, J.L. Gutierrez, A. Abramov, Abbas Kenan Ciftci, A. Provino, L. Delle Rose, John Fox, Barry M. Dillon, V. Smirnov, G. N. Taylor, Anke-Susanne Müller, C. Pira, Fulvio Piccinini, A. Faus-Golfe, Pietro Antonioli, S. Sanfilippo, Julien Cogan, A. Ribon, Andrew Hutton, Frank Zimmermann, Lev Dudko, Erez Etzion, J. Polinski, G. Bencivenni, M. 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Gobbi, Michael Hance, A. J. Barr, V. Del Duca, V. Guzey, M. Pont, Michele Selvaggi, Oliver Brüning, J. Barreiro Guimarães da Costa, A. Drago, Y. Zhang, Giovanni Punzi, Viktor Matveev, Anadi Canepa, Clemens Lange, B. L. Militsyn, Martijn Mulders, Max Klein, V. D’Auria, M. Mylona, Valeria Braccini, S. DasBakshi, David Calvet, Sophia Borowka, David Marzocca, S. Jadach, A. A. Pankov, Christophe Ochando, A. A. Tudora, I. Masina, Jure Zupan, A. Preinerstorfer, Benjamin Fuks, H. K. Soltveit, G. Rolando, E.E. Perepelkin, T. G. Rizzo, Saleh Sultansoy, Federico Roncarolo, K. Elsener, R. Q. Pan, P. Zhuang, David Attié, Jac Perez, K. Kravalis, F. Anulli, V. Ruhlmann-Kleider, S. Malvezzi, Steffen A. Bass, E. La Francesca, Heinz Pernegger, K. Grzanka, M. T. Tiirakari, Alberto Ventura, Alessandro Cerri, Marco Peruzzi, Eric Montesinos, O. Etisken, F. Grancagnolo, S. Kartal, H. Humer, Oliver Fischer, M. Primavera, Marco Toliman Lucchini, P. Vedrine, Felix Kling, M. Altınlı, Sergio Calatroni, C. Han, Olivier Leroy, R. T. D’Agnolo, N. Klinkenberg, A. Audurier, Tatsushi Nakamoto, Ali Bozbey, Bernd A. Kniehl, Carl J. Debono, I. P. J. Shipsey, Gregorio Bernardi, Paolo Nason, William James Fawcett, J. M. Jiménez, D. Denisov, M. Serluca, David Curtin, Arif Akhundov, M. García Pérez, Iacopo Vivarelli, Emanuele Bacchiocchi, Markus Zerlauth, Julia Hrdinka, F. Butin, F. Müller, D. Tikhonov, Jorg Wenninger, A. Kilic, Fabrizio Ferro, J. Tanaka, S. A. Antipov, Miroslav Atanasov, S. Kuttimalai, A. Y. Starikov, F. R. Blánquez, S. V. Furuseth, G. Gaudio, L. Malgeri, J. Curti, B. Turbiarz, S. Li, A. Romanov, Costas G. Papadopoulos, Brennan Goddard, Frank Krauss, Lidija Zivkovic, Toms Torims, Michaela Lackner, D. A. Lyubimtsev, G. Borghello, J. F. Grosse-Oetringhaus, A. Bogomyagkov, H. Duran Yildiz, N. Foppiani, Arthur Schaffer, J. Zhou, D. Liberati, Vincenzo Guidi, Naeem A. Tahir, M. Besançon, Daniel Schoerling, Joe Incandela, Giacomo Polesello, O. Cakir, I. Ruehl, Ruggero Vaglio, Z. 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Zurita, J, Işık Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, Işık University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Bayındır, Cihan, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. RF&MW - Grup de Recerca de sistemes, dispositius i materials de RF i microones, Abada A., Abbrescia M., AbdusSalam S.S., Abdyukhanov I., Abelleira Fernandez J., Abramov A., Aburaia M., Acar A.O., Adzic P.R., Agrawal P., Aguilar-Saavedra J.A., Aguilera-Verdugo J.J., Aiba M., Aichinger I., Aielli G., Akay A., Akhundov A., Aksakal H., Albacete J.L., Albergo S., Alekou A., Aleksa M., Aleksan R., Alemany Fernandez R.M., Alexahin Y., Alia R.G., Alioli S., Alipour Tehrani N., Allanach B.C., Allport P.P., Altinli M., Altmannshofer W., Ambrosio G., Amorim D., Amstutz O., Anderlini L., Andreazza A., Andreini M., Andriatis A., Andris C., Andronic A., Angelucci M., Antinori F., Antipov S.A., Antonelli M., Antonello M., Antonioli P., Antusch S., Anulli F., Apolinario L., Apollinari G., Apollonio A., Appelo D., Appleby R.B., Apyan A., Arbey A., Arbuzov A., Arduini G., Ari V., Arias S., Armesto N., Arnaldi R., Arsenyev S.A., Arzeo M., Asai S., Aslanides E., Assmann R.W., Astapovych D., Atanasov M., Atieh S., Attie D., Auchmann B., Audurier A., Aull S., Aumon S., Aune S., Avino F., Avrillaud G., Aydin G., Azatov A., Azuelos G., Azzi P., Azzolini O., Azzurri P., Bacchetta N., Bacchiocchi E., Bachacou H., Baek Y.W., Baglin V., Bai Y., Baird S., Baker M.J., Baldwin M.J., Ball A.H., Ballarino A., Banerjee S., Barber D.P., Barducci D., Barjhoux P., Barna D., Barnafoldi G.G., Barnes M.J., Barr A., Barranco Garcia J., Barreiro Guimaraes da Costa J., Bartmann W., Baryshevsky V., Barzi E., Bass S.A., Bastianin A., Baudouy B., Bauer F., Bauer M., Baumgartner T., Bautista-Guzman I., Bayindir C., Beaudette F., Bedeschi F., Beguin M., Bellafont I., Bellagamba L., Bellegarde N., Belli E., Bellingeri E., Bellini F., Bellomo G., Belomestnykh S., Bencivenni G., Benedikt M., Bernardi G., Bernardi J., Bernet C., Bernhardt J.M., Bernini C., Berriaud C., Bertarelli A., Bertolucci S., Besana M.I., Besancon M., Beznosov O., Bhat P., Bhat C., Biagini M.E., Biarrotte J.-L., Bibet Chevalier A., Bielert E.R., Biglietti M., Bilei G.M., Bilki B., Biscari C., Bishara F., Blanco-Garcia O.R., Blanquez F.R., Blekman F., Blondel A., Blumlein J., Boccali T., Boels R., Bogacz S.A., Bogomyagkov A., Boine-Frankenheim O., Boland M.J., Bologna S., Bolukbasi O., Bomben M., Bondarenko S., Bonvini M., Boos E., Bordini B., Bordry F., Borghello G., Borgonovi L., Borowka S., Bortoletto D., Boscherini D., Boscolo M., Boselli S., Bosley R.R., Bossu F., Botta C., Bottura L., Boughezal R., Boutin D., Bovone G., Bozovic Jelisavic I., Bozbey A., Bozzi C., Bozzini D., Braccini V., Braibant-Giacomelli S., Bramante J., Braun-Munzinger P., Briffa J.A., Britzger D., Brodsky S.J., Brooke J.J., Bruce R., Bruckman De Renstrom P., Bruna E., Bruning O., Brunner O., Brunner K., Bruzzone P., Buffat X., Bulyak E., Burkart F., Burkhardt H., Burnet J.-P., Butin F., Buttazzo D., Butterworth A., Caccia M., Cai Y., Caiffi B., Cairo V., Cakir O., Calaga R., Calatroni S., Calderini G., Calderola G., Caliskan A., Calvet D., Calviani M., Camalich J.M., Camarri P., Campanelli M., Camporesi T., Canbay A.C., Canepa A., Cantergiani E., Cantore-Cavalli D., Capeans M., Cardarelli R., Cardella U., Cardini A., Carloni Calame C.M., Carra F., Carra S., Carvalho A., Casalbuoni S., Casas J., Cascella M., Castelnovo P., Castorina G., Catalano G., Cavasinni V., Cazzato E., Cennini E., Cerri A., Cerutti F., Cervantes J., Chaikovska I., Chakrabortty J., Chala M., Chamizo-Llatas M., Chanal H., Chanal D., Chance S., Chance A., Charitos P., Charles J., Charles T.K., Chattopadhyay S., Chehab R., Chekanov S.V., Chen N., Chernoded A., Chetvertkova V., Chevalier L., Chiarelli G., Chiarello G., Chiesa M., Chiggiato P., Childers J.T., Chmielinska A., Cholakian A., Chomaz P., Chorowski M., Chou W., Chrzaszcz M., Chyhyrynets E., Cibinetto G., Ciftci A.K., Ciftci R., Cimino R., Ciuchini M., Clark P.J., Coadou Y., Cobal M., Coccaro A., Cogan J., Cogneras E., Collamati F., Colldelram C., Collier P., Collot J., Contino R., Conventi F., Cook C.T.A., Cooley L., Corcella G., Cornell A.S., Corral G.H., Correia-Rodrigues H., Costanza F., Costa Pinto P., Couderc F., Coupard J., Craig N., Crespo Garrido I., Crivellin A., Croteau J.F., Crouch M., Cruz Alaniz E., Cure B., Curti J., Curtin D., Czech M., Dachauer C., D'Agnolo R.T., Daibo M., Dainese A., Dalena B., Daljevec A., Dallapiazza W., D'Aloia Schwartzentruber L., Dam M., D'Ambrosio G., Das S.P., DasBakshi S., da Silva W., da Silveira G.G., D'Auria V., D'Auria S., David A., Davidek T., Deandrea A., de Blas J., Debono C.J., De Curtis S., De Filippis N., de Florian D., Deghaye S., de Jong S.J., Del Bo C., Del Duca V., Delikaris D., Deliot F., Dell'Acqua A., Delle Rose L., Delmastro M., De Lucia E., Demarteau M., Denegri D., Deniau L., Denisov D., Denizli H., Denner A., d'Enterria D., de Rijk G., De Roeck A., Derue F., Deschamps O., Descotes-Genon S., Dev P.S.B., de Vivie de Regie J.B., Dewanjee R.K., Di Ciaccio A., Di Cicco A., Dillon B.M., Di Micco B., Di Nezza P., Di Vita S., Doblhammer A., Dominjon A., D'Onofrio M., Dordei F., Drago A., Draper P., Drasal Z., Drewes M., Duarte L., Dubovyk I., Duda P., Dudarev A., Dudko L., Duellmann D., Dunser M., du Pree T., Durante M., Duran Yildiz H., Dutta S., Duval F., Duval J.M., Dydyshka Y., Dziewit B., Eisenhardt S., Eisterer M., Ekelof T., El Khechen D., Ellis S.A., Ellis J., Ellison J.A., Elsener K., Elsing M., Enari Y., Englert C., Eriksson H., Eskola K.J., Esposito L.S., Etisken O., Etzion E., Fabbricatore P., Falkowski A., Falou A., Faltova J., Fan J., Fano L., Farilla A., Farinelli R., Farinon S., Faroughy D.A., Fartoukh S.D., Faus-Golfe A., Fawcett W.J., Felici G., Felsberger L., Ferdeghini C., Fernandez Navarro A.M., Fernandez-Tellez A., Ferradas Troitino J., Ferrara G., Ferrari R., Ferreira L., Ferreira da Silva P., Ferrera G., Ferro F., Fiascaris M., Fiorendi S., Fiorio C., Fischer O., Fischer E., Flieger W., Florio M., Fonnesu D., Fontanesi E., Foppiani N., Foraz K., Forkel-Wirth D., Forte S., Fouaidy M., Fournier D., Fowler T., Fox J., Francavilla P., Franceschini R., Franchino S., Franco E., Freitas A., Fuks B., Furukawa K., Furuseth S.V., Gabrielli E., Gaddi A., Galanti M., Gallo E., Ganjour S., Gao J., Garcia Diaz V., Garcia Perez M., Garcia Tabares L., Garion C., Garzelli M.V., Garzia I., Gascon-Shotkin S.M., Gaudio G., Gay P., Ge S.-F., Gehrmann T., Genest M.H., Gerard R., Gerigk F., Gerwig H., Giacomelli P., Giagu S., Gianfelice-Wendt E., Gianotti F., Giffoni F., Gilardoni S.S., Gil Costa M., Giovannetti M., Giovannozzi M., Giubellino P., Giudice G.F., Giunta A., Gladilin L.K., Glukhov S., Gluza J., Gobbi G., Goddard B., Goertz F., Golling T., Goncalves V.P., Goncalo R., Gonzalez Gomez L.A., Gorgi Zadeh S., Gorine G., Gorini E., Gourlay S.A., Gouskos L., Grancagnolo F., Grassellino A., Grau A., Graverini E., Gray H.M., Greco M., Grenard J.-L., Grimm O., Grojean C., Gromov V.A., Grosse-Oetringhaus J.F., Grudiev A., Grzanka K., Gu J., Guadagnoli D., Guidi V., Guiducci S., Guillermo Canton G., Gunaydin Y.O., Gupta R., Gupta R.S., Gutierrez J., Gutleber J., Guyot C., Guzey V., Gwenlan C., Haberstroh C., Hacisahinoglu B., Haerer B., Hahn K., Hahn T., Hammad A., Han C., Hance M., Hannah A., Harris P.C., Hati C., Haug S., Hauptman J., Haurylavets V., He H.-J., Hegglin A., Hegner B., Heinemann K., Heinemeyer S., Helsens C., Henriques A., Hernandez P., Hernandez-Pinto R.J., Hernandez-Sanchez J., Herzig T., Hiekkanen I., Hillert W., Hoehn T., Hofer M., Hofle W., Holdener F., Holleis S., Holzer B., Hong D.K., Honorato C.G., Hopkins S.C., Hrdinka J., Hug F., Humann B., Humer H., Hurth T., Hutton A., Iacobucci G., Ibarrola N., Iconomidou-Fayard L., Ilyina-Brunner K., Incandela J., Infantino A., Ippolito V., Ishino M., Islam R., Ita H., Ivanovs A., Iwamoto S., Iyer A., Izquierdo Bermudez S., Jadach S., Jamin D.O., Janot P., Jarry P., Jeff A., Jenny P., Jensen E., Jensen M., Jiang X., Jimenez J.M., Jones M.A., Jones O.R., Jowett J.M., Jung S., Kaabi W., Kado M., Kahle K., Kalinovskaya L., Kalinowski J., Kamenik J.F., Kannike K., Kara S.O., Karadeniz H., Karaventzas V., Karpov I., Kartal S., Karyukhin A., Kashikhin V., Katharina Behr J., Kaya U., Keintzel J., Keinz P.A., Keppel K., Kersevan R., Kershaw K., Khanpour H., Khatibi S., Khatiri Yanehsari M., Khoze V.V., Kieseler J., Kilic A., Kilpinen A., Kim Y.-K., Kim D.W., Klein U., Klein M., Kling F., Klinkenberg N., Kloppel S., Klute M., Klyukhin V.I., Knecht M., Kniehl B., Kocak F., Koeberl C., Kolano A.M., Kollegger A., Kolodziej K., Kolomiets A.A., Komppula J., Koop I., Koppenburg P., Koratzinos M., Kordiaczynska M., Korjik M., Kortner O., Kostka P., Kotlarski W., Kotnig C., Kottig T., Kotwal A.V., Kovalenko A.D., Kowalski S., Kozaczuk J., Kozlov G.A., Kozub S.S., Krainer A.M., Kramer T., Kramer M., Krammer M., Krasnov A.A., Krauss F., Kravalis K., Kretzschmar L., Kriske R.M., Kritscher H., Krkotic P., Kroha H., Kucharczyk M., Kuday S., Kuendig A., Kuhlmann G., Kulesza A., Kumar M., Kusina A., Kuttimalai S., Kuze M., Kwon T., Lackner F., Lackner M., La Francesca E., Laine M., Lamanna G., La Mendola S., Lancon E., Landsberg G., Langacker P., Lange C., Langner A., Lankford A.J., Lansberg J.P., Lari T., Laycock P.J., Lebrun P., Lechner A., Lee K., Lee S., Lee R., Lefevre T., Le Guen P., Lehtinen T., Leith S.B., Lenzi P., Leogrande E., Leonidopoulos C., Leon-Monzon I., Lerner G., Leroy O., Lesiak T., Levai P., Leveratto A., Levichev E., Li G., Li S., Li R., Liberati D., Liepe M., Lissauer D.A., Liu Z., Lobko A., Locci E., Logothetis Agaliotis E., Lombardo M.P., Long A.J., Lorin C., Losito R., Louzguiti A., Low I., Lucchesi D., Lucchini M.T., Luciani A., Lueckhof M., Lunt A.J.G., Luzum M., Lyubimtsev D.A., Maggiora M., Magnin N., Mahmoud M.A., Mahmoudi F., Maitre J., Makarenko V., Malagoli A., Malcles J., Malgeri L., Mallon P.J., Maltoni F., Malvezzi S., Malyshev O.B., Mancinelli G., Mandrik P., Manfrinetti P., Mangano M., Manil P., Mannelli M., Marchiori G., Marhauser F., Mariani V., Marinozzi V., Mariotto S., Marquard P., Marquet C., Marriott-Dodington T., Martin R., Martin O., Martin Camalich J., Martinez T., Martinez Bruzual H., Martinez-Hernandez M.I., Martins D.E., Marzani S., Marzocca D., Marzola L., Masciocchi S., Masina I., Massimiliano A., Massironi A., Masubuchi T., Matveev V.A., Mazzoni M.A., McCullough M., McIntosh P.A., Meade P., Medina L., Meier A., Meignan J., Mele B., Mendes Saraiva J.G., Menez F., Mentink M., Meoni E., Meridiani P., Merk M., Mermod P., Mertens V., Mether L., Metral E., Migliorati M., Milanese A., Milardi C., Milhano G., Militsyn B.L., Millet F., Minashvili I., Minervini J.V., Miralles L.S., Mirarchi D., Mishima S., Missiaen D.P., Mitselmakher G., Mitshuhashi T., Mnich J., Mohammadi Najafabadi M., Mohapatra R.N., Mokhov N., Molson J.G., Monge R., Montag C., Montagna G., Monteil S., Montenero G., Montesinos E., Moortgat F., Morange N., Morello G., Moreno Llacer M., Moretti M., Moretti S., Morley A.K., Moros A., Morozov I., Morretta V., Morrone M., Mostacci A., Muanza S., Muchnoi N., Muhlegger M., Mulder M., Mulders M., Muller B., Muller F., Muller A.-S., Munilla J., Murray M.J., Muttoni Y., Myers S., Mylona M., Nachtman J., Nakamoto T., Nardecchia M., Nardini G., Nason P., Nergiz Z., Nesterenko A.V., Netto J.A., Nettstrater A., Neubuser C., Neundorf J., Niccoli F., Nicrosini O., Nie Y., Niedermayer U., Niedziela J., Niemi A., Nikitin S.A., Nisati A., No J.M., Nonis M., Nosochkov Y., Novak M., Novokhatski A., O'Callaghan J.M., Ochando C., Ogur S., Ohmi K., Oide K., Okorokov V.A., Okumura Y., Oleari C., Olness F.I., Onel Y., Ortino M., Osborne J., Osland P., Otto T., Oyulmaz K.Y., Ozansoy A., Ozcan V., Ozdemir K., Pagliarone C.E., Pais da Silva H.F., Palmieri E., Palumbo L., Pampaloni A., Pan R.-Q., Panareo M., Panella O., Panico G., Panizzo G., Pankov A.A., Pantsyrny V., Papadopoulos C.G., Papaefstathiou A., Papaphilippou Y., Parker M.A., Parma V., Pasquali M., Patra S.K., Patterson R., Paukkunen H., Pauss F., Peggs S., Penttinen J.-P., Peon G., Perepelkin E.E., Perez E., Perez J.C., Perez G., Perez F., Perez Codina E., Perez Morales J., Perfilov M., Pernegger H., Peruzzi M., Pes C., Peters K., Petracca S., Petriello F., Pezzotti L., Pfeiffer S., Piccinini F., Pieloni T., Pierini M., Pikhartova H., Pikurs G., Pilicer E., Piminov P., Pira C., Pittau R., Placzek W., Plagge M., Plehn T., Pleier M.-A., Ploskon M., Podeur M., Podlech H., Podzorny T., Poggioli L., Poiron A., Polesello G., Poli Lener M., Polini A., Polinski J., Polozov S.M., Ponce L., Pont M., Pontecorvo L., Portaluri T., Potamianos K., Prasse C., Prausa M., Preinerstorfer A., Premat E., Price T., Primavera M., Prino F., Prioli M., Proudfoot J., Provino A., Pugnat T., Pukhaeva N., Pulawski S., Pulikowski D., Punzi G., Putti M., Pyarelal A., Quack H., Quispe M., Racioppi A., Rafique H., Raginel V., Raidal M., Ramirez-Uribe N.S., Ramsey-Musolf M.J., Rata R., Ratoff P., Ravotti F., Rebello Teles P., Reboud M., Redaelli S., Renner E., Renteria-Olivo A.E., Rescigno M., Reuter J., Ribon A., Ricci A.M., Riegler W., Riemann S., Riemann B., Riemann T., Rifflet J.M., Rimmer R.A., Rinaldesi R., Rinolfi L., Rios Rubiras O., Risselada T., Rivetti A., Rivkin L., Rizzo T., Robens T., Robert F., Robson A.J., Rochepault E., Roda C., Rodrigo G., Rodriguez-Cahuantzi M., Rogan C., Roig M., Rojas-Torres S., Rojo J., Rolandi G., Rolando G., Roloff P., Romanenko A., Romanov A., Roncarolo F., Rosado Sanchez A., Rosaz G., Rossi L., Rossi A., Rossmanith R., Rousset B., Royon C., Ruan X., Ruehl I., Ruhlmann-Kleider V., Ruiz R., Rumyantsev L., Ruprecht R., Ryazanov A.I., Saba A., Sadykov R., Saez de Jauregui D., Sahin M., Sailer B., Saito M., Sala F., Salam G.P., Salfeld-Nebgen J., Salgado C.A., Salini S., Sallese J.M., Salmi T., Salzburger A., Sampayo O.A., Sanfilippo S., Santiago J., Santopinto E., Santoro R., Sanz Ull A., Sarasola X., Sarpun I.H., Sauvain M., Savelyeva S., Sawada R., Sborlini G.F.R., Schaffer A., Schaumann M., Schenk M., Scheuerlein C., Schienbein I., Schlenga K., Schmickler H., Schmidt R., Schoerling D., Schoning A., Schorner-Sadenius T., Schott M., Schulte D., Schwaller P., Schwanenberger C., Schwemling P., Schwerg N., Scibile L., Sciuto A., Scomparin E., Sebastiani C., Seeber B., Segreti M., Selva P., Selvaggi M., Senatore C., Senol A., Serin L., Serluca M., Serra N., Seryi A., Sestini L., Sfyrla A., Shaposhnikov M., Shaposhnikova E., Sharkov B.Y., Shatilov D., Shelton J., Shiltsev V., Shipsey I.P., Shirkov G.D., Shivaji A., Shwartz D., Sian T., Sidorov S., Siemko A., Silvestrini L., Simand N., Simon F., Singh B.K., Siodmok A., Sirois Y., Sirtori E., Sirvinskaite R., Sitar B., Sjostrand T., Skands P., Skordis E., Skovpen K., Skrzypek M., Slade E., Slavich P., Slovak R., Smaluk V., Smirnov V., Snoeys W., Soffi L., Sollander P., Solovyanov O., Soltveit H.K., Song H., Sopicki P., Sorbi M., Spallino L., Spannowsky M., Spataro B., Sphicas P., Spiesberger H., Spiller P., Spira M., Srivastava T., Stachel J., Stakia A., Stanyard J.L., Starchenko E., Starikov A.Y., Stasto A.M., Statera M., Steerenberg R., Steggemann J., Stenvall A., Stivanello F., Stockinger D., Stoel L.S., Stoger-Pollach M., Strauss B., Stuart M., Stupakov G., Su S., Sublet A., Sugita K., Sulak L., Sullivan M.K., Sultansoy S., Sumida T., Suzuki K., Sylva G., Syphers M.J., Sznajder A., Taborelli M., Tahir N.A., Takeuchi M., Tal Hod E., Tambasco C., Tanaka J., Tang K., Tapan I., Taroni S., Tartarelli G.F., Tassielli G., Tavian L., Taylor T.M., Taylor G.N., Teixeira A.M., Tejeda-Munoz G., Telnov V.I., Tenchini R., ten Kate H.H.J., Terashi K., Tesi A., Testa M., Tetrel C., Teytelman D., Thaler J., Thamm A., Thomas S., Tiirakari M.T., Tikhomirov V., Tikhonov D., Timko H., Tisserand V., Tkachenko L.M., Tkaczuk J., Tock J.P., Todd B., Todesco E., Tomas Garcia R., Tommasini D., Tonelli G., Toral F., Torims T., Torre R., Townsend Z., Trant R., Treille D., Trentadue L., Tricoli A., Tricomi A., Trischuk W., Tropin I.S., Tuchming B., Tudora A.A., Turbiarz B., Turk Cakir I., Turri M., Tydecks T., Usovitsch J., Uythoven J., Vaglio R., Valassi A., Valchkova F., Valdivia Garcia M.A., Valente P., Valente R.U., Valente-Feliciano A.-M., Valentino G., Vale Silva L., Valet J.M., Valizadeh R., Valle J.W.F., Vallecorsa S., Vallone G., van Leeuwen M., van Rienen U.H., van Riesen-Haupt L., Varasteh M., Vecchi L., Vedrine P., Velev G., Veness R., Ventura A., Venturini Delsolaro W., Verducci M., Verhaaren C.B., Vernieri C., Verweij A.P., Verwilligen O., Viazlo O., Vicini A., Viehhauser G., Vignaroli N., Vignolo M., Vitrano A., Vivarelli I., Vlachos S., Vogel M., Vogt D.M., Volkl V., Volkov P., Volpini G., von Ahnen J., Vorotnikov G., Voutsinas G.G., Vysotsky V., Wagner U., Wallny R., Wang L.-T., Wang R., Wang K., Ward B.F.L., Watson T.P., Watson N.K., Ws Z., Weiland C., Weinzierl S., Welsch C.P., Wenninger J., Widorski M., Wiedemann U.A., Wienands H.-U., Wilkinson G., Williams P.H., Winter A., Wohlfahrt A., Wojton T., Wollmann D., Womersley J., Woog D., Wu X., Wulzer A., Yanehsari M.K., Yang G., Yang H.J., Yao W.-M., Yazgan E., Yermolchik V., Yilmaz A., Yoo H.-D., Yost S.A., You T., Young C., Yu T.-T., Yu F., Zaborowska A., Zadeh S.G., Zahnd M., Zanetti M., Zanotto L., Zawiejski L., Zeiler P., Zerlauth M., Zernov S.M., Zevi Dell Porta G., Zhang Z., Zhang Y., Zhang C., Zhang H., Zhao Z., Zhong Y.-M., Zhou J., Zhou D., Zhuang P., Zick G., Zimmermann F., Zinn-Justin J., Zivkovic L., Zlobin A.V., Zobov M., Zupan J., Zurita J., BAİBÜ, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Fizik Bölümü, Denizli, Haluk, TOBB ETU, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, TOBB ETU, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Material Science & Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB ETÜ, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Elektrik ve Elektronik Mühendisliği Bölümü, TOBB ETÜ, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Malzeme Bilimi ve Nanoteknoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, Bozbey, Ali, Sultansoy, Saleh, Özdemir, Kadri, Giresun Üniversitesi, UCL - SST/IRMP - Institut de recherche en mathématique et physique, and Ege Üniversitesi
Subjects: Beam losses, IMPACT, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics beyond the Standard Model, EVENT BUILDER, hadron collider, General Physics and Astronomy, Mathematics and natural science: 400::Physics: 430::Nuclear and elementary particle physics: 431 [VDP], 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, Subatomär fysik, chemistry.chemical_compound, Conceptual design, Colliding beam accelerators, law, HE-LHC, Subatomic Physics, General Materials Science, Hadron colliders, Física::Física de partícules::Hadrons [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Large Hadron Collider, Acceleradors de partícules, Physics, Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, Beams (radiation), Settore FIS/02 - Fisica Teorica, Modelli e Metodi Matematici, Upgrade, Impact, collimators, partikkelfysikk, Future Circular Collider, High-Energy, Systems engineering, HE-LHC: The High-Energy Large Hadron Collider, Col·lisionadors d'hadrons, Applied physics, Collimators, Socio-culturale, Fizik, Hadrons, Accelerator Physics and Instrumentation, HE-LHC physics, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, beam losses, ddc:530, High Energy Physics, partikkelakselerator, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Niobium-tin, 010306 general physics, Collider, Particle Physics, Beams (radiation) | Collimators | Beam losses, Energies::Energia nuclear [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Large Hadron Collider HE-LHC, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Colliders (Nuclear physics), Acceleratorfysik och instrumentering, Event builder, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Particle accelerators, chemistry, Experimental High Energy Physics, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Future Colliders
Abstract: Authors: A. AbadaM. AbbresciaS. S. AbdusSalamI. AbdyukhanovJ. Abelleira FernandezA. AbramovM. AburaiaA. O. AcarP. R. AdzicP. AgrawalJ. A. Aguilar-SaavedraJ. J. Aguilera-VerdugoM. AibaI. AichingerG. AielliA. AkayA. AkhundovH. AksakalJ. L. AlbaceteS. AlbergoA. AlekouM. AleksaR. AleksanR. M. Alemany FernandezY. AlexahinR. G. AlíaS. AlioliN. Alipour TehraniB. C. AllanachP. P. AllportM. AltınlıW. AltmannshoferG. AmbrosioD. AmorimO. AmstutzL. AnderliniA. AndreazzaM. AndreiniA. AndriatisC. AndrisA. AndronicM. AngelucciF. AntinoriS. A. AntipovM. AntonelliM. AntonelloP. AntonioliS. AntuschF. AnulliL. ApolinárioG. ApollinariA. ApollonioD. AppelöR. B. ApplebyA. ApyanA. ApyanA. ArbeyA. ArbuzovG. ArduiniV. ArıS. AriasN. ArmestoR. ArnaldiS. A. ArsenyevM. ArzeoS. AsaiE. AslanidesR. W. AßmannD. AstapovychM. AtanasovS. AtiehD. AttiéB. AuchmannA. AudurierS. AullS. AumonS. AuneF. AvinoG. AvrillaudG. AydınA. AzatovG. AzuelosP. AzziO. AzzoliniP. AzzurriN. BacchettaE. BacchiocchiH. BachacouY. W. BaekV. BaglinY. BaiS. BairdM. J. BakerM. J. BaldwinA. H. BallA. BallarinoS. BanerjeeD. P. BarberD. BarducciP. BarjhouxD. BarnaG. G. BarnaföldiM. J. BarnesA. BarrJ. Barranco GarcíaJ. Barreiro Guimarães da CostaW. BartmannV. BaryshevskyE. BarziS. A. BassA. BastianinB. BaudouyF. BauerM. BauerT. BaumgartnerI. Bautista-GuzmánC. BayındırF. BeaudetteF. BedeschiM. BéguinI. BellafontL. BellagambaN. BellegardeE. BelliE. BellingeriF. BelliniG. BellomoS. BelomestnykhG. BencivenniM. BenediktG. BernardiJ. BernardiC. BernetJ. M. BernhardtC. BerniniC. BerriaudA. BertarelliS. BertolucciM. I. BesanaM. BesançonO. BeznosovP. BhatC. BhatM. E. BiaginiJ. -L. BiarrotteA. Bibet ChevalierE. R. BielertM. BigliettiG. M. BileiB. BilkiC. BiscariF. BisharaO. R. Blanco-GarcíaF. R. BlánquezF. BlekmanA. BlondelJ. BlümleinT. BoccaliR. BoelsS. A. BogaczA. BogomyagkovO. Boine-FrankenheimM. J. BolandS. BolognaO. BolukbasiM. BombenS. BondarenkoM. BonviniE. BoosB. BordiniF. BordryG. BorghelloL. BorgonoviS. BorowkaD. BortolettoD. BoscheriniM. BoscoloS. BoselliR. R. BosleyF. BossuC. BottaL. BotturaR. BoughezalD. BoutinG. BovoneI. Božović JelisavićA. BozbeyC. BozziD. BozziniV. BracciniS. Braibant-GiacomelliJ. BramanteP. Braun-MunzingerJ. A. BriffaD. BritzgerS. J. BrodskyJ. J. BrookeR. BruceP. Brückman De RenstromE. BrunaO. BrüningO. BrunnerK. BrunnerP. BruzzoneX. BuffatE. BulyakF. BurkartH. BurkhardtJ. -P. BurnetF. ButinD. ButtazzoA. ButterworthM. CacciaY. CaiB. CaiffiV. CairoO. CakirR. CalagaS. CalatroniG. CalderiniG. CalderolaA. CaliskanD. CalvetM. CalvianiJ. M. CamalichP. CamarriM. CampanelliT. CamporesiA. C. CanbayA. CanepaE. CantergianiD. Cantore-CavalliM. CapeansR. CardarelliU. CardellaA. CardiniC. M. Carloni CalameF. CarraS. CarraA. CarvalhoS. CasalbuoniJ. CasasM. CascellaP. CastelnovoG. CastorinaG. CatalanoV. CavasinniE. CazzatoE. CenniniA. CerriF. CeruttiJ. CervantesI. ChaikovskaJ. ChakraborttyM. ChalaM. Chamizo-LlatasH. ChanalD. ChanalS. ChanceA. ChancéP. CharitosJ. CharlesT. K. CharlesS. ChattopadhyayR. ChehabS. V. ChekanovN. ChenA. ChernodedV. ChetvertkovaL. ChevalierG. ChiarelliG. ChiarelloM. ChiesaP. ChiggiatoJ. T. ChildersA. ChmielińskaA. CholakianP. ChomazM. ChorowskiW. ChouM. ChrzaszczE. ChyhyrynetsG. CibinettoA. K. CiftciR. CiftciR. CiminoM. CiuchiniP. J. ClarkY. CoadouM. CobalA. CoccaroJ. CoganE. CognerasF. CollamatiC. ColldelramP. CollierJ. CollotR. ContinoF. ConventiC. T. A. CookL. CooleyG. CorcellaA. S. CornellG. H. CorralH. Correia-RodriguesF. CostanzaP. Costa PintoF. CoudercJ. CoupardN. CraigI. Crespo GarridoA. CrivellinJ. F. CroteauM. CrouchE. Cruz AlanizB. CuréJ. CurtiD. CurtinM. CzechC. DachauerR. T. D’AgnoloM. DaiboA. DaineseB. DalenaA. DaljevecW. DallapiazzaL. D’Aloia SchwartzentruberM. DamG. D’AmbrosioS. P. DasS. DasBakshiW. da SilvaG. G. da SilveiraV. D’AuriaS. D’AuriaA. DavidT. DavidekA. DeandreaJ. de BlasC. J. DebonoS. De CurtisN. De FilippisD. de FlorianS. DeghayeS. J. de JongC. Del BoV. Del DucaD. DelikarisF. DeliotA. Dell’AcquaL. Delle RoseM. DelmastroE. De LuciaM. DemarteauD. DenegriL. DeniauD. DenisovH. DenizliA. DennerD. d’EnterriaG. de RijkA. De RoeckF. DerueO. DeschampsS. Descotes-GenonP. S. B. DevJ. B. de Vivie de RégieR. K. DewanjeeA. Di CiaccioA. Di CiccoB. M. DillonB. Di MiccoP. Di NezzaS. Di VitaA. DoblhammerA. DominjonM. D’OnofrioF. DordeiA. DragoP. DraperZ. DrasalM. DrewesL. DuarteI. DubovykP. DudaA. DudarevL. DudkoD. DuellmannM. DünserT. du PreeM. DuranteH. Duran YildizS. DuttaF. DuvalJ. M. DuvalY. DydyshkaB. DziewitS. EisenhardtM. EistererT. EkelofD. El KhechenS. A. EllisJ. EllisJ. A. EllisonK. ElsenerM. ElsingY. EnariC. EnglertH. ErikssonK. J. EskolaL. S. EspositoO. EtiskenE. EtzionP. FabbricatoreA. FalkowskiA. FalouJ. FaltovaJ. FanL. FanòA. FarillaR. FarinelliS. FarinonD. A. FaroughyS. D. FartoukhA. Faus-GolfeW. J. FawcettG. FeliciL. FelsbergerC. FerdeghiniA. M. Fernandez NavarroA. Fernández-TéllezJ. Ferradas TroitinoG. FerraraR. FerrariL. FerreiraP. Ferreira da SilvaG. FerreraF. FerroM. FiascarisS. FiorendiC. FiorioO. FischerE. FischerW. FliegerM. FlorioD. FonnesuE. FontanesiN. FoppianiK. ForazD. Forkel-WirthS. ForteM. FouaidyD. FournierT. FowlerJ. FoxP. FrancavillaR. FranceschiniS. FranchinoE. FrancoA. FreitasB. FuksK. FurukawaS. V. FurusethE. GabrielliA. GaddiM. GalantiE. GalloS. GanjourJ. GaoJ. GaoV. Garcia DiazM. García PérezL. García TabarésC. GarionM. V. GarzelliI. GarziaS. M. Gascon-ShotkinG. GaudioP. GayS. -F. GeT. GehrmannM. H. GenestR. GerardF. GerigkH. GerwigP. GiacomelliS. GiaguE. Gianfelice-WendtF. GianottiF. GiffoniS. S. GilardoniM. Gil CostaM. GiovannettiM. GiovannozziP. GiubellinoG. F. GiudiceA. GiuntaL. K. GladilinS. GlukhovJ. GluzaG. GobbiB. GoddardF. GoertzT. GollingV. P. GoncalvesR. GonçaloL. A. Gonzalez GomezS. Gorgi ZadehG. GorineE. GoriniS. A. GourlayL. GouskosF. GrancagnoloA. GrassellinoA. GrauE. GraveriniH. M. GrayMa. GrecoMi. GrecoJ. -L. GrenardO. GrimmC. GrojeanV. A. GromovJ. F. Grosse-OetringhausA. GrudievK. GrzankaJ. GuD. GuadagnoliV. GuidiS. GuiducciG. Guillermo CantonY. O. GünaydinR. GuptaR. S. GuptaJ. GutierrezJ. GutleberC. GuyotV. GuzeyC. GwenlanC. HaberstrohB. HacışahinoğluB. HaererK. HahnT. HahnA. HammadC. HanM. HanceA. HannahP. C. HarrisC. HatiS. HaugJ. HauptmanV. HaurylavetsH. -J. HeA. HegglinB. HegnerK. HeinemannS. HeinemeyerC. HelsensA. HenriquesA. HenriquesP. HernandezR. J. Hernández-PintoJ. Hernandez-SanchezT. HerzigI. HiekkanenW. HillertT. HoehnM. HoferW. HöfleF. HoldenerS. HolleisB. HolzerD. K. HongC. G. HonoratoS. C. HopkinsJ. HrdinkaF. HugB. HumannH. HumerT. HurthA. HuttonG. IacobucciN. IbarrolaL. Iconomidou-FayardK. Ilyina-BrunnerJ. IncandelaA. InfantinoV. IppolitoM. IshinoR. IslamH. ItaA. IvanovsS. IwamotoA. IyerS. Izquierdo BermudezS. JadachD. O. JaminP. JanotP. JarryA. JeffP. JennyE. JensenM. JensenX. JiangJ. M. JiménezM. A. JonesO. R. JonesJ. M. JowettS. JungW. KaabiM. KadoK. KahleL. KalinovskayaJ. KalinowskiJ. F. KamenikK. KannikeS. O. KaraH. KaradenizV. KaraventzasI. KarpovS. KartalA. KaryukhinV. KashikhinJ. Katharina BehrU. KayaJ. KeintzelP. A. KeinzK. KeppelR. KersevanK. KershawH. KhanpourS. KhatibiM. Khatiri YanehsariV. V. KhozeJ. KieselerA. KilicA. KilpinenY. -K. KimD. W. KimU. KleinM. KleinF. KlingN. KlinkenbergS. KlöppelM. KluteV. I. KlyukhinM. KnechtB. KniehlF. KocakC. KoeberlA. M. KolanoA. KolleggerK. KołodziejA. A. KolomietsJ. KomppulaI. KoopP. KoppenburgM. KoratzinosM. KordiaczyńskaM. KorjikO. KortnerP. KostkaW. KotlarskiC. KotnigT. KöttigA. V. KotwalA. D. KovalenkoS. KowalskiJ. KozaczukG. A. KozlovS. S. KozubA. M. KrainerT. KramerM. KrämerM. KrammerA. A. KrasnovF. KraussK. KravalisL. KretzschmarR. M. KriskeH. KritscherP. KrkoticH. KrohaM. KucharczykS. KudayA. KuendigG. KuhlmannA. KuleszaM. KumarM. KumarA. KusinaS. KuttimalaiM. KuzeT. KwonF. LacknerM. LacknerE. La FrancescaM. LaineG. LamannaS. La MendolaE. LançonG. LandsbergP. LangackerC. LangeA. LangnerA. J. LankfordJ. P. LansbergT. LariP. J. LaycockP. LebrunA. LechnerK. LeeS. LeeR. LeeT. LefevreP. Le GuenT. LehtinenS. B. LeithP. LenziE. LeograndeC. LeonidopoulosI. Leon-MonzonG. LernerO. LeroyT. LesiakP. LévaiA. LeverattoE. LevichevG. LiS. LiR. LiD. LiberatiM. LiepeD. A. LissauerZ. LiuA. LobkoE. LocciE. Logothetis AgaliotisM. P. LombardoA. J. LongC. LorinR. LositoA. LouzguitiI. LowD. LucchesiM. T. LucchiniA. LucianiM. LueckhofA. J. G. LuntM. LuzumD. A. LyubimtsevM. MaggioraN. MagninM. A. MahmoudF. MahmoudiJ. MaitreV. MakarenkoA. MalagoliJ. MalclésL. MalgeriP. J. MallonF. MaltoniS. MalvezziO. B. MalyshevG. MancinelliP. MandrikP. ManfrinettiM. ManganoP. ManilM. MannelliG. MarchioriF. MarhauserV. MarianiV. MarinozziS. MariottoP. MarquardC. MarquetT. Marriott-DodingtonR. MartinO. MartinJ. Martin CamalichT. MartinezH. Martinez BruzualM. I. Martínez-HernándezD. E. MartinsS. MarzaniD. MarzoccaL. MarzolaS. MasciocchiI. MasinaA. MassimilianoA. MassironiT. MasubuchiV. A. MatveevM. A. MazzoniM. McCulloughP. A. McIntoshP. MeadeL. MedinaA. MeierJ. MeignanB. MeleJ. G. Mendes SaraivaF. MenezM. MentinkE. MeoniP. MeridianiM. MerkP. MermodV. MertensL. MetherE. MétralM. MiglioratiA. MilaneseC. MilardiG. MilhanoB. L. MilitsynF. MilletI. MinashviliJ. V. MinerviniL. S. MirallesD. MirarchiS. MishimaD. P. MissiaenG. MitselmakherT. MitshuhashiJ. MnichM. Mohammadi NajafabadiR. N. MohapatraN. MokhovJ. G. MolsonR. MongeC. MontagG. MontagnaS. MonteilG. MonteneroE. MontesinosF. MoortgatN. MorangeG. MorelloM. Moreno LlácerM. MorettiS. MorettiA. K. MorleyA. MorosI. MorozovV. MorrettaM. MorroneA. MostacciS. MuanzaN. MuchnoiM. MühleggerM. MulderM. MuldersB. MüllerF. MüllerA. -S. MüllerJ. MunillaM. J. MurrayY. MuttoniS. MyersM. MylonaJ. NachtmanT. NakamotoM. NardecchiaG. NardiniP. NasonZ. NergizA. V. NesterenkoJ. A. NettoA. NettsträterC. NeubüserJ. NeundorfF. NiccoliO. NicrosiniY. NieU. NiedermayerJ. NiedzielaA. NiemiS. A. NikitinA. NisatiJ. M. NoM. NonisY. NosochkovM. NovákA. NovokhatskiJ. M. O’CallaghanC. OchandoS. OgurK. OhmiK. OideV. A. OkorokovY. OkumuraC. OleariF. I. OlnessY. OnelM. OrtinoJ. OsborneP. OslandT. OttoK. Y. OyulmazA. OzansoyV. ÖzcanK. ÖzdemirC. E. PagliaroneH. F. Pais da SilvaE. PalmieriL. PalumboA. PampaloniR. -Q. PanM. PanareoO. PanellaG. PanicoG. PanizzoA. A. PankovV. PantsyrnyC. G. PapadopoulosA. PapaefstathiouY. PapaphilippouM. A. ParkerV. ParmaM. PasqualiS. K. PatraR. PattersonH. PaukkunenF. PaussS. PeggsJ. -P. PenttinenG. PeónE. E. PerepelkinE. PerezJ. C. PerezG. PerezF. PérezE. Perez CodinaJ. Perez MoralesM. PerfilovH. PerneggerM. PeruzziC. PesK. PetersS. PetraccaF. PetrielloL. PezzottiS. PfeifferF. PiccininiT. PieloniM. PieriniH. PikhartovaG. PikursE. PilicerP. PiminovC. PiraR. PittauW. PłaczekM. PlaggeT. PlehnM. -A. PleierM. PłoskońM. PodeurH. PodlechT. PodzornyL. PoggioliA. PoironG. PoleselloM. Poli LenerA. PoliniJ. PolinskiS. M. PolozovL. PonceM. PontL. PontecorvoT. PortaluriK. PotamianosC. PrasseM. PrausaA. PreinerstorferE. PrematT. PriceM. PrimaveraF. PrinoM. PrioliJ. ProudfootA. ProvinoT. PugnatN. PukhaevaS. PuławskiD. PulikowskiG. PunziM. PuttiA. PyarelalH. QuackM. QuispeA. RacioppiH. RafiqueV. RaginelM. RaidalN. S. Ramírez-UribeM. J. Ramsey-MusolfR. RataP. RatoffF. RavottiP. Rebello TelesM. ReboudS. RedaelliE. RennerA. E. Rentería-OlivoM. RescignoJ. ReuterA. RibonA. M. RicciW. RieglerS. RiemannB. RiemannT. RiemannJ. M. RiffletR. A. RimmerR. RinaldesiL. RinolfiO. Rios RubirasT. RisseladaA. RivettiL. RivkinT. RizzoT. RobensF. RobertA. J. RobsonE. RochepaultC. RodaG. RodrigoM. Rodríguez-CahuantziC. RoganM. RoigS. Rojas-TorresJ. RojoG. RolandiG. RolandoP. RoloffA. RomanenkoA. RomanovF. RoncaroloA. Rosado SanchezG. RosazL. RossiA. RossiR. RossmanithB. RoussetC. RoyonX. RuanI. RuehlV. Ruhlmann-KleiderR. RuizL. RumyantsevR. RuprechtA. I. RyazanovA. SabaR. SadykovD. Saez de JaureguiM. SahinB. SailerM. SaitoF. SalaG. P. SalamJ. Salfeld-NebgenC. A. SalgadoS. SaliniJ. M. SalleseT. SalmiA. SalzburgerO. A. SampayoS. SanfilippoJ. SantiagoE. SantopintoR. SantoroA. Sanz UllX. SarasolaI. H. SarpünM. SauvainS. SavelyevaR. SawadaG. F. R. SborliniA. SchafferM. SchaumannM. SchenkC. ScheuerleinI. SchienbeinK. SchlengaH. SchmicklerR. SchmidtD. SchoerlingA. SchoningT. Schörner-SadeniusM. SchottD. SchulteP. SchwallerC. SchwanenbergerP. SchwemlingN. SchwergL. ScibileA. SciutoE. ScomparinC. SebastianiB. SeeberM. SegretiP. SelvaM. SelvaggiC. SenatoreA. SenolL. SerinM. SerlucaN. SerraA. SeryiL. SestiniA. SfyrlaM. ShaposhnikovE. ShaposhnikovaB. Y. SharkovD. ShatilovJ. SheltonV. ShiltsevI. P. ShipseyG. D. ShirkovA. ShivajiD. ShwartzT. SianS. SidorovA. SiemkoL. SilvestriniN. SimandF. SimonB. K. SinghA. SiódmokY. SiroisE. SirtoriR. SirvinskaiteB. SitarT. SjöstrandP. SkandsE. SkordisK. SkovpenM. SkrzypekE. SladeP. SlavichR. SlovakV. SmalukV. SmirnovW. SnoeysL. SoffiP. SollanderO. SolovyanovH. K. SoltveitH. SongP. SopickiM. SorbiL. SpallinoM. SpannowskyB. SpataroP. SphicasH. SpiesbergerP. SpillerM. SpiraT. SrivastavaJ. StachelA. StakiaJ. L. StanyardE. StarchenkoA. Y. StarikovA. M. StaśtoM. StateraR. SteerenbergJ. SteggemannA. StenvallF. StivanelloD. StöckingerL. S. StoelM. Stöger-PollachB. StraussM. StuartG. StupakovS. SuA. SubletK. SugitaL. SulakM. K. SullivanS. SultansoyT. SumidaK. SuzukiG. SylvaM. J. SyphersA. SznajderM. TaborelliN. A. TahirM. TakeuchiE. Tal HodC. TambascoJ. TanakaK. TangI. TapanS. TaroniG. F. TartarelliG. TassielliL. TavianT. M. TaylorG. N. TaylorA. M. TeixeiraG. Tejeda-MuñozV. I. TelnovR. TenchiniH. H. J. ten KateK. TerashiA. TesiM. TestaC. TetrelD. TeytelmanJ. ThalerA. ThammS. ThomasM. T. TiirakariV. TikhomirovD. TikhonovH. TimkoV. TisserandL. M. TkachenkoJ. TkaczukJ. P. TockB. ToddE. TodescoR. Tomás GarciaD. TommasiniG. TonelliF. ToralT. TorimsR. TorreZ. TownsendR. TrantD. TreilleL. TrentadueA. TricoliA. TricomiW. TrischukI. S. TropinB. TuchmingA. A. TudoraB. TurbiarzI. Turk CakirM. TurriT. TydecksJ. UsovitschJ. UythovenR. VaglioA. ValassiF. ValchkovaM. A. Valdivia GarciaP. ValenteR. U. ValenteA. -M. Valente-FelicianoG. ValentinoL. Vale SilvaJ. M. ValetR. ValizadehJ. W. F. ValleS. 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ZimmermannEmail authorJ. Zinn-JustinL. ZivkovicA. V. ZlobinM. ZobovJ. ZupanJ. Zuritathe FCC Collaboration, In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (EPPSU), the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched as a world-wide international collaboration hosted by CERN. The FCC study covered an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee), the corresponding 100km tunnel infrastructure, as well as the physics opportunities of these two colliders, and a high-energy LHC, based on FCC-hh technology. This document constitutes the fourth volume of the FCC Conceptual Design Report, devoted to the High-Energy Large Hadron Collider HE-LHC. It summarizes the HE-LHC physics discovery opportunities, presents the HE-LHC accelerator design, performance reach, and operation plan, discusses the underlying technologies, the civil engineering and technical infrastructure, and also sketches a possible implementation. Combining ingredients from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the high-luminosity LHC upgrade and adding novel technologies and approaches, the HE-LHC design aims at a hadron collider with about twice the centre-of-mass collision energy that the LHC can reach. Its performance aims at exploring physics beyond the Standard Model, signi cantly extending the LHC's direct and indirect sensitivity to new physics and discoveries.
Published: 2020

8. Development of Prototype MGB 2 Superconducting Solenoid Magnet for High-Efficiency Klystron Applications

Author: Sergio Calatroni, Akira Yamamoto, Hiroyuki Watanabe, Igor Syratchev, Tomoyuki Koga, Gerard McMonagle, Nuria Catalán Lasheras, Shinichiro Michizono, Hideki Tanaka, and Tsuyoshi Wakuda
Subjects: Materials science, Klystron, Bobbin, business.industry, Refrigerator car, Solenoid, Condensed Matter Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Conductor, Electromagnetic coil, law, Magnet, Optoelectronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Layer (electronics)
Abstract: A wind-and-react MgB 2 solenoid magnet for klystrons has been developed. While the current normal-conducting (Cu) magnet consumes 20 kW per magnet, this MgB$_2$ magnet consumes less than 3 kW in refrigerator power. The conduction-cooled half coil of the magnet is 337 mm in inner diameter; the winding pack, 19.4 mm wide × 136.6 mm high, uses 2.7 km of 10 filament circular conductor, which is insulated with glass 0.83 mm in diameter, and is reacted after being wound onto a stainless steel bobbin. The coil has Cu plates of 0.2 mm in thickness between each coil layer and on the inner and outer sides. The magnet has two coils and produces 0.8 T in the center and its stored energy is 11.8 kJ. Together with the above-mentioned coil structure, these coils can consume stored energy in itself at quench without a special quench protection system. A performance test of the magnet was successful.
Published: 2020

9. Pulsed DC High Field Measurements of Irradiated and Non-Irradiated Electrodes of Different Materials

Author: Peacock, Ruth, Bellodi, Giulia, Burt, Graeme, Calatroni, Sergio, Da Palma Serafim, Catarina, Grudiev, Alexej, Lombardi, Alessandra, Perez Fontenla, Ana Teresa, Ramberger, Suitbert, Sargsyan, Edgar, Sgobba, Stefano, and Wuensch, Walter
Subjects: Accelerators and Storage Rings, Proton and Ion Accelerators and Applications, Accelerator Physics
Abstract: Beam loss occurs in Radio Frequency Quadrupoles (RFQ), and has been observed in the H⁻ linear accelerator Linac4 (L4) at CERN. To determine if beam loss can induce breakdowns, and to compare the robustness of different materials, tests have been done using pulsed high-voltage DC systems. Electrical breakdown phenomena and conditioning processes have been studied using these systems. Cathodes of different materials were irradiated with 1.2x10¹⁹ H⁻ p/cm², the estimated beam loss of the L4 RFQ over 10 days. The irradiated electrodes were installed in a system to observe if the irradiated area coincided with the breakdown locations, with pulsing parameters similar to the RFQ. Tests of irradiated and non-irradiated electrodes of the same material were done for comparison. The main difference observed was an increase in the number of breakdowns during the initial conditioning that returned to non-irradiated sample values with further running. Visual observations after irradiation show the beam centre and a halo the same diameter of the beam pipe. Breakdown clusters occur in the centre and halo regions, suggesting irradiation is not the only factor determining the breakdown probability., Proceedings of the 31st International Linear Accelerator Conference, LINAC2022, Liverpool, UK
Published: 2022
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10. European Strategy for Particle Physics -- Accelerator R&D Roadmap

Author: Adolphsen, C., Angal-Kalinin, D., Arndt, T., Arnold, M., Assmann, R., Auchmann, B., Aulenbacher, K., Ballarino, A., Baudouy, B., Baudrenghien, P., Benedikt, M., Bentvelsen, S., Blondel, A., Bogacz, A., Bossi, F., Bottura, L., Bousson, S., Brüning, O., Brinkmann, R., Bruker, M., Brunner, O., Burrows, P.N., Burt, G., Calatroni, S., Cassou, K., Castilla, A., Catalan-Lasheras, N., Cenni, E., Chancé, A., Colino, N., Corde, S., Corner, L., Cros, B., Cross, A., Delahaye, J.P., Devanz, G., Etienvre, A.-I., Evtushenko, P., Faus-Golfe, A., Fazilleau, P., Ferrario, M., Gallo, A., García-Tabarés, L., Geddes, C., Gerigk, F., Gianotti, F., Gilardoni, S., Grudiev, A., Gschwendtner, E., Hoffstaetter, G., Hogan, M., Hooker, S., Hutton, A., Ischebeck, R., Jakobs, K., Janot, P., Jensen, E., Kühn, J., Kaabi, W., Kayran, D., Klein, M., Knobloch, J., Koratzinos, M., Kuske, B., Lamont, M., Latina, A., Lebrun, P., Leemans, W., Li, D., Long, K., Longuevergne, D., Losito, R., Lu, W., Lucchesi, D., Lundh, O., Métral, E., Marhauser, F., Michizono, S., Militsyn, B., Mnich, J., Montesinos, E., Mounet, N., Muggli, P., Musumeci, P., Nagaitsev, S., Nakada, T., Neumann, A., Newbold, D., Nghiem, P., Noe, M., Oide, K., Osterhoff, J., Palmer, M., Pastrone, N., Pietralla, N., Prestemon, S., Previtali, E., Proslier, T., Quettier, L., Raubenheimer, T., Rimmer, B., Rivkin, L., Rochepault, E., Rogers, C., Rosaz, G., Roser, T., Rossi, L., Ruber, R., Schulte, D., Seidel, M., Senatore, C., Shepherd, B., Shi, J., Shipman, N., Specka, A., Stapnes, S., Stocchi, A., Stratakis, D., Syratchev, I., Tanaka, O., Tantawi, S., Tennant, C., Tsesmelis, E., Vaccarezza, C., Valente, A.-M., Védrine, P., Vieira, J., Vinokurov, N., Weise, H., Wenskat, M., Williams, P., Wing, M., Yamamoto, A., Yamamoto, Y., Yokoya, K., Zimmermann, F., Accelerator Science and Technology Centre (ASTEC), Daresbury Laboratory, European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE (UMR_7585)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati (LNF), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie (IJCLab), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de physique des gaz et des plasmas (LPGP), Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet (LLR), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and CERN
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ACC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Accelerator Physics [physics.acc-ph], [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Accelerators and Storage Rings, Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract: CERN Yellow Rep. Monogr.ISBN 9789290836216 270 pages, 58 figures. Submitted for publication in the CERN Yellow Reports: Monographs series. Editor: N. Mounet. Panel editors: B. Baudouy (HFM), L. Bottura (HFM), S. Bousson (RF), G. Burt (RF), R. Assmann (plasma), E. Gschwendtner (plasma), R. Ischebeck (plasma), C. Rogers (muon), D. Schulte (muon), M. Klein (ERL); The 2020 update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics emphasised the importance of an intensified and well-coordinated programme of accelerator R&D, supporting the design and delivery of future particle accelerators in a timely, affordable and sustainable way. This report sets out a roadmap for European accelerator R&D for the next five to ten years, covering five topical areas identified in the Strategy update. The R&D objectives include: improvement of the performance and cost-performance of magnet and radio-frequency acceleration systems; investigations of the potential of laser / plasma acceleration and energy-recovery linac techniques; and development of new concepts for muon beams and muon colliders. The goal of the roadmap is to document the collective view of the field on the next steps for the R&D programme, and to provide the evidence base to support subsequent decisions on prioritisation, resourcing and implementation.
Published: 2022

11. Microscopy Investigation on Different Materials After Pulsed High Field Conditioning and Low Energy H$^{-}$ Irradiation

Author: Da Palma Serafim, Catarina, Bellodi, Giulia, Calatroni, Sergio, Djurabekova, Flyura, Grudiev, Alexej, Lombardi, Alessandra, Peacock, Ruth, Perez Fontenla, Ana Teresa, Ramberger, Suitbert, Sargsyan, Edgar, Sgobba, Stefano, and Wuensch, Walter
Subjects: Proton and Ion Accelerators and Applications, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Accelerator Physics
Abstract: During operation the LINAC4 RFQ (Radio-Frequency-Quadrupole) is exposed to high electric fields which can lead to vacuum breakdown. It is also subject to beam loss that can cause surface modification, including blistering, which can result in reduced electric field handling and an increased breakdown rate. An experimental study has been made to identify materials with high electric field capability and robustness to low-energy irradiation. In this paper we briefly discuss the selection criteria and we analyze these materials investigating their metallurgical properties using advanced microscopic techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscope, Electron Back Scattered Diffraction, Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy and conventional optical microscopy. These allow to observe and characterize the different materials on aμand a nano-scale, allowing us to compare results before and after irradiation and breakdown testing., Proceedings of the 31st International Linear Accelerator Conference, LINAC2022, Liverpool, UK
Published: 2022

12. Potential impedance reduction by REBCO-coated conductors as beam screen coating for the Future Circular Hadron Collider

Author: P. Krkotić, N. D. Tagdulang, S. Calatroni, J. M. O'Callaghan, M. Pont, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Doctorat en Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, and Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions
Subjects: Acceleradors de partícules, Colliders (Nuclear physics), Física::Física de partícules [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], General Physics and Astronomy, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Particle accelerators, Col·lisionadors (Física nuclear)
Abstract: The Future Circular Collider study creates a conceptual design for a post-LHC particle accelerator using 16T superconducting dipoles to achieve collision energies of up to 100TeV in a 90km circumference ring. A copper-coated beam screen, similar to that used in the LHC, is planned. However, the undertaken research indicates that copper at the high working temperature of 50K has a strong influence on the accelerator's performance, particularly at injection energy. In this work, we relate the experimentally determined properties of REBCO-coated conductors with their potential performance in the FCC-hh beam screen. Specifically, we use a round pipe approximation to demonstrate that a beam screen coated with a combination of REBCO and copper can have a much lower resistive wall impedance than one using only copper. The reduction is substantial (several orders of magnitude), and is observed in both the longitudinal and transverse wall impedance. Such a reduction has important effects on beam stability, operating costs, potential reduction in beam screen size, and lowering the stringent specifications of the 16T magnets required for the Future Circular Hadron Collider. The authors acknowledge the support and samples provided by Bruker HTS GmbH, Fujikura Ltd, SuNAM CO Ltd SuperOx, SuperPower Inc. and Theva Dünnschichttechnik GmbH. UPC funding was also provided through the Unit of Excellence María de Maeztu MDM2016-0600. N. Tagdulang acknowledges MSCA-COFUND-2016-754397 fot hte PhD Grant.
Published: 2022

13. Reverse coating technique for the production of Nb thin films on copper for superconducting radio-frequency applications

Author: D Fonnesu, A Baris, S Calatroni, L Lain Amador, S Pfeiffer, G Rosaz, M Bonura, and C Senatore
Subjects: Materials Chemistry, Metals and Alloys, Ceramics and Composites, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Condensed Matter Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings
Abstract: In the framework of the Future Circular Collider Study, the development of thin-film coated superconducting radio-frequency copper cavities capable of providing higher accelerating fields (10–20 MV m−1 against 5 MV m−1 for the Large Hadron Collider) represents a major challenge. The method investigated here for the production of seamless niobium-coated copper cavities is based on the electroforming of the copper structure around a sacrificial aluminium mandrel that is pre-coated with a niobium thin film. The first feasibility study, applied to a flat aluminium disk mandrel, is presented. Protective precautions are taken towards the functional niobium film during the production process and it is shown that this technique can deliver well performing niobium films on a seamless copper substrate. This way, the non-trivial chemical treatments foreseen by the standard procedures (e.g. SUBU, EP) for the preparation of the copper surface to achieve the proper adhesion of the niobium layer are also avoided. The only major chemical treatment involved in the reverse-coating method is represented by the chemical dissolution of the aluminium mandrel, which has the advantage of not affecting the copper substrate and therefore the copper-niobium interface.
Published: 2022

14. Measurements of Field Emission Induced Optical Spectra

Author: Peacock, Ruth, Burt, Graeme, Calatroni, Sergio, and Wuensch, Walter
Subjects: MC7: Accelerator Technology, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Accelerator Physics
Abstract: Field emission induced optical spectra in a dc electrode system have been measured using a spectrometer and CCD camera system in order to gain insight into the nature of field emissions sites. Spectra were measured from between 2 ridged parallel copper electrodes with a gap ranging from 60µm to 100µm and a bias voltage of up to 8000V under high vacuum conditions. A strong correlation between the light intensity of the spectra and the measured field emitted current was observed as a function of applied voltage. A characteristic broadband spectrum ranging from 550nm and 850nm wavelength was observed but there were important features which varied as a function of observation angle, polarity, and conditioning state and also with time. Possible causes of the optical spectra being considered include black body radiation, optical transition radiation and cathode luminescence of copper. Further experiments are ongoing with an improved optical setup to increase optical alignment for measurements with different materials of electrodes, developing further understanding of the cause of the optical spectra, to provide understanding into characteristics and evolution of emission sites., Proceedings of the 12th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2021, Campinas, SP, Brazil
Published: 2021

15. Shielded Pair Method for Cylindrical Surface Resistance Measurement at Cryogenic Temperature

Author: Brunner, Kristóf, Barna, Daniel, Calatroni, Sergio, and Caspers, Fritz
Subjects: MC7: Accelerator Technology, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Accelerator Physics
Abstract: The shielded pair resonator method was already used in the past at CERN to measure the surface resistivity of the LHC beam screen both at room temperature and cryogenic temperature. We have refined and adapted the measurement to be able to measure other types of beam screens and also to operate in a strong dipolar magnetic field. This is necessary for testing the properties of HTS coated beam screens or the possible effects of coatings and surface treatments for e-cloud suppression. Several calibration runs were done at cryogenic temperatures (4.2 K) measuring the surface resistivity of a copper pipe to identify the precision, stability and reproducibility achievable using this method. This work describes the challenges of the measurement and ways to mitigate them., Proceedings of the 12th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2021, Campinas, SP, Brazil
Published: 2021
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16. RF characterisation of new coatings for future circular collider beam screens

Author: Krkotić, Patrick, Calatroni, Sergio, Granados, Xavier, Gutierrez, Joffre, Hannah, Adrian, Malyshev, Oleg, O'Callaghan Castella, Juan, Pérez, Francis, Pont, Montserrat, Puig, Teresa, Romanov, Artur, Tagdulang, Nikki, Telles, Guilherme, Valizadeh, Reza, Whitehead, David, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Doctorat en Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, and Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. RF&MW - Grup de Recerca de sistemes, dispositius i materials de RF i microones
Subjects: MC7: Accelerator Technology, Colliders (Nuclear physics), Física::Física de partícules [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Accelerators and Storage Rings, Col·lisionadors (Física nuclear), Accelerator Physics
Abstract: For the future high energy colliders being under the design at this moment, the choice of a low surface impedance beam screen coating material has become of fundamental importance to ensure sufficiently low beam impedance and consequently guaranteed stable operation at high currents. We have studied the use of high-temperature superconducting coated conductors as possible coating materials for the beam screen of the FCC-hh. In addition, amorphous carbon coating and laser-based surface treatment techniques are effective surface treatments to lower the secondary electron yield and minimise the electron cloud build-up. We have developed and adapted different experimental setups based on resonating structures at frequencies below 10 GHz to study the response of these coatings and their modified surfaces under the influence of RF fields and DC magnetic fields up to 9 T. Taking the FCC-hh as a reference, we will show that the surface resistance for REBCO-CCs is much lower than that of Cu. Further we show that the additional surface modifications can be optimised to minimise their impact on the surface impedance. Results from selected coatings will be presented., Proceedings of the 12th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2021, Campinas, SP, Brazil
Published: 2021
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17. Applying Superconducting Magnet Technology for High-efficiency Klystrons in Particle Accelerator RF Systems

Author: Sergio Calatroni, Shinichiro Michizono, Shuichi Kido, Hiroyuki Watanabe, Hideki Tanaka, Akira Yamamoto, Igor Syratchev, N. Catalan Lasheras, Gerard McMonagle, Walter Wuensch, Steinar Stapnes, Y. Koga, Kazuhiro Takeuchi, and Tomoyuki Koga
Subjects: Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Compact Linear Collider, Klystron, business.industry, Electrical engineering, Particle accelerator, Solenoid, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, law, Condensed Matter::Superconductivity, Magnet, Cathode ray, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business
Abstract: An M$_{g}$B$_{2}$ superconducting solenoid magnet has been developed for electron beam focusing in X-band (12 GHz) klystrons for particle accelerator RF systems, to provide a central field of 0.8 T at 57 A and at ≥ 20 K. It has successfully realized significant AC-plug power saving in one order of magnitude compared with that for a conventional Cu solenoid magnet. The large-scale application may be expected for the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) project proposed as a future accelerator candidate at CERN. It requires ~ 5,000 klystrons, and the M$_{g}$B$_{2}$ magnet application will realize significant AC-plug power saving. This paper describes progress in a prototype M$_{g}$B$_{2}$ superconducting solenoid magnet development and discusses the future prospect.
Published: 2020

18. Effect of dc voltage pulsing on high-vacuum electrical breakdowns near Cu surfaces

Author: Andreas Kyritsakis, Anton Saressalo, Iaroslava Profatilova, Sergio Calatroni, W. Wuensch, Flyura Djurabekova, William Millar, Helsinki Institute of Physics, and Department of Physics
Subjects: Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), VACUUM DISCHARGE, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Field (physics), Ultra-high vacuum, FOS: Physical sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 114 Physical sciences, vacuum residuals, Breakdown, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, 010306 general physics, physics.ins-det, physics.acc-ph, Condensed Matter - Materials Science, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Pulsed DC, Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci), Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Surfaces and Interfaces, Accelerators and Storage Rings, surface deposition, cond-mat.mtrl-sci, Pulse (physics), Power (physics), Electrode, lcsh:QC770-798, Physics - Accelerator Physics, Atomic physics, vacuum arcs, CLIC, vacuum breakdown, Voltage
Abstract: Vacuum electrical breakdowns, also known as vacuum arcs, are a limiting factor in many devices that are based on application of high electric fields near their component surfaces. Understanding of processes that lead to breakdown events may help mitigating their appearance and suggest ways for improving operational efficiency of power-consuming devices. Stability of surface performance at a given value of the electric field is affected by the conditioning state, i.e. how long the surface was exposed to this field. Hence, optimization of the surface conditioning procedure can significantly speed up the preparatory steps for high-voltage applications. In this article, we use pulsed dc systems to optimize the surface conditioning procedure of copper electrodes, focusing on the effects of voltage recovery after breakdowns, variable repetition rates as well as long waiting times between pulsing runs. Despite the differences in the experimental scales, ranging from $10^{-4}$ s between pulses, up to pulsing breaks of $10^5$ s, the experiments show that the longer the idle time between the pulses, the more probable it is that the next pulse produces a breakdown. We also notice that secondary breakdowns, i.e. those which correlate with the previous ones, take place mainly during the voltage recovery stage. We link these events with deposition of residual atoms from vacuum on the electrode surfaces. Minimizing the number of pauses during the voltage recovery stage reduces power losses due to secondary breakdown events improving efficiency of the surface conditioning., 14 pages, 11 figures. Submitted to Physical Review Accelerators and Beams
Published: 2020

19. Materials & Properties: Thermal & Electrical Characteristics

Author: Calatroni, Sergio
Subjects: Physics - Accelerator Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, physics.acc-ph
Abstract: This lecture gives an introduction to the basic physics of the electrical conductivity of metals, its temperature dependence and its limiting factors. We will then introduce the concept of surface resistance, of high relevance in accelerators for its link with beam impedance and for RF applications, including notions related to the anomalous skin effect. The surface resistance will help establishing a link to heat exchanges between bodies by radiation, and to the concept of emissivity. Thermal conductivity will then be introduced, discussing both its electron and phonon exchange components, and the relevant limiting factors., Comment: 20 pages, contribution to the CAS - CERN Accelerator School: Vacuum for Particle Accelerators, 6-16 June 2017, Glumsl\"ov, Sweden
Published: 2020

20. A Mathematica Notebook for the calculation of the anomalous skin effect in copper

Author: Calatroni, Sergio
Subjects: Accelerators and Storage Rings
Abstract: This Mathematica Notebook allows calculating the RF surface impedance of copper, in the normal and anomalous skin effect regimes, for any value of frequency, temperature and magnetic field (thus including magnetoresistance effects). The anomalous skin effect appears when the electron mean free path is larger than the electromagnetic skin depth calculated from Maxwell’s equations, where the relationship between fields and current becomes non-local. This happens either at low temperatures, or for large frequencies. Formulas for calculating all relevant material quantities for copper are included in the Notebook.
Published: 2020

21. Optimization of the secondary electron yield of laser-structured copper surfaces at room and cryogenic temperature

Author: Ana Teresa Perez Fontenla, Sergio Calatroni, Mauro Taborelli, H. Neupert, Marcel Himmerlich, David Bajek, Paolo Chiggiato, Stefan Wackerow, Amin Abdolvand, and Elisa Garcia-Tabares Valdivieso
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Yield (engineering), Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Proton, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Surfaces and Interfaces, Electron, Laser, Copper, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Secondary electrons, law.invention, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, chemistry, law, Physics::Accelerator Physics, lcsh:QC770-798, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, Beam (structure)
Abstract: Electron cloud ($e$-cloud) mitigation is an essential requirement for proton circular accelerators in order to guarantee beam stability at a high intensity and limit the heat load on cryogenic sections. Laser-engineered surface structuring is considered a credible process to reduce the secondary electron yield (SEY) of the surfaces facing the beam, thus suppressing the $e$-cloud phenomenon within the high luminosity upgrade of the LHC collider at CERN (HL-LHC). In this study, the SEY of Cu samples with different oxidation states, obtained either through laser treatment in air or in different gas atmospheres or via thermal annealing, has been measured at room and cryogenic temperatures and correlated with the surface composition measured by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was observed that samples treated in nitrogen display the lowest and more stable SEY values, correlated with the lower surface oxidation. In addition, the surface oxide layer of air-treated samples charges upon electron exposure at a low temperature, leading to fluctuations in the SEY.
Published: 2020

22. Future Circular Collider beam screen: progress on Tl-1223 HTS coating

Author: Johannes Bernardi, Emilio Bellingeri, A. Moros, C. Bernini, B Henrist, A. Saba, A. Leveratto, Sigrid Holleis, Carlo Ferdeghini, S Fernandez-Peña, Ruggero Vaglio, Mario Putti, Sergio Calatroni, M Himmerlich, and Michael Eisterer
Subjects: Materials science, High-temperature superconductivity, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Future Circular Collider, law.invention, high temperature superconductors, thallium, Coating, law, 0103 physical sciences, Materials Chemistry, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Thesaurus (information retrieval), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Metals and Alloys, Condensed Matter Physics, Engineering physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Tl-1223, Ceramics and Composites, engineering, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Beam (structure)
Abstract: Thallium-1223, a superconductor with high critical temperature (T c ∼ 120 K) and high irreversibility line is a promising alternative to copper layers as a low surface impedance material in particle accelerator components. In the existing design of the Future Circular Collider (FCC-hh), for reasons of cryogenic efficiency and vacuum stability, the beam screen that shields the dipoles from synchrotron radiation has to stay at best in the temperature range between 40 and 60 K, in which copper surface resistance might be too high to prevent beam instabilities due to wakefields. This paper reports the progress on the realization of thallium-1223 based high temperature superconducting (HTS) coatings realized by electrochemical deposition. The study of the Tl-1223 phase has been carried out on precursor-pellets and films. Transport characterization revealing a very high irreversibility line and also high local critical currents obtained from Scanning Hall Probe Microscopy (SHPM) measurements will be shown. A first analysis of compatibility in vacuum has been carried out and the generation of secondary electrons (SEY) has been investigated as well. The encouraging results, although not conclusive, will state that thallium-based phase could be suitable for the proposed application.
Published: 2020

23. Breakdown localisation in a pulsed DC electrode system

Author: Enrique Rodriguez Castro, Sergio Calatroni, Aleh Kandratsyeu, Iaroslava Profatilova, Xavier Stragier, and Walter Wuensch
Subjects: Electromagnetic field, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Compact Linear Collider, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Electrical breakdown, Pulsed DC, 01 natural sciences, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Data acquisition, 0103 physical sciences, Electrode, Optoelectronics, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Radio frequency, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, 010306 general physics, business, Instrumentation
Abstract: Breakdown localisation is an important diagnostic for studies of vacuum arcs in high electromagnetic field systems such as DC electrodes and radio frequency (RF) accelerating structures. For example, determining the position of individual breakdowns and corresponding distributions of ensembles of breakdowns are important measurements in high-gradient X-band test stands (CERN, SLAC, KEK) where these measurements are made by monitoring the RF signals. A highly precise breakdown localisation technique has been developed for the CLIC (Compact LInear Collider) pulsed DC electrode systems. These systems are part of the CLIC high-gradient development programme and complementary to RF tests. The optical-based technique discussed here determines where the discharges have occurred by triangulating the emitted light from the breakdown and operates on a breakdown-by-breakdown basis. The implementation of breakdown localisation technique together with a fast Data Acquisition (DAQ) system provides a powerful method of studying breakdown phenomena. The experimental apparatus and its capabilities are presented.
Published: 2020

24. Resistivity Characterization of Molybdenum-Coated Graphite-Based Substrates for High-Luminosity LHC Collimators

Author: Accettura, Carlotta, Amorim, David, Antipov, Sergey, Baris, Adrienn, Bertarelli, Alessandro, Biancacci, Nicolo, Calatroni, Sergio, Carra, Federico, Caspers, Fritz, Garcia-Tabares Valdivieso, Elisa, Guardia Valenzuela, Jorge, Kurtulus, Adnan, Mereghetti, Alessio, Metral, Elias, Redaelli, Stefano, Salvant, Benoit, Taborelli, Mauro, Vollenberg, Wilhelmus, Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: beam stability, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, cavity, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, beam: coupling: impedance, eddy current, law.invention, molybdenum, Coating, law, CERN LHC Coll: upgrade, Materials Chemistry, MoGr, grain size, Large Hadron Collider, Luminosity (scattering theory), graphite, collimator, Collimator, Surfaces and Interfaces, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, resistivity, SEM, LHC, collimators, performance, HL-LHC, safety, Materials science, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ACC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Accelerator Physics [physics.acc-ph], microstructure, engineering.material, collimator: design, Collimated light, FIB, Optics, four-probe, 0103 physical sciences, surface, 010306 general physics, Electrical impedance, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, carbon, beam: stability, Direct current, Accelerators and Storage Rings, lcsh:TA1-2040, impedance, engineering, Physics::Accelerator Physics, lcsh:Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), business, molybdenum coatings, Beam (structure)
Abstract: The High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) project aims at extending the operability of the LHC by another decade and increasing by more than a factor of ten the integrated luminosity that the LHC will have collected by the end of Run 3. This will require doubling the beam intensity and reducing the transverse beam size compared to those of the LHC design. The higher beam brightness poses new challenges for machine safety, due to the large energy of 700 MJ stored in the beams, and for beam stability, mainly due to the collimator contribution to the total LHC beam coupling impedance. A rich research program was therefore started to identify suitable materials and collimator designs, not only fulfilling impedance reduction requirements but also granting adequate beam-cleaning and robustness against failures. The use of thin molybdenum coatings on a molybdenum&ndash, graphite substrate has been identified as the most promising solution to meet both collimation and impedance requirements, and it is now the baseline choice of the HL-LHC project. In this work we present the main results of the coating characterization, in particular addressing the impact of coating microstructure on the electrical resistivity with different techniques, from Direct Current (DC) to GHz frequency range.
Published: 2020

25. High frequency response of thick REBCO coated conductors in the framework of the FCC study

Author: Sergio Calatroni, Francis Perez, Artur Romanov, Guilherme T Telles, Xavier Granados, Patrick Krkotić, Teresa Puig, Montse Pont, J. Gutierrez, Joan O'Callaghan, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Doctorat en Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. RF&MW - Grup de Recerca de sistemes, dispositius i materials de RF i microones, European Organization for Nuclear Research, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), European Commission, Generalitat de Catalunya, and European Cooperation in Science and Technology
Subjects: Intermolecular distortion, Frequency response, Materials science, High-temperature superconductivity, lcsh:Medicine, Física::Electromagnetisme::Superconductivitat [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Superconductivitat a altes temperatures, 01 natural sciences, Article, Superconducting properties and materials, law.invention, 010309 optics, Resonator, law, 0103 physical sciences, High temperature superconductivity, Vortex dynamics, lcsh:Science, Condensed-matter physics, 010306 general physics, Critical field, Sheet resistance, Superconductivity, Surface-resistance, Multidisciplinary, Condensed matter physics, Physics, lcsh:R, Upper critical-field, Dissipation, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Magnetic field, Applied physics, lcsh:Q
Abstract: A thorough microwave response study of high temperature superconductors, considered as an alternative beam screen coating, has become integral in the design decisions for CERN’s future research infrastructure. Here, we present the surface resistance Rs of various REBa2Cu3O7−x (RE = rare earth) coated conductors available in large scale as a function of magnetic field in a broad temperature range measured by a Hakki–Coleman type resonator with resonant frequency ν≈8GHz. Analysis of the high frequency dissipation supported by DC transport characterization reveals the vortex dynamics in thick REBa2Cu3O7−x films. Determined microscopic vortex parameters span over a wide range of magnitudes and reflect the relevance of the superconducting layer’s microstructure. We demonstrate that the depinning frequencies ν0 surpass ν, which confirms the operation in high performing, low dissipation pinning regime at measurement conditions. Surface impedance extrapolation to FCC-hh conditions points towards a significant outperformance of copper by coated conductors in terms of surface resistance. The surface resistance margins would open up potential ways for a more efficient frontier circular collider., Authors acknowledge the support and samples provided by Bruker HTS GmbH, Fujikura Ltd., Sunam Co., SuperOx, SuperPower Inc. and THEVA Dünnschichttechnik GmbH. Authors acknowledge CERN funding FCC-GOV-CC-0073/ 1724666/KE3359, MAT2014-51778-C2 COACHSUPENERGY, RTI2018-095853-B-C21 SuMaTe from MICINN and co-financing by the European Regional Development Fund; 2017-SGR 1519 from Generalitat de Catalunya and COST Action NANOCO-HYBRI (CA16218) from EU. Authors acknowledge Prof. Ruggero Vaglio for sharing his knowledge on vortex physics inferable from surface resistance measurements in several project meetings. ICMAB authors acknowledge the Center of Excellence award Severo Ochoa SEV-2015-0496 and its Future Interdisciplinary Projects action. UPC funding was provided through the Unit of Excellence María de Maeztu MDM2016-0600. JG acknowledges MSCA-COFUND-2014-665919 for financial support. AR acknowledges MSCA-COFUND-2016-754397 for PhD grant and would like to thank Prof. Enrico Silva, Prof. Nicola Pompeo, Dr. Kostiantyn Torokhtii and Andrea Alimenti from University Roma Tre for hosting him in their laboratory part of which were most helpful discussions on RF measurement techniques.
Published: 2020

26. High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC): Technical design report

Author: Aberle, O., Béjar Alonso, I, Brüning, O, Fessia, P, Rossi, L, Tavian, L, Zerlauth, M, Adorisio, C., Adraktas, A., Ady, M., Albertone, J., Alberty, L., Alcaide Leon, M., Alekou, A., Alesini, D., Ferreira, B. Almeida, Lopez, P. Alvarez, Ambrosio, G., Andreu Munoz, P., Anerella, M., Angal-Kalinin, D., Antoniou, F., Apollinari, G., Apollonio, A., Appleby, R., Arduini, G., Alonso, B. Arias, Artoos, K., Atieh, S., Auchmann, B., Badin, V., Baer, T., Baffari, D., Baglin, V., Bajko, M., Ball, A., Ballarino, A., Bally, S., Bampton, T., Banfi, D., Barlow, R., Barnes, M., Barranco, J., Barthelemy, L., Bartmann, W., Bartosik, H., Barzi, E., Battistin, M., Baudrenghien, P., Alonso, I. Bejar, Belomestnykh, S., Benoit, A., Ben-Zvi, I., Bertarelli, A., Bertolasi, S., Bertone, C., Bertran, B., Bestmann, P., Biancacci, N., Bignami, A., Bliss, N., Boccard, C., Body, Y., Borburgh, J., Bordini, B., Borralho, F., Bossert, R., Bottura, L., Boucherie, A., Bozzi, R., Bracco, C., Bravin, E., Bregliozzi, G., Brett, D., Broche, A., Brodzinski, K., Broggi, F., Bruce, R., Brugger, M., Brüning, O., Buffat, X., Burkhardt, H., Burnet, J., Burov, A., Burt, G., Cabezas, R., Cai, Y., Calaga, R., Calatroni, S., Capatina, O., Capelli, T., Cardon, P., Carlier, E., Carra, F., Carvalho, A., Carver, L.R., Caspers, F., Cattenoz, G., Cerutti, F., Chancé, A., Rodrigues, M. Chastre, Chemli, S., Cheng, D., Chiggiato, P., Chlachidze, G., Claudet, S., Coello De Portugal, JM., Collazos, C., Corso, J., Costa Machado, S., Costa Pinto, P., Coulinge, E., Crouch, M., Cruikshank, P., Cruz Alaniz, E., Czech, M., Dahlerup-Petersen, K., Dalena, B., Daniluk, G., Danzeca, S., Day, H., De Carvalho Saraiva, J., De Luca, D., De Maria, R., De Rijk, G., De Silva, S., Dehning, B., Delayen, J., Deliege, Q., Delille, B., Delsaux, F., Denz, R., Devred, A., Dexter, A., Di Girolamo, B., Dietderich, D., Dilly, J.W., Doherty, A., Dos Santos, N., Drago, A., D.Drskovic, Ramos, D. Duarte, Ducimetière, L., Efthymiopoulos, I., Einsweiler, K., Esposito, L., Esteban Muller, J., Evrard, S., Fabbricatore, P., Farinon, S., Fartoukh, S., Faus-Golfe, A., Favre, G., Felice, H., Feral, B., Ferlin, G., Ferracin, P., Ferrari, A., Ferreira, L., Fessia, P., Ficcadenti, L., Fiotakis, S., Fiscarelli, L., Fitterer, M., Fleiter, J., Foffano, G., Fol, E., Folch, R., Foraz, K., Foussat, A., Frankl, M., Frasciello, O., Fraser, M., Menendez, P. Freijedo, Fuchs, J-F., Furuseth, S., Gaddi, A., Gallilee, M., Gallo, A., Alia, R. Garcia, Gavela, H. Garcia, Matos, J. Garcia, Garcia Morales, H., Valdivieso, A. Garcia-Tabares, Garino, C., Garion, C., Gascon, J., Gasnier, Ch., Gentini, L., Gentsos, C., Ghosh, A., Giacomel, L., Hernandez, K. Gibran, Gibson, S., Ginburg, C., Giordano, F., Giovannozzi, M., Goddard, B., Gomes, P., Gonzalez De La Aleja Cabana, M., Goudket, P., Gousiou, E., Gradassi, P., Costa, A. Granadeiro, Grand-Clément, L., Grillot, S., Guillaume, JC., Guinchard, M., Hagen, P., Hakulinen, T., Hall, B., Hansen, J., Heredia Garcia, N., Herr, W., Herty, A., Hill, C., Hofer, M., Höfle, W., Holzer, B., Hopkins, S., Hrivnak, J., Iadarola, G., Infantino, A., Bermudez, S. Izquierdo, Jakobsen, S., Jebramcik, M.A., Jenninger, B., Jensen, E., Jones, M., Jones, R., Jones, T., Jowett, J., Juchno, M., Julie, C., Junginger, T., Kain, V., Kaltchev, D., Karastathis, N., Kardasopoulos, P., Karppinen, M., Keintzel, J., Kersevan, R., Killing, F., Kirby, G., Korostelev, M., Kos, N., Kostoglou, S., Kozsar, I., Krasnov, A., Krave, S., Krzempek, L., Kuder, N., Kurtulus, A., Kwee-Hinzmann, R., Lackner, F., Lamont, M., Lamure, A.L., m, L. Lari, Lazzaroni, M., Le Garrec, M., Lechner, A., Lefevre, T., Leuxe, R., Li, K., Li, Z., Lindner, R., Lindstrom, B., Lingwood, C., Löffler, C., Lopez, C., Lopez-Hernandez, LA., Losito, R., Maciariello, F., Macintosh, P., Maclean, E.H., Macpherson, A., Maesen, P., Magnier, C., Durand, H. Mainaud, Malina, L., Manfredi, M., Marcellini, F., Marchevsky, M., Maridor, S., Marinaro, G., Marinov, K., Markiewicz, T., Marsili, A., Martinez Urioz, P., Martino, M., Masi, A., Mastoridis, T., Mattelaer, P., May, A., Mazet, J., Mcilwraith, S., McIntosh, E., Medina Medrano, L., Mejica Rodriguez, A., Mendes, M., Menendez, P., Mensi, M., Mereghetti, A., Mergelkuhl, D., Mertens, T., Mether, L., Métral, E., Migliorati, M., Milanese, A., Minginette, P., Missiaen, D., Mitsuhashi, T., Modena, M., Mokhov, N., Molson, J., Monneret, E., Montesinos, E., Moron-Ballester, R., Morrone, M., Mostacci, A., Mounet, N., Moyret, P., Muffat, P., Muratori, B., Muttoni, Y., Nakamoto, T., Navarro-Tapia, M., Neupert, H., Nevay, L., Nicol, T., Nilsson, E., Ninin, P., Nobrega, A., Noels, C., Nolan, E., Nosochkov, Y., Nuiry, FX., Oberli, L., Ogitsu, T., Ohmi, K., Olave R., Oliveira, J., Orlandi, Ph., Ortega, P., Osborne, J., Otto, T., Palumbo, L., Papadopoulou, S., Papaphilippou, Y., Paraschou, K., Parente, C., Paret, S., Park, H., Parma, V., Pasquino, Ch., Patapenka, A., Patnaik, L., Pattalwar, S., Payet, J., Pechaud, G., Pellegrini, D., Pepinster, P., Perez, J., Espinos, J. Perez, Marcone, A. Perillo, Perin, A., Perini, P., Persson, T.H.B., Peterson, T., Pieloni, T., Pigny, G., Pinheiro de Sousa, J.P., Pirotte, O., Plassard, F., Pojer, M., Pontercorvo, L., Poyet, A., Prelipcean, D., Prin, H., Principe, R., Pugnat, T., Qiang, J., Quaranta, E., Rafique, H., Rakhno, I., Duarte, D. Ramos, Ratti, A., Ravaioli, E., Raymond, M., Redaelli, S., Renaglia, T., Ricci, D., Riddone, G., Rifflet, J., Rigutto, E., Rijoff, T., Rinaldesi, R., Riu Martinez, O., Rivkin, L., Rodriguez Mateos, F., Roesler, S., Romera Ramirez, I., Rossi, A., Rossi, L., Rude, V., Rumolo, G., Rutkovksi, J., Sabate Gilarte, M., Sabbi, G., Sahner, T., Salemme, R., Salvant, B., Galan, F. Sanchez, Santamaria Garcia, A., Santillana, I., Santini, C., Santos, O., Diaz, P. Santos, Sasaki, K., Savary, F., Sbrizzi, A., Schaumann, M., Scheuerlein, C., Schmalzle, J., Schmickler, H., Schmidt, R., Schoerling, D., Segreti, M., Serluca, M., Serrano, J., Sestak, J., Shaposhnikova, E., Shatilov, D., Siemko, A., Sisti, M., Sitko, M., Skarita, J., Skordis, E., Skoufaris, K., Skripka, G., Smekens, D., Sobiech, Z., Sosin, M., Sorbio, M., Soubelet, F., Spataro, B., Spiezia, G., Stancari, G., Staterao, M., Steckert, J., Steele, G., Sterbini, G., Struik, M., Sugano, M., Szeberenyi, A., Taborelli, M., Tambasco, C., Rego, R. Tavares, Tavian, L., Teissandier, B., Templeton, N., Therasse, M., Thiesen, H., Thomas, E., Toader, A., Todesco, E., Tomás, R., Toral, F., Torres-Sanchez, R., Trad, G., Triantafyllou, N., Tropin, I., Tsinganis, A., Tuckamantel, J., Uythoven, J., Valishev, A., Van Der Veken, F., Van Weelderen, R., Vande Craen, A., Vazquez De Prada, B., Velotti, F., Verdu Andres, S., Verweij, A., Shetty, N. Vittal, Vlachoudis, V., Volpini, G., Wagner, U., Wanderer, P., Wang, M., Wang, X., Wanzenberg, R., Wegscheider, A., Weisz, S., Welsch, C., Wendt, M., Wenninger, J., Weterings, W., White, S., Widuch, K., Will, A., Willering, G., Wollmann, D., Wolski, A., Wozniak, J., Wu, Q., Xiao, B., Xiao, L., Xu, Q., Yakovlev, Y., Yammine, S., Yang, Y., Yu, M., Zacharov, I., Zagorodnova, O., Zannini, C., Zanoni, C., Zerlauth, M., Zimmermann, F., Zlobin, A., Zobov, M., and Zurbano Fernandez, I.
Subjects: Accelerators and Storage Rings
Abstract: The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is one of the largest scientific instruments ever built. Since opening up anew energy frontier for exploration in 2010, it has gathered a global user community of about 9000 scientists working in fundamental particle physics and the physics of hadronic matter at extreme temperature and density. To sustain and extend its discovery potential, the LHC will need a major upgrade in the 2020s. This will increase its instantaneous luminosity (rate of collisions) by a factor of five beyond the original design valueand the integrated luminosity (totalnumber of collisions) by a factor ten. The LHC is already a highly complexand exquisitely optimised machine so this upgrade must be carefully conceived and will require new infrastructures(underground and on surface)and over a decade to implement. The new configuration, known as High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), relies on a number of key innovations that push accelerator technology beyond its present limits. Among these are cutting-edge 11–12Tesla superconducting magnets, compact superconducting cavities for beam rotation with ultra-precise phase control, new technology and physical processes for beam collimation and 100 metre-long high-power superconducting links with negligible energy dissipation, all of which required several years of dedicated R&D; effort on a global international level. The present document describes the technologies and components that will be used to realise the projectand is intended to serve as the basis for the detailed engineering design of the HL-LHC.
Published: 2020

27. Behaviour of copper during initial conditioning in the pulse DC system

Author: Profatilova, Iaroslava, Wuensch, Walter, and Calatroni, Sergio
Subjects: Accelerators and Storage Rings
Abstract: Conditioning is a process that is used to improve the quality of RF accelerating structures before starting operation at full field and power. Initial conditioning is based on a feedback algorithm that starting from reduced settings progressively brings operational parameters up to nominal conditions. The pulsed DC system at CERN has flat electrodes with large diameter, and one of its aims is to study initial conditioning with short DC pulses at high repetition rate, in order to compare the different preparation methods used for prototype RF accelerating structures. This report presents the results of the initial conditioning of OFE-copper electrodes which underwent different high-temperature heating cycles.
Published: 2019

28. Simple model for the rf field amplitude dependence of the trapped flux sensitivity in superconducting rf cavities

Author: Ruggero Vaglio and S. Calatroni
Subjects: Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), Nuclear and High Energy Physics, cond-mat.supr-con, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), FOS: Physical sciences, Flux, 01 natural sciences, Superconductivity (cond-mat.supr-con), 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, Sensitivity (control systems), 010306 general physics, physics.acc-ph, Superconductivity, Physics, Condensed matter physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Condensed Matter - Superconductivity, Order (ring theory), Surfaces and Interfaces, Dissipation, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Magnetic flux, Amplitude, lcsh:QC770-798, Physics - Accelerator Physics, Pinning force
Abstract: The improvement of the performance of superconducting rf cavities has recently motivated a considerable research effort in order to elucidate the effect of trapped magnetic flux on the surface resistance ${R}_{s}$. In this paper, we show that, by introducing a nonlinear pinning force in the Gittleman-Rosenblum equations for the rf power dissipation due to a trapped magnetic flux in a superconductor, we can empirically describe the linear dependence on the rf field amplitude ${B}_{rf0}$ of the additional surface resistance ${R}_{fl}$. We also show that the proportionality between the rf-field-dependent and -independent terms ${R}_{fl}^{1}$ and ${R}_{fl}^{0}$ and the frequency dependence of ${R}_{fl}^{1}$ follow naturally from this approach.
Published: 2019

29. Cryogenic surface resistance of copper: Investigation of the impact of surface treatments for secondary electron yield reduction

Author: Amin Abdolvand, Pedro Costa Pinto, Sarah Aull, Paolo Chiggiato, Marcel Himmerlich, W. Vollenberg, Paul Cruikshank, David Bajek, Stefan Wackerow, Beniamino Di Girolamo, Sergio Calatroni, and Marco Arzeo
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Yield (engineering), Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, chemistry.chemical_element, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, Secondary electrons, Resonator, Coating, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, Composite material, 010306 general physics, Sheet resistance, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Surfaces and Interfaces, Copper, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Amorphous carbon, chemistry, engineering, lcsh:QC770-798, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Radio frequency
Abstract: The surface resistance of copper samples with an amorphous carbon (a-C) coating or with laser surface structuring, the surface treatments of choice for electron cloud suppression in critical cryogenic sectors of the high-luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), has been measured for the first time at a cryogenic temperature using the quadrupole resonator at CERN. Three different frequencies of relevance for evaluating beam impedance effects, namely, 400, 800, and 1200 MHz, have been investigated. No significant increase in surface resistance is observed for the a-C coating, compared to plain copper. In the case of laser structuring, the surface resistance depends on the direction of the surface currents relative to the laser-engraved groove pattern. The increase is minimal for parallel patterns, but in the perpendicular case the surface resistance increases considerably. Radio frequency (rf) heating from wake losses would then also increase in the HL-LHC case; however, the reduction in the power deposited onto the cold surfaces thanks to electron cloud suppression would still outweigh this effect.
Published: 2019

30. Thallium-based high-temperature superconductors for beam impedance mitigation in the Future Circular Collider

Author: Carlo Ferdeghini, Mario Putti, T. Baumgartner, Michael Eisterer, Ruggero Vaglio, Emilio Bellingeri, Sergio Calatroni, Calatroni, S., Bellingeri, E., Ferdeghini, C., Putti, M., Vaglio, R., Baumgartner, T., and Eisterer, M.
Subjects: Materials Chemistry2506 Metals and Alloys, High-temperature superconductivity, Synchrotron radiation, Ceramics and Composite, 02 engineering and technology, Superconducting magnet, Condensed Matter Physic, 01 natural sciences, Future Circular Collider, law.invention, Nuclear physics, law, Beam screen, 0103 physical sciences, HTS coating, Materials Chemistry, FCC, Thallium, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Collider, Electrical impedance, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Metals and Alloys, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Engineering physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Tl-1223, Ceramics and Composites, 2506, Physics::Accelerator Physics, 0210 nano-technology, Beam (structure)
Abstract: CERN has recently started a design study for a possible next-generation high-energy hadron–hadron collider (Future Circular Collider—FCC-hh). The FCC-hh study calls for an unprecedented center-of-mass collision energy of 100 TeV, achievable by colliding counter-rotating proton beams with an energy of 50 TeV steered in a 100 km circumference tunnel by superconducting magnets which produce a dipole field of 16 T. The beams emit synchrotron radiation at high power levels, which, to optimize cryogenic efficiency, is absorbed by a beam-facing screen, coated with copper, and held at 50 K in the current design. The surface impedance of this screen has a strong impact on beam stability, and copper at 50 K allows for a limited beam stability margin only. This motivates the exploration of whether high-temperature superconductors (HTS), the only known materials possibly having a surface impedance lower than copper under the required operating conditions, would represent a viable alternative. This paper summarizes the FCC-hh requirements and focuses on identifying the best possible HTS material for this purpose. It reviews in particular the properties of Tl-based HTS, and discusses the consequent motivation for developing a deposition process for such compounds, which should be scalable to the size of the FCC components.
Published: 2017

31. Towards Implementation of Laser Engineered Surface Structures for Electron Cloud Mitigation

Author: Sitko, Monika, Abdolvand, Amin, Baglin, Vincent, Bajek, David, Calatroni, Sergio, Chiggiato, Paolo, Colling, Miriam, Di Girolamo, Beniamino, Garcia-Tabares Valdivieso, Elisa, Jones, Thomas, McIntosh, Peter, Taborelli, Mauro, and Wackerow, Stefan
Subjects: Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, 07 Accelerator Technology, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Accelerator Physics, T14 Vacuum Technology
Abstract: The LHC operation has proven that the electron cloud could be a significant limiting factor in machine performance, in particular for future High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) beams. Electron clouds, generated by electron multipacting in the beam pipes, leads to beam instabilities and beam-induced heat load in cryogenic systems. Laser Engineered Surface Structures (LESS) is a novel surface treatment which changes the morphology of the internal surfaces of vacuum chambers. The surface modification results in a reduced secondary electron yield (SEY) and, consequently, in the eradication of the electron multipacting. Low SEY values of the treated surfaces and flexibility in choosing the laser parameters make LESS a promising treatment for future accelerators. LESS can be applied both in new and existing accelerators owing to the possibility of automated in-situ treatment. This approach has been developed and optimised for the LHC beam screens in which the electron cloud has to be mitigated before the HL-LHC upgrade. We will present the latest steps towards the implementation of LESS., Proceedings of the 9th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2018, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Published: 2018
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32. Effect of an externally applied magnetic field on the breakdown rate in ultra-high vacuum measured in the 'large electrode system' at CERN

Author: Shipman, Nicholas, Profatilova, Iaroslava, Perez Fontenla, Ana Teresa, Wuensch, Walter, and Calatroni, Sergio
Subjects: Physics::Accelerator Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings
Abstract: The inﬂuence of external magnetic ﬁelds of up to 0.5 T on the breakdown rate between copper electrodes, subjected to pulsed DC voltages in ultra-high vacuum, is investigated. Experiments were performed with the magnetic ﬁeld oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the cathode surface. A better understanding of the effect the magnetic ﬁeld has on the breakdown rate in ultra-high vacuum could help inform the geometric design of RF structures for projects such as CLIC, leading to higher accelerating gradients.
Published: 2017

33. Performance analysis of superconducting rf cavities for the CERN rare isotope accelerator

Author: G. Rosaz, A. Sublet, Sergio Calatroni, Ruggero Vaglio, W. Venturini Delsolaro, Vincenzo Palmieri, Akira Miyazaki, Calatroni, S., Miyazaki, A., Rosaz, G., Sublet, A., Venturini Delsolaro, W., Vaglio, R., and Palmieri, V.
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Superconductivity, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Large Hadron Collider, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Thermal resistance, Niobium, chemistry.chemical_element, Surfaces and Interfaces, 01 natural sciences, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Nuclear physics, chemistry, Sputtering, Cryomodule, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:QC770-798, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, 010306 general physics, Beam (structure), Sheet resistance, Nuclear and High Energy Physic
Abstract: The first cryomodule of the new HIE-ISOLDE rare isotope accelerator has recently been commissioned with beam at CERN, with the second cryomodule ready for installation. Each cryomodule contains five superconducting low-beta quarter wave cavities, produced with the technology of sputtering a thin niobium film onto the copper substrate ($\mathrm{Nb}/\mathrm{Cu}$). This technology has several benefits compared to the bulk niobium solution, but also drawbacks among which the most relevant is the increase of surface resistance with accelerating field. Recent work has established the possible connection of this phenomenon to local defects in the $\mathrm{Nb}/\mathrm{Cu}$ interface, which may lead to increased thermal impedance and thus local thermal runaway. We have analyzed the performance of the HIE-ISOLDE cavities series production, as well as of a few prototypes', in terms of this model, and found a strong correlation between the rf properties and one of the model characteristic quantities, namely the total surface having increased interface thermal impedance.
Published: 2016

34. Status of the HIE-ISOLDE project at CERN

Author: Fraser, M.A., Kadi, Y., Bernardes, A.P., Blumenfeld, Y., Bravin, E., Calatroni, S., Catherall, R., Goddard, B., Parchet, D., Siesling, E., Venturini Delsolaro, W., Vandoni, G., Voulot, D., and Williams, L.R.
Subjects: Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), FOS: Physical sciences, Physics - Accelerator Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, physics.acc-ph
Abstract: The HIE-ISOLDE project represents a major upgrade of the ISOLDE nuclear facility with a mandate to significantly improve the quality and increase the intensity and energy of radioactive nuclear beams produced at CERN. The project will expand the experimental nuclear physics programme at ISOLDE by focusing on an upgrade of the existing Radioactive ion beam EXperiment (REX) linac with a 40 MV superconducting linac comprising thirty-two niobium-on-copper sputter-coated quarter-wave resonators housed in six cryomodules. The new linac will raise the energy of post-accelerated beams from 3 MeV/u to over 10 MeV/u. The upgrade will be staged to first deliver beam energies of 5.5 MeV/u using two high-$\beta$ cryomodules placed downstream of REX, before the energy variable section of the existing linac is replaced with two low-$\beta$ cryomodules and two additional high-$\beta$ cryomodules are installed to attain over 10 MeV/u with full energy variability above 0.45 MeV/u. An overview of the project including a status summary of the different R&D activities and the schedule will outlined., Comment: 7 pages, 12 figures, submitted to the Heavy Ion Accelerator Technology conference (HIAT) 2012, in Chicago
Published: 2017

35. Statistics of vacuum breakdown in the high-gradient and low-rate regime

Author: Sergio Calatroni, Anders Korsbäck, Walter Wuensch, Alberto Degiovanni, Jorge Giner-Navarro, Robin Rajamaki, Flyura Djurabekova, CERN, University of Helsinki, Dept Signal Process and Acoust, Instituto de Física Corpuscular, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, and Helsinki Institute of Physics
Subjects: ELECTRICAL BREAKDOWN, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), education, Electrical breakdown, 114 Physical sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Linear particle accelerator, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, Range (statistics), lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, VOLTAGE, 010302 applied physics, Physics, ta114, Compact Linear Collider, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, AREA, Pulsed DC, Surfaces and Interfaces, Vacuum arc, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Computational physics, INTERRUPTER, lcsh:QC770-798, PROPERTY, Voltage
Abstract: In an increasing number of high-gradient linear accelerator applications, accelerating structures must operate with both high surface electric fields and low breakdown rates. Understanding the statistical properties of breakdown occurrence in such a regime is of practical importance for optimizing accelerator conditioning and operation algorithms, as well as of interest for efforts to understand the physical processes which underlie the breakdown phenomenon. Experimental data of breakdown has been collected in two distinct high-gradient experimental set-ups: A prototype linear accelerating structure operated in the Compact Linear Collider Xbox 12GHz test stands, and a parallel plate electrode system operated with pulsed DC in the kV range. Collected data is presented, analyzed and compared. The two systems show similar, distinctive, two-part distributions of number of pulses between breakdowns, with each part corresponding to a specific, constant event rate. The correlation between distance and number of pulses between breakdown indicates that the two parts of the distribution, and their corresponding event rates, represent independent primary and induced follow-up breakdowns. The similarity of results from pulsed DCto 12GHz rf indicates a similar vacuum arc triggering mechanism over the range of conditions covered by the experiments.
Published: 2017

36. Development of sputtered Nb3Sn films on copper substrates for superconducting radiofrequency applications

Author: W. Vollenberg, Mauro Taborelli, G. Rosaz, J B Descarrega, Alexander J.G. Lunt, Floriane Léaux, W Venturini-Delsolaro, E A Ilyina, and Sergio Calatroni
Subjects: Argon, Materials science, business.industry, Annealing (metallurgy), Superconducting radio frequency, Metals and Alloys, Niobium, chemistry.chemical_element, Sputter deposition, Condensed Matter Physics, Microstructure, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Copper, chemistry, Materials Chemistry, Ceramics and Composites, Optoelectronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Thin film, business
Abstract: Superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavities that could provide a higher quality factor as well as a higher operational accelerating gradient at an affordable cost are highly demanded for future generation of particle accelerators. This study aims to demonstrate the potential of Nb$_3$Sn as material of choice for such SRF applications. Due to its brittle nature, the only way to produce an Nb$_3$Sn SFR cavity is to synthesise a thin layer inside a cavity made of niobium or copper. In this work, direct current magnetron sputtering (DCMS) using a stoichiometric target of Nb$_3$Sn was employed to produce films on copper samples. Assessment of the morphology, microstructure and superconducting properties were performed in order to ensure that this approach is suitable for SRF applications. The potential of the method is proven by obtaining films, which exhibit a crack-free surface, dense morphology and critical temperatures ($T_c$) up to 16K. The essential properties of the films have also been investigated with respect to the deposition and annealing conditions. The use of krypton as working gas during deposition increases the atomic percent of Sn in the film compared to argon. However, in contrast to argon, higher krypton pressures reduce the atomic percent of Sn. It was also found that long-lasting high temperature annealing leads to higher superconducting critical temperatures due to an increased crystallographic order. Particular attention was given to the influence of the copper substrate on the film growth as well as the microstructural and superconducting characteristics. We discuss the main constraints introduced by the copper substrate, such as copper interdiffusion during annealing, lattice mismatch and difference in thermal expansion coefficients and methods to overcome them. Superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavities that could provide a higher quality factor as well as a higher operational accelerating gradient at an affordable cost are in high demand for the future generation of particle accelerators. This study aims to demonstrate the potential of Nb3Sn as material of choice for such SRF applications. Due to its brittle nature, the only way to produce an Nb3Sn SFR cavity is to synthesise a thin layer inside a cavity made of niobium or copper. In this work, direct current magnetron sputtering using a stoichiometric target of Nb3Sn was employed to produce films on copper samples. Assessment of the morphology, microstructure and superconducting properties were performed in order to ensure that this approach is suitable for SRF applications. The potential of the method is proven by obtaining films, which exhibit a crack-free surface, dense morphology and critical temperatures (T c) up to 16 K. The essential properties of the films have also been investigated with respect to the deposition and annealing conditions. The use of krypton as working gas during deposition increases the atomic percent of Sn in the film compared to argon. However, in contrast to argon, higher krypton pressures reduce the atomic percent of Sn. It was also found that long-lasting high-temperature annealing leads to higher superconducting critical temperatures due to an increased crystallographic order. Particular attention was given to the influence of the copper substrate on the film growth as well as the microstructural and superconducting characteristics. We discuss the main constraints introduced by the copper substrate, such as copper interdiffusion during annealing, lattice mismatch and difference in thermal expansion coefficients and methods to overcome them.
Published: 2019

37. Updated baseline for a staged Compact Linear Collider

Author: Boland, M J, Felzmann, U, Giansiracusa, P J, Lucas, T G, Rassool, R P, Balazs, C, Charles, T K, Afanaciev, K, Emeliantchik, I, Ignatenko, A, Makarenko, V, Shumeiko, N, Patapenka, A, Zhuk, I, Abusleme Hoffman, A C, Diaz Gutierrez, M A, Gonzalez, M Vogel, Chi, Y, He, X, Pei, G, Pei, S, Shu, G, Wang, X, Zhang, J, Zhao, F, Zhou, Z, Chen, H, Gao, Y, Huang, W, Kuang, Y P, Li, B, Li, Y, Shao, J, Shi, J, Tang, C, Wu, X, Ma, L, Han, Y, Fang, W, Gu, Q, Huang, D, Huang, X, Tan, J, Wang, Z, Zhao, Z, Laštovička, T, Uggerhoj, U, Wistisen, T N, Aabloo, A, Eimre, K, Kuppart, K, Vigonski, S, Zadin, V, Aicheler, M, Baibuz, E, Brücken, E, Djurabekova, F, Eerola, P, Garcia, F, Haeggström, E, Huitu, K, Jansson, V, Karimaki, V, Kassamakov, I, Kyritsakis, A, Lehti, S, Meriläinen, A, Montonen, R, Niinikoski, T, Nordlund, K, Österberg, K, Parekh, M, Törnqvist, N A, Väinölä, J, Veske, M, Farabolini, W, Mollard, A, Napoly, O, Peauger, F, Plouin, J, Bambade, P, Chaikovska, I, Chehab, R, Davier, M, Kaabi, W, Kou, E, LeDiberder, F, Pöschl, R, Zerwas, D, Aimard, B, Balik, G, Baud, J-P, Blaising, J-J, Brunetti, L, Chefdeville, M, Drancourt, C, Geoffroy, N, Jacquemier, J, Jeremie, A, Karyotakis, Y, Nappa, J M, Vilalte, S, Vouters, G, Bernard, A, Peric, I, Gabriel, M, Simon, F, Szalay, M, van der Kolk, N, Alexopoulos, T, Gazis, E N, Gazis, N, Ikarios, E, Kostopoulos, V, Kourkoulis, S, Gupta, P D, Shrivastava, P, Arfaei, H, Dayyani, M K, Ghasem, H, Hajari, S S, Shaker, H, Ashkenazy, Y, Abramowicz, H, Benhammou, Y, Borysov, O, Kananov, S, Levy, A, Levy, I, Rosenblat, O, D'Auria, G, Di Mitri, S, Abe, T, Aryshev, A, Higo, T, Makida, Y, Matsumoto, S, Shidara, T, Takatomi, T, Takubo, Y, Tauchi, T, Toge, N, Ueno, K, Urakawa, J, Yamamoto, A, Yamanaka, M, Raboanary, R, Hart, R, van der Graaf, H, Eigen, G, Zalieckas, J, Adli, E, Lillestøl, R, Malina, L, Pfingstner, J, Sjobak, K N, Ahmed, W, Asghar, M I, Hoorani, H, Bugiel, S, Dasgupta, R, Firlej, M, Fiutowski, T A, Idzik, M, Kopec, M, Kuczynska, M, Moron, J, Swientek, K P, Daniluk, W, Krupa, B, Kucharczyk, M, Lesiak, T, Moszczynski, A, Pawlik, B, Sopicki, P, Wojtoń, T, Zawiejski, L, Kalinowski, J, Krawczyk, M, Żarnecki, A F, Firu, E, Ghenescu, V, Neagu, A T, Preda, T, Zgura, I-S, Aloev, A, Azaryan, N, Budagov, J, Chizhov, M, Filippova, M, Glagolev, V, Gongadze, A, Grigoryan, S, Gudkov, D, Karjavine, V, Lyablin, M, Olyunin, A, Samochkine, A, Sapronov, A, Shirkov, G, Soldatov, V, Solodko, A, Solodko, E, Trubnikov, G, Tyapkin, I, Uzhinsky, V, Vorozhtov, A, Levichev, E, Mezentsev, N, Piminov, P, Shatilov, D, Vobly, P, Zolotarev, K, Bozovic-Jelisavcic, I, Kacarevic, G, Lukic, S, Milutinovic-Dumbelovic, G, Pandurovic, M, Iriso, U, Perez, F, Pont, M, Trenado, J, Aguilar-Benitez, M, Calero, J, Garcia-Tabares, L, Gavela, D, Gutierrez, J L, Lopez, D, Toral, F, Moya, D, Ruiz-Jimeno, A, Vila, I, Argyropoulos, T, Blanch Gutierrez, C, Boronat, M, Esperante, D, Faus-Golfe, A, Fuster, J, Fuster Martinez, N, Galindo Muñoz, N, García, I, Giner Navarro, J, Ros, E, Vos, M, Brenner, R, Ekelöf, T, Jacewicz, M, Ögren, J, Olvegård, M, Ruber, R, Ziemann, V, Aguglia, D, Alipour Tehrani, N, Andersson, A, Andrianala, F, Antoniou, F, Artoos, K, Atieh, S, Ballabriga Sune, R, Barnes, M J, Barranco Garcia, J, Bartosik, H, Belver-Aguilar, C, Benot Morell, A, Bett, D R, Bettoni, S, Blanchot, G, Blanco Garcia, O, Bonnin, X A, Brunner, O, Burkhardt, H, Calatroni, S, Campbell, M, Catalan Lasheras, N, Cerqueira Bastos, M, Cherif, A, Chevallay, E, Constance, B, Corsini, R, Cure, B, Curt, S, Dalena, B, Dannheim, D, De Michele, G, De Oliveira, L, Deelen, N, Delahaye, J P, Dobers, T, Doebert, S, Draper, M, Duarte Ramos, F, Dubrovskiy, A, Elsener, K, Esberg, J, Esposito, M, Fedosseev, V, Ferracin, P, Fiergolski, A, Foraz, K, Fowler, A, Friebel, F, Fuchs, J-F, Fuentes Rojas, C A, Gaddi, A, Garcia Fajardo, L, Garcia Morales, H, Garion, C, Gatignon, L, Gayde, J-C, Gerwig, H, Goldblatt, A N, Grefe, C, Grudiev, A, Guillot-Vignot, F G, Gutt-Mostowy, M L, Hauschild, M, Hessler, C, Holma, J K, Holzer, E, Hourican, M, Hynds, D, Inntjore Levinsen, Y, Jeanneret, B, Jensen, E, Jonker, M, Kastriotou, M, Kemppinen, J M K, Kieffer, R B, Klempt, W, Kononenko, O, Korsback, A, Koukovini Platia, E, Kovermann, J W, Kozsar, C-I, Kremastiotis, I, Kulis, S, Latina, A, Leaux, F, Lebrun, P, Lefevre, T, Linssen, L, Llopart Cudie, X, Maier, A A, Mainaud Durand, H, Manosperti, E, Marelli, C, Marin Lacoma, E, Martin, R, Mazzoni, S, Mcmonagle, G, Mete, O, Mether, L M, Modena, M, Münker, R M, Muranaka, T, Nebot Del Busto, E, Nikiforou, N, Nisbet, D, Nonglaton, J-M, Nuiry, F X, Nürnberg, A, Olvegard, M, Osborne, J, Papadopoulou, S, Papaphilippou, Y, Passarelli, A, Patecki, M, Pazdera, L, Pellegrini, D, Pepitone, K, Perez Codina, E, Perez Fontenla, A, Persson, T H B, Petrič, M, Pitters, F, Pittet, S, Plassard, F, Rajamak, R, Redford, S, Renier, Y, Rey, S F, Riddone, G, Rinolfi, L, Rodriguez Castro, E, Roloff, P, Rossi, C, Rude, V, Rumolo, G, Sailer, A, Santin, E, Schlatter, D, Schmickler, H, Schulte, D, Shipman, N, Sicking, E, Simoniello, R, Skowronski, P K, Sobrino Mompean, P, Soby, L, Sosin, M P, Sroka, S, Stapnes, S, Sterbini, G, Ström, R, Syratchev, I, Tecker, F, Thonet, P A, Timeo, L, Timko, H, Tomas Garcia, R, Valerio, P, Vamvakas, A L, Vivoli, A, Weber, M A, Wegner, R, Wendt, M, Woolley, B, Wuensch, W, Uythoven, J, Zha, H, Zisopoulos, P, Benoit, M, Vicente Barreto Pinto, M, Bopp, M, Braun, H H, Csatari Divall, M, Dehler, M, Garvey, T, Raguin, J Y, Rivkin, L, Zennaro, R, Aksoy, A, Nergiz, Z, Pilicer, E, Tapan, I, Yavas, O, Baturin, V, Kholodov, R, Lebedynskyi, S, Miroshnichenko, V, Mordyk, S, Profatilova, I, Storizhko, V, Watson, N, Winter, A, Goldstein, J, Green, S, Marshall, J S, Thomson, M A, Xu, B, Gillespie, W A, Pan, R, Tyrk, M A, Protopopescu, D, Robson, A, Apsimon, R, Bailey, I, Burt, G, Constable, D, Dexter, A, Karimian, S, Lingwood, C, Buckland, M D, Casse, G, Vossebeld, J, Bosco, A, Karataev, P, Kruchinin, K, Lekomtsev, K, Nevay, L, Snuverink, J, Yamakawa, E, Boisvert, V, Boogert, S, Boorman, G, Gibson, S, Lyapin, A, Shields, W, Teixeira-Dias, P, West, S, Jones, R, Joshi, N, Bodenstein, R, Burrows, P N, Christian, G B, Gamba, D, Perry, C, Roberts, J, Clarke, J A, Collomb, N A, Jamison, S P, Shepherd, B J A, Walsh, D, Demarteau, M, Repond, J, Weerts, H, Xia, L, Wells, J D, Adolphsen, C, Barklow, T, Breidenbach, M, Graf, N, Hewett, J., Markiewicz, T, McCormick, D, Moffeit, K, Nosochkov, Y, Oriunno, M, Phinney, N, Rizzo, T, Tantawi, S, Wang, F, Wang, J, White, G, and Woodley, M
Subjects: hep-ex, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Particle Physics - Experiment, physics.acc-ph
Abstract: The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a multi-TeV high-luminosity linear e+e- collider under development. For an optimal exploitation of its physics potential, CLIC is foreseen to be built and operated in a staged approach with three centre-of-mass energy stages ranging from a few hundred GeV up to 3 TeV. The first stage will focus on precision Standard Model physics, in particular Higgs and top-quark measurements. Subsequent stages will focus on measurements of rare Higgs processes, as well as searches for new physics processes and precision measurements of new states, e.g. states previously discovered at LHC or at CLIC itself. In the 2012 CLIC Conceptual Design Report, a fully optimised 3 TeV collider was presented, while the proposed lower energy stages were not studied to the same level of detail. This report presents an updated baseline staging scenario for CLIC. The scenario is the result of a comprehensive study addressing the performance, cost and power of the CLIC accelerator complex as a function of centre-of-mass energy and it targets optimal physics output based on the current physics landscape. The optimised staging scenario foresees three main centre-of-mass energy stages at 380 GeV, 1.5 TeV and 3 TeV for a full CLIC programme spanning 22 years. For the first stage, an alternative to the CLIC drive beam scheme is presented in which the main linac power is produced using X-band klystrons. The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a multi-TeV high-luminosity linear e+e- collider under development. For an optimal exploitation of its physics potential, CLIC is foreseen to be built and operated in a staged approach with three centre-of-mass energy stages ranging from a few hundred GeV up to 3 TeV. The first stage will focus on precision Standard Model physics, in particular Higgs and top-quark measurements. Subsequent stages will focus on measurements of rare Higgs processes, as well as searches for new physics processes and precision measurements of new states, e.g. states previously discovered at LHC or at CLIC itself. In the 2012 CLIC Conceptual Design Report, a fully optimised 3 TeV collider was presented, while the proposed lower energy stages were not studied to the same level of detail. This report presents an updated baseline staging scenario for CLIC. The scenario is the result of a comprehensive study addressing the performance, cost and power of the CLIC accelerator complex as a function of centre-of-mass energy and it targets optimal physics output based on the current physics landscape. The optimised staging scenario foresees three main centre-of-mass energy stages at 380 GeV, 1.5 TeV and 3 TeV for a full CLIC programme spanning 22 years. For the first stage, an alternative to the CLIC drive beam scheme is presented in which the main linac power is produced using X-band klystrons.
Published: 2016

38. Beam dynamics issues in the FCC

Author: Zimmermann, Frank, Abelleira, Jose, Appleby, Robert, Bambade, Philip, Barranco, Javier, Bartmann, Wolfgang, Benedikt, Michael, Besana, Maria Ilaria, Biarrotte, Jean-Luc, Boine-Frankenheim, Oliver, Boscolo, Manuela, Bruce, Roderik, Brüning, Oliver, Buffat, Xavier, Burkart, Florian, Burkhardt, Helmut, Calatroni, Sergio, Cerutti, Francesco, Chancé, Antoine, Collamati, Francesco, Cruz Alaniz, Emilia, Dalena, Barbara, Drago, Alessandro, Fartoukh, Stephane, Faus-Golfe, Angeles, Fiascaris, Maria, Fox, John, Garion, Cedric, Goddard, Brennan, Guillermo Cantón, Gerardo, Holzer, Bernhard, Höfle, Wolfgang, Jowett, John, Kersevan, Roberto, Khan, Shaukat, Kornilov, Vladimir, Lachaize, Antoine, Martin, Roman, Mether, Lotta, Milanese, Attilio, Mitsuhashi, Toshiyuki, Molson, James, Niedermayer, Uwe, Ohmi, Kazuhito, Payet, Jacques, Pieloni, Tatiana, Redaelli, Stefano, Riemann, Bernard, Rumolo, Giovanni, Salvant, Benoit, Schaumann, Michaela, Schulte, Daniel, Seryi, Andrei, Shaposhnikova, Elena, Stoel, Linda, Stupakov, Gennady, Tambasco, Claudia, Tomás, Rogelio, Tommasini, Davide, Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, and Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: p p: scattering, beam dynamics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ACC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Accelerator Physics [physics.acc-ph], brightness, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Accelerator Physics, 0103 physical sciences, beam: injection, luminosity, FCC, 010306 general physics, activity report, emittance, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, magnet: superconductivity, magnet: technology, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Beam Dynamics in Rings, bending magnet, radiation, CERN LHC Coll, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, hadron, collider, niobium: tin
Abstract: The international Future Circular Collider (FCC) study is designing hadron, lepton and lepton-hadron colliders based on a new 100 km tunnel in the Geneva region. The main focus and ultimate goal of the study are high-luminosity proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 100 TeV, using 16 T Nb3Sn dipole magnets. Specific FCC beam dynamics issues are related to the large circumference, the high brightness - made available by radiation damping -, the small geometric emittance, unprecedented collision energy and luminosity, the huge amount of energy stored in the beam, large synchrotron radiation power, plus the injection scenarios. In addition to the FCC-hh proper, also a High-Energy LHC (HE-LHC) is being explored, using the FCC-hh magnet technology in the existing LHC tunnel, which can yield a centre-of-mass energy around 25 TeV., Proceedings of the 57th ICFA Advanced Beam Dynamics Workshop on High-Intensity and High-Brightness Hadron Beams, HB2016, Malmö, Sweden
Published: 2016

39. Unbalanced Cylindrical Magnetron for Accelerating Cavities Coating

Author: Rosaz, Guillaume, Semblanet, V, Calatroni, Sergio, Sublet, Alban, and Tobarelli, Mauro
Subjects: Coordination and Communication [12.1], Innovative Radio Frequency Technologies (RF) [12], Accelerators and Storage Rings
Abstract: We report in this paper the design and qualification of a cylindrical unbalanced magnetron source. The dedicated magnetic assemblies were simulated using a finite element model. A hall-effect magnetic probe was then used to characterize those assemblies and compared to the theoretical magnet profiles. These show a good agreement between the expected and actual values. the qualification of the different magnetic assemblies was then performed by measuring the ion flux density reaching the surface of the sample to be coated using a commercial retarding field energy analyzer. The strongest unbalanced configuration shows an increase from 0.016A.cm^-2 to 0.074A.cm^-2 of the ion flux density reaching the sample surface compared to the standard balanced configuration for a pressure 5.10^-3 mbar and a plasma source power of 300W.
Published: 2016

40. Operational Experience of the Upgraded LHC Injection Kicker Magnets

Author: Barnes, Michael, Adraktas, Antonios, Bregliozzi, Giuseppe, Calatroni, Sergio, Day, Hugo, Ducimetière, Laurent, Goddard, Brennan, Gomes Namora, Vasco, Mertens, Volker, Salvant, Benoit, Uythoven, Jan, Vega Cid, Lorena, Weterings, Wim, and Yin Vallgren, Christina
Subjects: 07 Accelerator Technology, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Accelerator Physics
Abstract: During Run 1 of the LHC the injection kicker magnets caused occasional operational delays due to beam induced heating with high bunch intensity and short bunch lengths. In addition, sometimes there were also sporadic issues with microscopic unidentified falling objects, vacuum activity and electrical flashover of the injection kickers. An extensive program of studies was launched and significant upgrades were carried out during long shutdown 1. These upgrades include a new design of a beam screen to both reduce the beam coupling impedance of the kicker magnet, and to significantly reduce the electric field associated with the screen conductors, hence decreasing the probability of electrical breakdown in this region. In addition new cleaning procedures were implemented and equipment adjacent to the injection kickers and various vacuum components were modified. This paper presents operational experience of the injection kicker magnets during Run 2 of the LHC and assesses the effectiveness of the various upgrades., Proceedings of the 7th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2016, Busan, Korea
Published: 2016

41. Biased HiPIMS technology for superconducting rf accelerating cavities coating

Author: G. Rosaz, G., Terenziani, G., Sonato, D., Calatroni, S., Ehiasarian, A., Junginger, T., and Taborelli, M.
Subjects: Normal Conducting High Gradient Cavities [12.3], Innovative Radio Frequency Technologies (RF) [12], Accelerators and Storage Rings
Abstract: In the last few years the interest of the thin film science and technology community on High Impulse Power Magnetron Sputtering (HIPIMS) coatings has steadily increased. HIPIMS literature shows that better thin film morphology, denser and smoother films can be achieved when compared with standard dc Magnetron Sputtering (dcMS) coating technology. Furthermore the capability of HIPIMS to produce a high quantity of ionized species can allow conformal coatings also for complex geometries. CERN already studied the possibility to use such a coating method for SRF accelerating cavities. Results are promising but not better from a RF point of view than dcMS coatings. Thanks to these results the next step is to go towards a biased HiPIMS approach. However the geometry of the cavities leads to complex changes in the coating setup in order to apply a bias voltage. Coating system tweaking and first superconducting properties of biased samples are presented.
Published: 2016

42. DC Breakdown Experiments with Iridium Cathode

Author: Profatilova, Iaroslava, Calatroni, Sergio, Korsback, Anders, Muranaka, Tomoko, and Wuensch, Walter
Subjects: Accelerators and Storage Rings
Abstract: Electrical breakdown occurring in rf accelerating structures is one of the major disruptions of the accelerated beam in CLIC. At CERN, as complements to rf facilities, DC-spark systems have been used to study breakdown properties of many candidate materials for making rf components. In this note, measurements of conditioning speed, breakdown field and field enhancement factor of iridium are presented comparing with previously tested materials. The average breakdown field after conditioning reached 238 MV/m, which places iridium next to copper. By comparison with results and properties of other metals, the low breakdown field of iridium could be explained by its face-centred-cubic crystal structure.
Published: 2015

43. Low energy muon spin rotation and point contact tunneling applied to niobium films for SRF cavities

Author: Junginger, Tobias, Calatroni, Sergio, Prokscha, Thomas, Proslier, Thomas, Salman, Zaher, Suter, Andreas, Terenziani, Giovanni, and Zasadzinski, John
Subjects: Fundamentals SRF R&D - Other Materials, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Accelerator Physics
Abstract: Muon spin rotation (muSR) and point contact tunneling (PCT) are used since several years for bulk niobium studies. Here we present studies on niobium thin film samples of different deposition techniques (diode, magnetron and HIPIMS) and compare the results with RF measurements and bulk niobium results. It is consistently found from muSR and RF measurements that HIPIMS can be used to produce thin films of high RRR. Hints for magnetism are especially found on the HIPIMS samples. These could possibly contribute to the field dependent losses of superconducting cavities, which are strongly pronounced on niobium on copper cavities., Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on RF Superconductivity, SRF2015, Whistler, BC, Canada
Published: 2015

44. Development of Nb3Sn Coatings by Magnetron Sputtering for SRF Cavities

Author: Rosaz, Guillaume, Calatroni, Sergio, Leaux, Floriane, Motschmann, Fritz, Mydlarz, Zuzanna, Taborelli, Mauro, and Vollenberg, Wilhelmus
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, 0103 physical sciences, Innovative Radio Frequency Technologies (RF) [12], Thin films [12.2], 010306 general physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, 01 natural sciences, Fundamentals SRF R&D - Other Materials, Accelerator Physics
Abstract: Cost and energy savings are an integral requirement in the design of future particle accelerators. Very low losses SRF accelerating systems, together with high-efficiency cryogenics systems, have the potential of low running costs. The association to the capital cost reduction allowed by thin films coated copper cavities may represent the best overall cost-performance compromise. This strategy has been applied for instance in LEP, the LHC and HIE-ISOLDE with the niobium thin films technology. New materials must be considered to improve the quality factor of the cavities, such as Nb3Sn, which could also ideally operate at higher temperature thus allowing further energy savings. The study considers the possibility to coat a copper resonator with an Nb3Sn layer by means of magnetron sputtering using an alloyed target. We present the impact of the process parameters on the as-deposited layer stoichiometry. The latter is in good agreement with previous results reported in the literature and can be tuned by acting on the coating pressure. The effect of post-coating annealing temperature on the morphology, crystallinity and superconducting properties of the film was also investigated., Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on RF Superconductivity, SRF2015, Whistler, BC, Canada
Published: 2015
Full Text: View/download PDF

45. Design of a compact superconducting crab-cavity for LHC using Nb-on-Cu-coating technique

Author: Grudiev, Alexej, Atieh, Said, Calaga, Rama, Calatroni, Sergio, Capatina, Ofelia, Carra, Federico, Favre, Gilles, Ferreira, Leonel, Poncet, Jean-Francois, Richard, Thibaut, Sublet, Alban, and Zanoni, Carlo
Subjects: SRF Technology - Cavity, Physics::Optics, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Accelerator Physics
Abstract: The design of a compact superconducting crab-cavity for LHC using Nb-on-Cu-coating technique is presented. The cavity shape is based on the ridged waveguide resonator with wide open apertures to provide access to the inner surface of the cavity for coating. It also provides natural damping for HOMs and rather low longitudinal and transverse impedances. The results of the cavity shape optimization taking into account RF performance, coating, and thermo-mechanical considerations as well as the design and fabrication plans of the first prototype for coating and cold tests are presented., Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on RF Superconductivity, SRF2015, Whistler, BC, Canada
Published: 2015

46. HTS Coatings for Impedance Reduction of Beam-Induced RF Image Currents in the FCC

Author: Calatroni, Sergio
Subjects: Physics::Accelerator Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Fundamentals SRF R&D - Other Materials, Accelerator Physics
Abstract: The FCC-hh presently under study at CERN will make use of 16 T superconducting dipoles for achieving 100 TeV p-p center-of-mass collision energy in a 100 km ring collider. A copper coated beam screen, like in the LHC, is envisaged to shield the 1.9 K dipole cold bores from the 28 W/m/beam of synchrotron radiation. Operating temperature should be in the 50 K range, as best compromise temperature in order to minimize the wall-plug power consumption of the cryogenic system. However, preliminary studies indicate that copper at 50 K might not provide low enough beam coupling impedance in the FCC-hh. It has then been proposed to reduce the beam impedance by a thin layer of a High-Temperature Superconductor (HTS), which will thus effectively shield the beam-induced RF image currents. Purpose of this paper is to define the basic requirements for an HTS film in the RF field induced by beam image currents and exposed to a high magnetic field, and to identify the best candidate materials and coating processes., Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on RF Superconductivity, SRF2015, Whistler, BC, Canada
Published: 2015
Full Text: View/download PDF

47. Developments on SRF Coatings at CERN

Author: Sublet, Alban, Aull, Sarah, Bártová, Barbora, Calatroni, Sergio, Richard, Thibaut, Rosaz, Guillaume, Taborelli, Mauro, Therasse, Mathieu, Venturini Delsolaro, Walter, and Zhang, Pei
Subjects: Nb coating, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Fundamentals SRF R&D - Other Materials, superconducting RF, Accelerator Physics
Abstract: The thin films techniques applied to Superconducting RF (SRF) has a long history at CERN. A large panel of cavities have been coated from LEP, to LHC. For the current and future projects (HIE-ISOLDE, HL-LHC, FCC) there is a need for further higher RF-performances with focus on minimizing residual resistance Rres and maximizing quality factor Q0 of the cavities. This paper will present CERN’s developments on thin films to achieve these goals through the following main axes of research: The first one concerns the application of different coating techniques for Nb (DC-bias diode sputtering, magnetron sputtering and HiPIMS). Another approach is the investigation of alternative materials like Nb3Sn. These lines of development will be supported by a material science approach to characterize and evaluate the layer properties by means of FIB-SEM, TEM, XPS, XRD, etc. In addition a numerical tool for plasma simulation will be exploited to develop adapted coating systems and optimize the coating process, from plasma generation to thin film growth., Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on RF Superconductivity, SRF2015, Whistler, BC, Canada
Published: 2015
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48. Characterization of Nb Coating in HIE-ISOLDE QWR Superconducting Accelerating Cavities by means of SEM-FIB and TEM

Author: Bártová, Barbora, Aebersold, Arthur, Alexander, Duncan, Calatroni, Sergio, Cantoni, Marco, Sublet, Alban, and Taborelli, Mauro
Subjects: 7: Accelerator Technology, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Accelerator Physics
Abstract: The Quarter Wave Resonators (QWR) high-β cavities (0.3m diameter and 0.9m height) are made from OFE 3D-forged copper and are coated by DC-bias diode sputtering with a thin superconducting layer of niobium. The Nb film thickness, morphology, purity and quality are critical parameters for RF performances of the cavity. They have been investigated in a detailed material study. The coating structure at different positions along a test cavity was observed by cross-section imaging using SEM-FIB instrument. The samples from the top of the cavity showed presence of unexpected porosities, whose volume was investigated using FIB tomography. TEM lamella was prepared for two samples (top part and inner conductor of the cavity) to study in detail the grain orientation in the coating, its chemical composition and structure. The 14-layer structure in thick coating was indeed evidenced by the TEM analysis. Chemical mapping revealed the presence of a few nm in size copper precipitates close to the Nb/Cu interface and a passivating oxide layer of 10 nm thickness on top of the coating and around porosities. However no impurities or interface layer along the coating profile were present., Proceedings of the 6th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2015, Richmond, VA, USA
Published: 2015
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49. 20 Years of experience with the Nb/Cu technology for superconducting cavities and perspectives for future developments

Author: Sergio Calatroni
Subjects: Large Hadron Collider, business.industry, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, engineering.material, Series production, Condensed Matter Physics, Accelerators and Storage Rings, Engineering physics, Electronic equipment, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Coating, engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business
Abstract: The first niobium-coated copper cavities were produced at CERN in the early 1980s. The sputter coating technology was chosen as a basis for development, first in the pure diode configuration and subsequently in the magnetron configuration, which was then adopted for the successful series production of the LEP and LHC cavities. In parallel, an intensive R&D effort was undertaken at CERN and other Laboratories in order to understand the advantages and limitations of this technique. Some highlights of the present understanding will be given. Several new developments in the coating technique are being pursued around the world, which will be discussed together with their motivations.
Published: 2006

50. Series Superconducting Cavity Production for the HIE-ISOLDE Project at CERN

Author: Therasse, Mathieu, Alberty, Luis, Artoos, Kurt, Calatroni, Sergio, Capatina, Ofelia, D'Elia, Alessandro, Jecklin, Noemie, Kadi, Yacine, Mondino, Irene, Schirm, Karl, Sublet, Alban, Venturini Delsolaro, Walter, and Zhang, Pei
Subjects: Accelerators and Storage Rings
Abstract: In the context of the HIE-ISOLDE linac upgrade at CERN, the phase 1 planned to boost the energy of the machine from 3 MeV/u to 5 MeV/u. For this purpose, it is planned to install 2 cryomodules based on quarter waves resonators (QWRs) made by Niobium sputtering on Copper. The poster will present the different steps of the cavity series production since the reception from the industry to the cavity storage before cryomodule assembly. We will describe the cavity preparation included the resonance frequency measurement, the chemical treatment, the cavity rinsing, the Niobium coating and the RF test at 4.5K.
Published: 2014

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