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1. Public Works as a Productive Safety Net in a Post-Conflict Setting : Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in Sierra Leone

Author

Rosas, Nina and Sabarwal, Shwetlena

Subjects
TRANSFER AMOUNT, PUBLIC‐WORKS, DURABLE GOODS, DESCRIPTION, HOUSEHOLD INCOMES, FOOD EXPENDITURE, PROJECTS, DESIGN, FOOD POLICY, IN‐KIND TRANSFERS, SAVINGS GROUPS, POOR, CASH PAYMENTS, PRODUCTIVE ASSETS, SAFETY NETS, INCOME, BENEFICIARIES, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, NUMBER OF CHILDREN, FOOD INSECURITY, TRANSITION COUNTRIES, SELF‐ TARGETING, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, POVERTY, FEMALE, INCOME SHOCKS, OCCUPATION, HEALTH, SOCIAL ACTION, COVARIATE SHOCKS, GOVERNMENT CAPACITY, INTERVENTION, INTERVENTIONS, BENEFICIARY, CONDITIONAL CASH, WORK PROGRAM, COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE, MARKETS, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, LABOR MARKET PROGRAMS, ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS, TRANSFERS, RURAL AREAS, HEALTH FACILITIES, WELFARE, SAFETY NET, LABOR MARKET, SOCIAL COHESION, HOUSEHOLD, SERVICES, POVERTY REDUCTION, WORKS PROGRAM, MARKET, TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT, POVERTY RELIEF, MARKET WAGE, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, LEAN SEASON, TARGETING, ATTENDANCE RATES, NATIONAL COVERAGE, IDIOSYNCRATIC SHOCKS, CHILD LABOR, FOOD SECURITY, ROAD REHABILITATION, FACILITIES, FINANCIAL CRISES, COST‐EFFECTIVENESS, ACCESS TO SERVICES, COMMUNITY, YOUTH, SAFETY, HOUSEHOLDS, ANTIPOVERTY PROGRAMS, SOCIAL SAFETY NETS, TEMPORARY JOBS, HYGIENE, PROJECT, INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY, SOCIAL PROTECTION, PARTICIPATION, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, VILLAGE‐LEVEL, WAGE RATE, HEALTH FACILITY, ANTIPOVERTY INSTRUMENTS, SELF‐TARGETING, FUTURE EARNINGS, LABOR MARKETS, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, CONFLICT, HOMES, IN‐KIND PAYMENTS, ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA, HOUSEHOLD‐LEVEL, CASH INTERVENTIONS, INTERHOUSEHOLD TRANSFERS, SAVINGS, CASH TRANSFER, PUBLIC WORKS, HEALTH SERVICES, SCHOOL ENROLLMENTS, CASH TRANSFERS, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, TRANSFER PROGRAM, URBAN AREAS, COST‐ EFFECTIVENESS, GENDER, INCOME SUPPORT, COMMUNITIES, EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE, INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS
Abstract

This paper examines the short-term impacts of a labor-intensive public works program on household welfare and economic prospects. Using a community-level randomized control trial approach, the paper finds that the public works program targeted at youth in Sierra Leone successfully provided temporary employment to youth characterized by low educational attainment. Cash income among program participants increased by nearly three times relative to the control counterparts, and treatment households experienced a 29 percent rise in monthly income. There is also evidence of significant re-optimization of household labor allocation and expenditure in response to program participation. First, there is an overall crowding-in of labor force participation by household members beyond program participation. Second, the extra income is spent partly to improve the quality of life and partly to secure future earnings. The treated households raised spending on food, medicines, and assets. They also expanded utilization of health services. Meanwhile, the consumption of temptation goods was greater, albeit by a small amount, and the rate of absenteeism among students was higher. To secure future earnings, the treated households set up new businesses: they were nearly four times more likely than the control households to set up new household enterprises. They also boosted their participation in informal savings groups and their investments in their homes and existing businesses. These results demonstrate that public works interventions have considerable potential as productive safety nets in post-conflict settings such as Sierra Leone. They can provide immediate income support, but also open avenues for investment in the productive capacity of poor households.

Published
2016

2. Framework for the Development of Social Protection Systems : Lessons from International Experience

Author

Infante-Villarroel, Mariana

Subjects
MEASURES, TRANSFER AMOUNT, INFORMAL SUPPORT, SOCIAL WELFARE, SOCIAL PROGRAMS, ECONOMIC DOWNTURNS, HOUSEHOLD TRANSFERS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, HEALTH INSURANCE, NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE, BENEFIT AMOUNT, HEALTH CENTERS, INSURANCE PROGRAM, VULNERABLE POPULATIONS, DISABILITY INSURANCE, WORKS PROGRAMS, FOOD RATIONS, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, SOCIAL PENSION, POOR, CASH PAYMENTS, SAFETY NETS, UNEMPLOYMENT, PRODUCTIVE ASSETS, INCOME, BENEFICIARIES, LABOR MARKET POLICIES, EMERGENCY RESPONSE, FOOD INSECURITY, PROGRAM COVERAGE, PRIVATE TRANSFERS, NUTRITIONAL STATUS, MALNUTRITION, ROAD CONSTRUCTION, SOCIAL INSURANCE PROGRAMS, POVERTY, PENSION, HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT, PRIVATE PENSION, INCOME SHOCKS, TRANSFER PROGRAMS, SOCIAL SERVICES, RISK MANAGEMENT, OLD AGE, SKILLED WORKERS, PENSIONS, BENEFICIARY, SUBSIDIES, WORK PROGRAM, CONDITIONAL CASH, WORK PROJECTS, COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, LABOR MARKET PROGRAMS, CASH ASSISTANCE, MEDICAL SERVICES, WORK PROGRAMS, ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS, TRANSFERS, RURAL POVERTY, PROTECTION SYSTEM, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES, UNSKILLED WORK, SAFETY NET PROGRAMS, RISK MITIGATION, WELFARE, PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE, POCKET EXPENDITURE, SAFETY NET, SHORT-TERM EMPLOYMENT, LOSS OF INCOME, RURAL WORKS, TRANSFER OF CASH, DONOR FUNDING, EMERGENCY RELIEF, POVERTY REDUCTION, RISKS, CHRONIC POVERTY, TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT, JOB TRAINING, SOCIAL SECURITY, UNIVERSAL BENEFITS, FORMAL EMPLOYMENT, ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, LIVING CONDITIONS, IRRIGATION INFRASTRUCTURE, VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS, MARKET WAGE, VULNERABLE GROUPS, INEQUALITY, LEAN SEASON, TARGETING, HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES, SOCIAL INVESTMENTS, VOUCHERS, DISABILITY PENSIONS, FAMINE, ENERGY SUBSIDIES, HOME CARE, FEEDING PROGRAMS, DROUGHT, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HEALTH CENTER, CONTRIBUTORY PENSIONS, INCOME SECURITY, ECONOMIC SHOCKS, FOOD CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD LEVELS, CHILD LABOR, FOOD SECURITY, DEATH, UNIVERSAL HEALTH, CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS, FINANCIAL CRISES, PROTECTION SYSTEMS, ACCESS TO SERVICES, AVAILABILITY OF SERVICES, FOOD TRANSFERS, PROTECTION POLICY, COPING STRATEGIES, HEALTH SYSTEMS, INSURANCE, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, RATIONS, POVERTY PROGRAMS, WORKFARE, SOCIAL SAFETY NETS, SOCIAL CONTRACT, WELFARE PROGRAMS, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE, SOCIAL PROTECTION, CASH BENEFIT, SOCIAL RISK, HEALTH CLINIC, FOOD AID, CHRONICALLY POOR, SOCIAL PENSIONS, FOOD DISTRIBUTION, VULNERABLE CHILDREN, UNSKILLED WORKERS, PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMS, SOCIAL FUNDS, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, CONFLICT, LOAN PROGRAM, ANTI-POVERTY PROGRAMS, INEQUALITY REDUCTION, EMERGENCY FOOD, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, CHILD ALLOWANCES, POVERTY LINE, SUBSIDY, SOCIAL CAPITAL, SAVINGS, SOCIAL INSURANCE, CASH TRANSFER, PUBLIC WORKS, HEALTH SERVICES, CASH TRANSFERS, SOCIAL TRANSFER, NEAR‐POOR, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT, PROTECTION POLICIES, INCOME SUPPORT, EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE, CONTRIBUTORY PENSION, SOCIAL SAFETY NET, INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS
Abstract

Many countries have used social protection to achieve broader development goals, particularly on poverty reduction and inclusive growth. A wide range of social protection programs allows countries to tackle specific development constraints at national, community, and household levels; provide support to particular population groups; and enhance growth-promoting opportunities.For instance, public works programs and cash transfers are important and flexible social assistance programs that can be tailored to achieve specific objectives and adjusted to various levels of institutional capacity. They can also be implemented as national and centralized programs or delivered in a more decentralized fashion through community-driven development platforms.

Published
2015

3. Building Resilience, Equity and Opportunity in Myanmar : The Role of Social Protection -- Overview

Author

World Bank Group

Subjects
INSTITUTIONAL CARE, TRANSFER AMOUNT, INFORMAL SUPPORT, SOCIAL WELFARE, ECONOMIC GROWTH, HOUSEHOLD INCOMES, CHILD HEALTH, EMPLOYMENT INSURANCE, DISABILITY INSURANCE, WORKS PROGRAMS, SOCIAL PENSION, SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE, POOR, PROVISION OF FOOD, SAFETY NETS, UNEMPLOYMENT, PRODUCTIVE ASSETS, INCOME, BENEFICIARIES, EMERGENCY RESPONSE, FOOD INSECURITY, FINANCIAL CRISIS, CROWDING OUT, PROGRAM COVERAGE, NUTRITIONAL STATUS, MALNUTRITION, CAPACITY- BUILDING, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, SOCIAL INSURANCE PROGRAMS, POVERTY, PENSION, HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT, SERVICE PROVIDERS, TRANSFER PROGRAMS, SOCIAL SERVICES, HEALTH EXPENDITURE, HEALTH CARE SERVICES, HEALTH ORGANIZATION, WORK INJURY, RISK MANAGEMENT, OLD AGE, REFORM PROCESS, PENSIONS, LIVING STANDARDS, BENEFICIARY, SUBSIDIES, CONDITIONAL CASH, COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE, CASH ASSISTANCE, ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS, TRANSFERS, PROTECTION SYSTEM, PURCHASING POWER, HEALTH FACILITIES, WELFARE, POCKET EXPENDITURE, SAFETY NET, FOOD ASSISTANCE, RURAL WORKS, HEALTH VOUCHER, DONOR FUNDING, EMERGENCY RELIEF, POVERTY REDUCTION, HEALTH CLINICS, RISKS, CHRONIC POVERTY, TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT, JOB TRAINING, SOCIAL SECURITY, LANDLESS, HEIGHT-FOR-AGE, ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS, LIVING CONDITIONS, VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS, NUTRITION PROGRAMS, VULNERABLE GROUPS, INEQUALITY, LOCAL INFRASTRUCTURE, CASH BENEFITS, LEAN SEASON, RURAL POPULATION, COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, TARGETING, WAGE BILL, VOUCHERS, OLD-AGE PENSION, BLOCK GRANTS, WAGE RATES, HOME CARE, DROUGHT, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, FAMILY BENEFIT, SAFE WATER, INCOME SECURITY, ECONOMIC SHOCKS, CHILD LABOR, FOOD SECURITY, DEATH, UNIVERSAL HEALTH, FINANCIAL CRISES, PROTECTION SYSTEMS, ACCESS TO SERVICES, LEAN AGRICULTURAL SEASON, FOOD TRANSFERS, PROTECTION POLICY, COPING STRATEGIES, INSURANCE, PUBLIC RESOURCES, POVERTY PROGRAMS, WORKFARE, PAYROLL TAX, WELFARE PROGRAMS, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE, SOCIAL PROTECTION, MEDICAL CARE, HEALTH CLINIC, BENEFIT PACKAGE, FOOD AID, CHRONICALLY POOR, SOCIAL PENSIONS, UNSKILLED WORKERS, PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAMS, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, HOUSING BENEFITS, CONFLICT, FAMILY SUPPORT, ANTI-POVERTY PROGRAMS, EMERGENCY FOOD, CHILD PROTECTION, ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA, SCHOOL ENROLLMENT, NATIONAL PENSION, SCHOOL SUPPLIES, SOCIAL SPENDING, POVERTY LINE, SOCIAL SECURITY PROGRAMS, SAVINGS, SOCIAL INSURANCE, UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE, INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT, CASH TRANSFER, SUPPORT PROGRAM, PUBLIC WORKS, HEALTH SERVICES, VOCATIONAL TRAINING, CASH TRANSFERS, NEAR‐POOR, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, PROTECTION POLICIES, BENEFIT LEVELS
Abstract

Myanmar is a country in transition and faces the following main challenges: a) reducing the incidence of poverty and improving human development outcomes, particularly for the poor and vulnerable; and b) addressing the insecurity of incomes and developing mechanisms to reduce exposure to risks and ability to cope with ill-health, disasters, and other shocks. Social protection policies and programs can play an important role in Myanmar’s strategy for poverty reduction and people-centered development. Many countries have used a range of programs to achievetheir development goals, particularly on poverty reduction and inclusive growth. An effective social protection system can help the poor and vulnerable better manage the opportunities and risks arising from the ongoing reforms, and can help promote household and community resilienceand social cohesion.

Published
2015

4. Operations and Maintenance of Rural Infrastructure in Community-Driven Development and Community-Based Projects : Lessons Learned and Case Studies of Good Practice

Author

Salomonsen, Andreas and Diachok, Myrtle

Subjects
LOCAL WATER, PASSENGERS, DRAINAGE, TAX, INFRASTRUCTURE, PRIVATE OPERATOR, ROAD, COLLECTION EFFICIENCY, WATER SUPPLY MANAGEMENT, CONTRACT MANAGEMENT, INITIATIVES, WATER SOURCES, WATER, RURAL WATER SUPPLY, WATER SUPPLY FACILITIES, MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES, COMMUNITY WATER, INVESTMENTS, VEHICLE, STREET LIGHTING, INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT, WATER SCHEMES, LOCAL CAPACITY, MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS, MUNICIPALITIES, TOWNS, MUNICIPAL LEVEL, CAR, SERVICE PROVIDERS, WATER INFRASTRUCTURE, STREETS, WATER TARIFFS, COMPLAINTS HANDLING, TOLL, SERVICE DELIVERY, LIGHT VEHICLES, RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE, WELLS, RURAL COMMUNITY, FLAT RATE, WATER USER, IRRIGATION SYSTEMS, COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE, FINANCIAL BURDEN, INDIVIDUAL CONNECTIONS, PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE, SANITATION, SANITARY FACILITIES, SANITATION SECTOR, SERVICE PROVIDER, SUSTAINABLE WATER, TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE, TOWN, RIDER, WATER SERVICES, WATER SYSTEM, TRAINS, WATER SUPPLIES, ROAD NETWORK, DRINKING WATER, RURAL VILLAGES, LOCAL COMMUNITIES, CULVERTS, POTABLE WATER SUPPLY, GRANT FINANCING, COST RECOVERY, NUMBER OF BENEFICIARIES, COST SHARING, WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WATER SECTOR, INVESTMENT PROJECT, COSTS, MONTHLY WATER BILL, LOCAL ROADS, COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION, TRAFFIC VOLUME, WATER CONSERVATION, RURAL TRANSPORT, MAINTENANCE “COSTS, MAINTENANCE OBLIGATIONS, FUEL, BRIDGE, MAINTENANCE OF ASSETS, LOCAL COMMUNITY, OPERATIONAL COSTS, WATER METERS, HEAVY VEHICLES, SANITATION SERVICES, ROAD SECTOR, WATER PROJECTS, ROADS, MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS, RURAL TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE, REGULATORY AGENCY, POLICIES, COMMUNITY WATER SUPPLY, COMMUNITY SANITATION, ACCESS TO SERVICES, HEAVY TRUCKS, CENTRAL GOVERNMENT, VEHICLES, SAFETY, WATER SYSTEMS, SAFE DRINKING WATER, HOUSEHOLDS, TOLLS, INVESTMENT COSTS, RURAL COMMUNITIES, MAINTENANCE COSTS, POTABLE WATER, GRANTS, MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS, TRAINING, PRIVATE COMPANIES, RURAL WATER, TRAFFIC, RURAL ROADS, HOUSEHOLD CONNECTIONS, LOCAL TRANSPORT, UTILITIES, SYSTEMS, TRANSPORT COSTS, JETTIES, NONMOTORIZED TRANSPORT, LOCAL AUTHORITIES, TRUCKS, ROAD MAINTENANCE, HAND PUMP, WATER QUALITY, WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS, WATER SUPPLY, MAINTENANCE CONTRACTS, TARIFF SETTING, PRIVATE OPERATORS, INSPECTION, CASH FLOWS, TRANSPORT, TRANSPORTATION, MAINTENANCE WORKERS, SMALL TOWN, SMALL TOWNS, LOCAL CONTRACTORS, LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS, INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS
Abstract

This paper is organized into three main sections. Section one presents the background, objectives, scope, and limitations of the study. It also provides a general definition of OM and presents prototypical OM arrangements for rural CDD and community-based subprojects. Section two presents the detailed case studies for the seven selected projects. Section three summarizes the conclusions from the review and recommends steps for moving ahead. Five annexes provide extra background information, including the complete list of projects from which the seven main case studies were selected, as well as: examples of maintenance requirements for rural infrastructure; considerations for task teams planning for OM design and implementation; sample OM measures and timelines; and links to OM materials.

Published
2015

5. Results Readiness in Social Protection and Labor Operations : Technical Guidance Notes for Social Funds Task Teams

Author

Van Domelen, Julie

Subjects
BASELINE INDICATORS, DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES, SEVERANCE PAY, MODERN CONTRACEPTIVES, SPILLOVER, PROGRAM EFFECTS, UNEMPLOYMENT, INCOME, EMPLOYMENT BENEFITS, HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT, RESPONSE TO CRISES, MALNUTRITION, PENSION, FACILITY SURVEYS, GOVERNMENT CAPACITY, INTERVENTIONS, PUBLIC PROVISION, TRANSPARENCY, SERVICE DELIVERY, LABOR SUPPLY, IMMUNIZATIONS, COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, PUBLIC SERVICES, LABOR MARKET PROGRAMS, SERVICE QUALITY, SOCIAL INVESTMENT, SOCIAL FUND PROJECTS, SETTLEMENTS, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, BENEFICIARY ASSESSMENTS, HEALTH FACILITIES, SERVICE PROVIDER, ELDERLY, POVERTY LEVEL, PARTICIPATORY POVERTY ASSESSMENTS, DISTRICTS, INFORMATION SYSTEM, POVERTY REDUCTION, TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT, HOSPITALS, COMMUNITY SERVICES, LIVING CONDITIONS, LABOR LAWS, SKILLS DEVELOPMENT, COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT, TARGETING, HEALTH EDUCATION, POSTCONFLICT SETTING, CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE, IMPACT EVALUATION, AUDITS, OUTPUT INDICATORS, BLOCK GRANTS, EMERGENCY PLAN, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, HEALTH CENTER, MONITORING DATA, IMPACT MONITORING, INTERMEDIATE OUTCOMES, NATIONAL GOALS, LEGAL ASSISTANCE, SOCIAL MOBILIZATION, VILLAGES, NATIONAL LEVELS, ESSENTIAL DRUGS, YOUTH, HEALTH CARE, SAFETY, ORPHANS, SAFE DRINKING WATER, RESPECT, SOCIAL SAFETY NETS, DEVELOPMENT PLANS, NATURAL DISASTERS, SECONDARY SCHOOL, INCOME TRANSFERS, CONTRACEPTIVES, PROJECT OBJECTIVES, RECONSTRUCTION PROJECT, LABOR MARKETS, SOCIAL ACTION FUND, MORTALITY RATE, NEEDS ASSESSMENT, CORRUPTION, HIV, COMMUNES, WATER SUPPLY, MEANS TEST, SOCIAL CAPITAL, SOCIAL INSURANCE, UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE, CASH TRANSFER, BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE, GENDER, FLEXIBILITY, SOCIAL WELFARE, LIVELIHOODS, DESCRIPTION, TRACER STUDIES, INFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENTS, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, POOR, COMMUNITY CAPACITY, SOCIOECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE, INTERMEDIATE INDICATORS, INSURANCE POLICIES, EMERGENCY RESPONSE, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, LOCAL CAPACITY, OUTCOME INDICATORS, CHRONIC MALNUTRITION, LOCALITIES, PERFORMANCE INDICATORS, PROJECT MANAGEMENT, SUPPLY SYSTEMS, SOCIAL PROGRAM, SAVINGS ACCOUNTS, BASIC SOCIAL SERVICES, IMPROVEMENTS IN HEALTH, IMPACT ASSESSMENT, SOCIAL ACTION, INTERVENTION, ELIGIBLE COMMUNITIES, RISK MANAGEMENT, PRIMARY EDUCATION, LIVING STANDARDS, BENEFICIARY, CONDITIONAL CASH, BASIC EDUCATION, DROPOUT, SANITATION, ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE, JOB LOSS, NUTRITION PROGRAM, MARRIED WOMEN, PROGRESS, SCHOOL COMPLETION, LABOR MARKET, SAFETY NET, MORTALITY, EARLY CHILDHOOD, WORKS PROGRAM, JOB TRAINING, NUMBER OF WOMEN, PROJECT MONITORING, SOCIAL SECURITY, FORMAL EMPLOYMENT, NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS, VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS, VULNERABLE GROUPS, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, SKILLED HEALTH PERSONNEL, LOCAL INFRASTRUCTURE, SOCIAL POLICY, LOCAL COMMUNITY, NATIONAL STRATEGY, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, SOCIAL SERVICE, ACCESS TO EDUCATION, FOOD SECURITY, SELF HELP, CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS, HEALTH WORKERS, ACCESS TO SERVICES, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, CITIZEN, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, PRENATAL CARE, SOCIAL FUND, SOCIAL PROTECTION, HUMAN RESOURCES, MEANS TESTING, SOCIAL RISK, QUALITY OF SERVICES, PROCESS INDICATORS, VULNERABLE CHILDREN, COUNTERFACTUAL, PRIMARY SCHOOL, COMMUNITY GROUPS, TRANSFER PAYMENTS, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES, REPEATERS, EMERGENCY FOOD, ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA, POOR SETTLEMENTS, SCHOOL ENROLLMENT, ICR, LABOR FORCE, SAVINGS, CAPACITY BUILDING, PUBLIC WORKS, SOCIAL AUDITS, DISCRIMINATION, INCOME SUPPORT
Abstract

Social funds represent a diverse universe of World Bank projects. Social funds are defined as agencies or programs that channel grants to communities for small scale development projects. Social funds typically finance some mixture of socio economic infrastructure (e.g. building or rehabilitating schools, health centers, water supply systems,), productive investments (e.g. micro?finance and income generating projects), social services (e.g. supporting nutrition campaigns, literacy programs, youth training, support to the elderly and disabled), and capacity building programs (e.g., training for community based organizations, nongovernmental organizations, and local governments). Social Fund programs are demand driven and aim to involve the active participation of several local actors, often using a community driven development approach. The main goal is usually to address the needs of poor and vulnerable communities while building social capital and empowerment at the local level. Social funds have several features that place them in the social protection (SP) realm. They typically target poor communities and/or vulnerable households. They finance social risk management interventions like temporary employment generation and expanded access to basic services by the poorest. Social funds are often employed to address immediate post?conflict needs and responses to natural disasters.

Published
2011

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