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1. Channels used to deliver agricultural information and knowledge to smallholder farmers.

Author

Ndimbwa, Tumpe, Mwantimwa, Kelefa, and Ndumbaro, Faraja

Subjects
STATISTICAL services, FARMERS, AGRICULTURAL productivity, THEMATIC analysis, ACCESS to information
Abstract

This study examined the effectiveness of the channels used to deliver agricultural information and knowledge to smallholder farmers in Tanzania. A descriptive cross-sectional design alongside quantitative and qualitative approaches was employed to collect data from 341 respondents. While the data collected through the questionnaire was analysed by using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) version 21, the data collected through the interview was analysed by using thematic analysis. The findings suggest that delivery of and access to timely and relevant agricultural information and knowledge, appropriately packaged, is one of the critical problems undermining smallholder farmers' efforts to increase their production. As a result, most smallholder farmers mainly depend on informal channels. Besides informal channels, farmer groups and demonstration plots are becoming popular channels to deliver and access agricultural information and knowledge. To make a difference in agricultural production, deliberate efforts should be made to enhance the delivery of agricultural information and knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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2. Improving the Rural Investment Climate for Businesses : Key to Rural Income Generation

Author

Sawada, Naotaka

Subjects
INVENTORY CREDIT, INVESTMENT CLIMATE ASSESSMENT, WAGE, CREDIT GUARANTEE, FINANCIAL ILLITERACY, ROAD, BOTTLENECKS, CARS, COST OF TRANSPORT, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, INVESTMENT CAPITAL, PENETRATION RATE, STAKEHOLDER, LOAN APPLICATIONS, WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS, BUSINESS OWNERS, COLLATERAL, SMALL ENTERPRISE, FARMERS, EARNINGS, ALTERNATIVE EMPLOYMENT, FINANCIAL MARKETS, RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE, INCOMES, HIGH INTEREST RATE, NEW BUSINESS, VALUABLE, PROPERTY RIGHTS, NEW MARKET, SMALL BUSINESS AGENCIES, ACCESS TO MARKET, KNOWLEDGE GAPS, ECONOMIC COOPERATION, INTEREST RATES, SMALL BUSINESS, QUESTIONNAIRES, WORKING CAPITAL, LOCAL BUSINESSES, PROFITABILITY, FINANCIAL LITERACY, WEALTH, TAX RATE, RURAL TRANSPORT, ENTREPRENEURS, BANK ACCOUNT, FINANCE ACCESS, INFORMATION ON MARKETS, AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, EXCLUSION, MACROECONOMIC STABILITY, BANKRUPTCY, FARM ENTERPRISES, WORTH, ROADS, START-UP, GENDER ISSUE, ACCESS TO INFORMATION, FINANCIAL SYSTEM, FISCAL POLICY, BUSINESS PLAN, RURAL FINANCE, SAFETY, HOUSEHOLDS, DIVERSIFICATION, BANKS, CONSUMER, ROAD BUILDING, BORROWING, LOAN, MEANS OF TRANSPORT, MARKET INFORMATION, MARKET SHARE, MICROFINANCE, ASSISTANCE TO BUSINESS, SALES, BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES, HANDICRAFT, GENDER EQUALITY, MONEY TRANSFER, TRUCKS, PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION, CORRUPTION, BUSINESS ENTRY, BUSINESS MANAGEMENT, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, TRANSPORT, START-UP CAPITAL, RURAL BUSINESS, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, OUTSTANDING LOANS, GENDER, DELIVERY MECHANISM, ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT, LACK OF KNOWLEDGE, TRANSACTION, TAX, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EDUCATION LEVELS, TRAINING PROGRAMS, COMMODITY, TRANSACTION COSTS, DRIVERS, PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY, HOUSEHOLD EXPENSES, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TRANSPORTATION COST, LAND USE, BUSINESS SUPPORT, FORMAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, SAFETY NETS, BENEFICIARIES, PARTIAL CREDIT, PRODUCTIVITY, PUBLIC AWARENESS, RISK REDUCTION, INVESTING, ENTERPRISE GROWTH, MICROFINANCE LOANS, COLLATERAL REQUIREMENT, TRANSPORTS, LACK OF CAPITAL, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, HIGH TRANSPORTATION, COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS, AFFORDABLE TRANSPORTATION, GUARANTEE SCHEME, ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT, ACCESS TO FINANCING, CALCULATION, WAGES, LINE OF CREDIT, INCOME INCREASE, LACK OF ACCESS, LABOR MARKET, ROAD NETWORK, CONTRIBUTION, JOB TRAINING, MOBILITY, ACCESS TO LOAN, BUSINESS PLANNING, WEALTH CREATION, INEQUALITY, FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS, FIXED ASSET, MARKETING, BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, FINANCIAL PRODUCTS, ACCESS TO FINANCE, TELEPHONE, INVESTMENT CLIMATE, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, LOAN AMOUNT, SAVINGS ACCOUNT, LAND MARKETS, BRIDGE, PRIVATE ENTERPRISE, FORMAL FINANCIAL SERVICES, MICRO-ENTREPRENEURS, ACCESS ROADS, ACCOUNTING, BUSINESS ACTIVITIES, LIMITED ACCESS TO FINANCE, TRAVEL TIME, COST OF TRANSPORTATION, MARKET DEVELOPMENT, FUTURE GROWTH, ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT, HUMAN CAPITAL, VEHICLES, INSURANCE, SUPPLY CHAIN, TRANSPORT IMPROVEMENT, INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT, BUSINESS OPERATIONS, INVESTMENT STRATEGY, FINANCIAL INSTITUTION, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS, RURAL ROADS, TRAFFIC, TRANSPORT SERVICES, EXTENSION SERVICES, ACCESS TO CREDIT, COMMERCIAL BANKS, INTERNATIONAL BANK, BUS, TRANSPORT COSTS, LIMITED ACCESS, MATERIAL, MARKET DEMAND, BUREAUCRATIC RED TAPE, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, MODE OF TRANSPORT, TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM, INDIVIDUAL ENTREPRENEURS, SAVINGS, CAPACITY BUILDING, OUTREACH, QUERIES, URBAN AREAS, FORMAL BANKING, TECHNICAL SKILLS
Abstract

An appropriate rural investment climate (RIC) is essential for rural businesses to be successful and generate employment and income in their communities. Improving the investment climate could facilitate income-generation activities in both farm and nonfarm sectors, thus reducing rural poverty. Nonfarm sector focused growth, combined with agricultural growth, and has been shown by Delgado et al. (1998) to have a significant impact on the local economy through the generation of employment and income. This study is the first to focus on both farm and nonfarm enterprises in its 2010 surveys of RIC in Yemen, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, and Mozambique unlike six previous RIC assessment (RICA) pilot projects that focused only on nonfarm enterprises. This report assesses the weaknesses and strengths of all RIC components in farm and nonfarm enterprises of the four countries surveyed, and recommends measures to address the weaknesses. The report identifies similar business obstacles for farm and nonfarm enterprises and four critical areas of the RIC to be improved. The results of the RICA are based on analyses of obstacles perceived by rural entrepreneurs and on assessments by RIC indicators, enterprise entry and exit, and enterprise performance. To have maximum synergy effects, farm and nonfarm enterprises should be promoted together.

Published
2012

3. Sustainable Support System for Rural Women Entrepreneurs : Ethiopia

Author

Sawada, Naotaka and Harishchandra, Vedini

Subjects
ADVISORY SERVICE, GENDER RELATIONS, PROMOTION OF WOMEN, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, CREDIT GUARANTEE, ROAD, FINANCIAL AGENCIES, FAIR, INVESTMENT CAPITAL, RURAL CREDIT, WOMEN ENTREPRENEUR, WOMEN BORROWERS, COLLATERALS, SMALL ENTERPRISE, SERVICE MARKETS, ASSETS BUILDING, EXTENSION, EARNINGS, ALTERNATIVE EMPLOYMENT, FINANCIAL MARKETS, ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, MERCHANDISE, INCOMES, NEW BUSINESS, BUSINESS CENTER, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, ENTERPRISE PROMOTION, NGOS, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, MICRO FINANCE INSTITUTIONS, SMALL BUSINESSES, TRANSPORT PROBLEMS, NEW MARKET, ACCESS TO MARKET, ACCESS TO FINANCIAL SERVICES, FEMALE ACCESS, FOOD PRODUCTION, PRIVATE TRANSPORT, FINANCIAL SERVICES TO WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS, GUARANTEE SCHEMES, WORKING CAPITAL, CAPITAL REQUIREMENT, PROFITABILITY, INFORMATION ON INVESTMENT, FINANCIAL SERVICE PROVIDERS, FOOD PROCESSING, TEXTILES, TRAINING CENTER, START-UP, NEW BUSINESSES, MATCHING FUNDS, ACCESS TO INFORMATION, INITIAL INVESTMENTS, BUSINESS PLAN, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, SAFETY, ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, MARKET STUDY, HOUSEHOLDS, DIVERSIFICATION, PEOPLES, MARKETPLACE, SPREAD, PUBLIC TRANSPORT, PRIVATE ENTREPRENEURS, EQUAL PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN, BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS, LOAN, MARKET INTEREST RATE, MARKET INFORMATION, PROFIT MARGINS, REPAYMENT, BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES, MARKET RESEARCH, HANDICRAFT, GENDER EQUALITY, TRUCKS, PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION, LOAN ACCESS, BUSINESS MANAGEMENT, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, TRANSPORT, START-UP CAPITAL, INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT, RURAL BUSINESS, SMALL LOANS, MARKET SEGMENTS, GENDER, HIGH TRANSPORT, DELIVERY MECHANISM, LACK OF KNOWLEDGE, GENDER GAP, PASSENGERS, DRAINAGE, LIVELIHOODS, FAMILIES, CUSTOMER BASE, TRAINING CENTERS, TRANSACTION COSTS, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TRANSPORTATION COST, BUSINESS SUPPORT, FORMAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, SAFETY NETS, SALE, ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT, AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION, TRANSPORTS, LOAN FUND, SEED FUNDS, HIGH TRANSPORTATION, INTEGRATION, WALKING, AFFORDABLE TRANSPORTATION, LACK OF COLLATERAL, PROFITABLE BUSINESS, RETAIL BUSINESSES, BAD CREDIT, GUARANTEE SCHEME, ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT, SANITATION, ACCESS TO FORMAL CREDIT, CULTURAL NORM, MARRIED WOMEN, LABOR MARKET, CREDIT GAP, DEMAND FOR CREDIT, SEED MONEY, SOURCES OF CREDIT, EQUAL RIGHTS, DEBT, MOBILITY, SOURCES OF FUNDS, NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS, BUSINESS PLANNING, MFIS, EQUALITY, HUSBAND, MARKETING, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, FINANCIAL PRODUCTS, ACCESS TO FINANCE, AGRICULTURE, FINANCIAL SERVICE, START-UP CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS, CREDIT NEEDS, RURAL BUSINESSES, CREDIT COOPERATIVE, SUBSTITUTES, BUSINESS PLANS, ACCESS ROADS, BUSINESS ACTIVITIES, MICRO ENTERPRISES, COST OF TRANSPORTATION, VULNERABLE PEOPLE, WOMAN, MARKET DEVELOPMENT, FARMER, DRIVING, VILLAGE, SUPPLIERS, NEEDS OF ENTREPRENEURS, VEHICLES, RETAIL TRADE, PRIVATE SECTOR, CREDIT ACCESS, OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN, WAREHOUSES, TRANSPORT SERVICES, EXTENSION SERVICES, ACCESS TO CREDIT, INFORMAL CREDIT, INTERNATIONAL BANK, BUS, LIMITED ACCESS, TRANSPORT FACILITIES, GROUPS OF WOMEN, LIVESTOCK, LOAN GUARANTEE, TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM, AGRICULTURAL INCOME, BUSINESS ADVISORY, PRODUCT QUALITY, FINANCIAL SUPPORT, HOUSEHOLD INVESTMENTS, SAVINGS, MICRO FINANCE, CAPACITY BUILDING, WHOLESALE TRADE, RETAIL, BUS STOP, URBAN AREAS, INTEREST RATE, LOAN OFFICERS
Abstract

Nonfarm sector development in rural Ethiopia is central to generating employment and income and thereby reducing poverty. The improved investment climate could facilitate investments in farm and nonfarm sectors by contributing directly and indirectly to the generation of additional employment for women and men. Ethiopia Industrial Development Strategy 2003 involved efforts to create an enabling environment for the private sector to be a driving force for economic development. The sectoral focus of the strategy is on the development of agro-based industries and on strengthening nonfarm sector. The sustainable support system for rural women entrepreneurs is based on five main components: (i) women's economic empowerment, (ii) market development, (iii) access to markets, (iv) business management support services, and (v) access to credit. Necessary conditions to support nonfarm economic activities, such as physical market development, feeder roads, and transport, will also benefit agriculture and create a virtuous circle of increasing farm and nonfarm income. Women are more likely to be involved in and benefit from nonfarm enterprise activities. Although the system proposed could be targeted at men and women, women could be the main beneficiaries of the support system. This sustainable system is new and innovative in directly supporting the rural poor and women by building the capacity of entrepreneurs and supporting institutions linked to the existing projects. This system may derive maximum synergy effects by integrating with the Agricultural Growth Project (AGP) and the Household Assets Building Program (HABP) of the Productive Safety Nets Project (PSNP) in a complementary relationship.

Published
2011

4. Stepping Up Skills for More Jobs and Higher Productivity

Author

World Bank

Subjects
LEARNING OUTCOMES, ACCESS TO SCHOOLS, SCHOOL CHILDREN, CLASSROOM, EARLY CHILDHOOD INTERVENTIONS, KNOWLEDGE BASE, QUALITY ASSURANCE, YOUNG PEOPLE, EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, APPRENTICESHIP ARRANGEMENTS, SCHOOL AGE, CURRICULA, TEACHING METHODOLOGIES, ENROLLMENT RATES, UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION, SKILL DEVELOPMENT, EMPLOYMENT OUTCOMES, PRIVATE ENTERPRISES, POLYTECHNICS, UNIVERSITY EDUCATION, AVERAGE EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, TERTIARY EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS, READING, BASIC SKILLS, SKILLED WORKERS, TEACHERS, RESEARCH GRANTS, STUDENT ASSESSMENTS, SOCIAL SKILLS, SOCIAL SCIENCES, COGNITIVE SKILLS, TEACHER, SECONDARY EDUCATION, NUMERACY, REPETITION RATES, EARLY LEARNING, HIGHER EDUCATION, SCHOOL READINESS, OCCUPATIONAL SKILLS, REPORT CARDS, PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS, COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES, SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN, SCHOOL AUTONOMY, ACADEMIC SUBJECTS, PAYROLL LEVIES, SKILLS DEVELOPMENT, PUBLIC AGENCIES, COMPLETION RATES, BASIC ARITHMETIC, UNIVERSITY DEGREE, POST-SECONDARY INSTITUTIONS, BASIC KNOWLEDGE, OLDER CHILDREN, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, PROFESSIONAL TRAINING, EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM, ACCESS TO INFORMATION, HIGHER PRODUCTIVITY, ACCREDITATION, PROBLEM SOLVING, SKILLED INDIVIDUALS, TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES, CULTURE OF INNOVATION, YOUTH, EDUCATION SYSTEM, TEACHER MORALE, DISADVANTAGED GROUPS, NUTRITION, RESEARCHERS, SECONDARY SCHOOL, SCHOOL FEES, INSTRUCTION, PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS, EDUCATION REFORM, BASIC LITERACY, GLOBAL EDUCATION, SCHOOL SYSTEM, CHURCHES, HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM, UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, BUSINESS STUDENTS, LABOR MARKETS, VOCATIONAL EDUCATION, HIGHER ENROLLMENT, RESEARCH PROGRAMS, ALCOHOL ABUSE, VOCATIONAL SKILLS, SCHOOL HEALTH, QUALITY OF TEACHING, COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, EDUCATION FOR ALL, DROPOUT RATES, EARLY GRADES, HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES, COGNITIVE STIMULATION, LEADERSHIP, CURRICULAR REFORM, SCHOOLING, CERTIFICATION SYSTEM, DELIVERY MECHANISM, DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN, EDUCATION BUDGET, PEER-TO-PEER LEARNING, LEVELS OF EDUCATION, SCHOOL PROGRAMS, EDUCATION SYSTEMS, SKILLS FOR EMPLOYMENT, EARLY STIMULATION, TRAINING PROGRAMS, QUALITY OF EDUCATION, TRAINING CENTERS, DEMAND FOR EDUCATION, HIGHER LEVELS OF EDUCATION, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, TRAINING SERVICES, DEGREES, SCIENTIFIC EXCELLENCE, TYPES OF EDUCATION, PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS, PRESCHOOL EDUCATION, EDUCATORS, CURRICULUM, CHILD EDUCATION, TRAINING OF TEACHERS, CENTERS OF EXCELLENCE, PRIMARY EDUCATION, MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, HIGHER REPETITION, RESEARCH COOPERATION, BASIC EDUCATION, UNEMPLOYED YOUTH, ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, SCHOOLS, TRAINING INSTITUTIONS, NUMBER OF STUDENTS, REMEDIAL EDUCATION, TEACHER TRAINING, AGE GROUPS, SCHOOL COMPLETION, RESEARCH OUTPUT, ACHIEVEMENT TESTS, SCHOOL-AGE, CLASSROOMS, EARLY CHILDHOOD, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, SCIENTISTS, TECHNICAL TRAINING, JOB TRAINING, TERTIARY EDUCATION, ACCESS TO TRAINING, CARE GIVERS, EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT, MATHEMATICAL SKILLS, ARITHMETIC, STUDENT ASSESSMENT, VULNERABLE GROUPS, EARLY CHILD DEVELOPMENT, PEDAGOGICAL APPROACHES, SCHOOL ENTRY, TERTIARY EDUCATION SYSTEMS, COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS, QUALITY LEARNING, FORMAL LEARNING, SERVICE TRAINING, TRAINEES, SKILL LEVELS, HUMAN CAPITAL, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, CAREGIVERS, CURRICULAR CHANGE, NET ENROLLMENT, UNIVERSITY RESEARCH, HUMAN RESOURCES, TEACHING, QUALITY SCHOOLING, LEARNING, FURTHER EDUCATION, ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT, VULNERABLE CHILDREN, LIFELONG LEARNING, TECHNICAL EDUCATION, SCHOOL YEARS, PRIMARY SCHOOL, QUALITY EDUCATION, TEACHING FORCE, UNIVERSITIES, EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT, TERTIARY LEVEL, SCHOLARSHIPS, RADIO, BASIC COMPETENCIES, PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES, ADULTS, LABOR FORCE, SCHOOL DROPOUTS, VOCATIONAL TRAINING, ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, ACADEMIC EXCELLENCE, COMMUNITY COLLEGES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP TRAINING, APPLIED SCIENCES
Abstract

This report presents a framework - Skills Toward Employment and Productivity (STEP), that provides a simple yet comprehensive way to look at skills development. It brings together research evidence and practical experience from a range of areas-from research on the determinants of early childhood development and learning outcomes, to policy experience with the reform of vocational and technical education systems and labor markets-and provides a set of powerful messages to policymakers, researchers, and practitioners. The report's emphasis on performance measurement and benchmarking, policy and program evaluation, and cross-sectoral approaches focusing on individuals throughout their lifecycle provides a solid platform for developing countries to start exploring reforms.

Published
2010

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