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Over a quarter of adults in the United States live with a disability. Historically, disability was contextualized from the lens of a medical model, which identifies disability solely as impairment for the individual and should be treated or eradicated. Individuals with disabilities have been seen as abnormal and a threat to the family system. Critical Disability Theory challenges this thought by suggesting that disability is a social construct in which one's environment prioritizes able bodies. Although numerous accommodations have been mandated by the Americans with Disabilities Act, the environment of an individual living with disabilities frequently fails to meet their needs, including the family therapy office. Universal Design (UD) is a design strategy that increases access for individuals of all abilities, mental states, and learning types. Utilizing UD principles in family therapy settings can increase client engagement, representation, and learning in a in a safe, accessible environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A collaboration between campus partners including the center for teaching and learning and a fee-based student learning support program set out to engage faculty in an educational campaign aimed at designing inclusive classrooms for neurodiverse students. The Neurodiversity Institute, a two-day interactive experience, provides faculty with tools to support neurodiverse students in the classroom, while cultivating sustained change beyond their participation in the Institute. Participants are tasked with developing deliverables aimed at self-reflection and growth, departmental engagement, and strategic planning for more systemic changes to practice. Findings indicated that faculty who engage with this program report a better understanding of key terms including accessibility, neurodiversity, and Universal Design for Learning (UDL). Moreover, the requirement that participants engage their department and plan strategically resulted in innovative approaches to serving neurodiverse students at the department level. This article discusses the goals of the program, findings from post-institute surveys, and recommendations for other institutions striving to change the culture and improve the educational experience for neurodiverse students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the incidence of theoretical content in Universal Design. Jones and Gregor's structure of design theory is applied to selected Universal Design works with theoretical content. The Jones and Gregor model of design theory is outlined and explained. Having checked a selection of thirty-seven articles and papers selected for theoretical content, it was found that such content can be fragmentary and not clearly identified. Universal Design work from the Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) field conforms more clearly than other research to Jones and Gregor's structure. This might reflect an unaddressed difference in research philosophies in universal design for products such as assistive technology and accessible product design compared to universal design for HCI. It is concluded that design researchers working on design for disability and universal access need to explicitly identify the structure of their theoretical content. This will aid translation from theory to design practice and to improve theory-building and refinement which is one aim of design research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Housing is the most regulated type of building. Standards significantly influence the design and construction quality, often making universal design more expensive and challenging to implement. This study aims to review current Spanish regulations on accessibility in the housing sector, to promote non-discriminatory and independent access, while ensuring the safety of each resident. The research is exploratory and qualitative, involving a systematic bibliographic review through an exhaustive search of regulations in force until December 2023. In Spain, there are three laws (from 1999, 1960 and 2022), three decrees (from 2006, 2013 and 2015) and a national plan from the regulatory framework. The main regulation, the Technical Building Code, outlines the accessibility, safety and habitability requirements that buildings must adhere to. The most recent is Law 6/2022 on Cognitive Accessibility. Spain has robust legislation with innovative approaches and ambitious goals. However, there is a lack of societal awareness that housing is a fundamental right and that the regulations must be upheld. Several proposals for improvement have been made. These suggested changes address the specific challenges of each region and promote more inclusive and adaptable projects for all people from the early stages of design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Africa is considered an economically progressive country, meaning it is slowly exiting the third world and transitioning towards the developing world. With this comes many challenges, some rooted in transportation. Around 80% of South Africans solely rely on public transportation (PT) and are dependent on private minibus taxis. There is little knowledge and evidence on the fluidity and integration of motorised transport systems with non-motorised transport (NMT) in South Africa. Consequently, this work assessed the implementation of NMT and PT in Ekurhuleni. The study adopted a case study research design by analysing the Harambee BRT through a qualitative approach using desktop studies and semi-structured interviews with key informants involved in the project. The work identified five aspects of accessibility (application of the inclusive cities paradigm), safety (sufficient lighting, signage and frequent patrolling by law enforcement), infrastructure (Information and Communications Technology (ICT), walkways, pedestrian bridges, dedicated bus lanes, paving, and tact tiles, universal design principles and an Ekucard system), sustainability (promoting healthier lifestyles and the cost effectiveness of the transport system) and public involvement as the core elements which created a model that needs to be implemented in future projects in order to effectively integrate NMT and PT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to explore the transformative potential of universal design (UD) principles in changing servicescapes to enhance consumer experiences and foster inclusive practices across various sectors. Design/methodology/approach: Drawing from existing literature and research findings, this study offers a review of inclusive servicescapes and service practices through the lens of UD. The investigation spans multiple domains to highlight the impact of UD principles on inclusivity and societal welfare. Findings: This research delves into the theoretical and practical contributions of UD principles, showcasing their application in diverse sectors to enhance citizenship experiences. This study presents valuable insights for businesses and service providers, emphasizing the significance of UD in improving societal well-being and fostering inclusivity. Research limitations/implications: This study broadens the theoretical framework of UD, showcasing its versatility across various sectors and reinforcing its contribution to enhancing societal inclusion. By analyzing the interplay between UD principles and inclusive servicescape practices, this study highlights UD's transformative impact on enriching citizenship experiences and fostering a deeper sense of belonging. Drawing from seminal works, this research not only adds to the understanding of UD's role in promoting inclusivity but also strengthens the linkage between UD and inclusion theory, advancing the discourse on design's pivotal role in facilitating societal participation and crafting inclusive environments. Practical implications: The findings of this study provide practical guidance for businesses and service providers to incorporate UD principles into servicescapes and service practices, enhancing consumer experiences. By referencing examples from education, retail and digital domains, this study offers insights for organizations seeking to create more inclusive and accessible environments. Social implications: The societal implications of incorporating UD principles into marketplace practices are significant, promoting societal inclusivity and acceptance of diversity. By emphasizing the role of UD in fostering inclusive servicescapes, this study contributes to societal initiatives to ensure inclusivity and accessibility in the marketplace, ultimately enhancing the well-being of individuals with diverse abilities and promoting a more equitable society. Originality/value: Building on existing literature, this study expands the understanding of UD and its potential impact on citizenship experiences. By anchoring the research on established perspectives and incorporating practical examples, this study offers original insights into the transformative power of UD in creating more inclusive and equitable societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of digital formats has revolutionized teaching and learning approaches in the constantly changing field of higher education. The Universal Design for Learning (UDL) paradigm, which prioritizes offering many methods of presenting information, promoting active participation, and enabling diverse forms of expression, has become essential in promoting inclusive education. This article examines how the use of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) in digital media improves accessibility and learning outcomes in higher education. This article seeks to offer a thorough overview of the tactics and their efficacy by amalgamating recent peerreviewed studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Housing is the most regulated type of building. Standards significantly influence the design and construction quality, often making universal design more expensive and challenging to implement. This study aims to review current Spanish regulations on accessibility in the housing sector, to promote non-discriminatory and independent access, while ensuring the safety of each resident. The research is exploratory and qualitative, involving a systematic bibliographic review through an exhaustive search of regulations in force until December 2023. In Spain, there are three laws (from 1999, 1960 and 2022), three decrees (from 2006, 2013 and 2015) and a national plan from the regulatory framework. The main regulation, the Technical Building Code, outlines the accessibility, safety and habitability requirements that buildings must adhere to. The most recent is Law 6/2022 on Cognitive Accessibility. Spain has robust legislation with innovative approaches and ambitious goals. However, there is a lack of societal awareness that housing is a fundamental right and that the regulations must be upheld. Several proposals for improvement have been made. These suggested changes address the specific challenges of each region and promote more inclusive and adaptable projects for all people from the early stages of design.

The accessibility of public utility buildings, including transportation infrastructure, especially railways, is a prerequisite for the independent functioning of individuals with diverse needs. Despite the enactment of the law in 2019 and its enforcement since September 2021, both architectural and digital accessibility, as well as information and communication accessibility, often fail to meet its requirements. Ensuring accessibility is undoubtedly a long-term process. It is easiest to achieve by designing new facilities in accordance with universal design principles, and somewhat more challenging when modernizing existing ones. Transportation, and therefore railway infrastructure, such as stations, terminals, and platforms, plays a crucial role in social life. This article presents various design strategies, with a particular emphasis on universal and inclusive design. It highlights the differences and similarities and demonstrates the validity of their application to ensure transport accessibility. General requirements for railway infrastructure accessibility are formulated, while detailed requirements specific to these types of facilities are incorporated into the developed accessibility assessment method, which has been implemented in a selected example of existing infrastructure. The article also presents the results of surveys on the accessibility of railway transportation for people with disabilities, confirming the need for auditing railway infrastructure. The results obtained allowed for the identification of the most common barriers that hinder individuals with diverse needs from using railway transportation freely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the Sustainable Development Goals stipulate that persons with disabilities have equal rights to access and safely use transport systems. The aim of the current study is to explore stakeholders' perspectives of the relationship and prioritization between safety and accessibility in the Swedish discussion of disability and transport. The data consist of interviews with 15 informants from the National Council for Disability and Transport and other key stakeholders. Reflexive thematic analysis led to identification of four themes: basis for priorities is a matter of governing; challenges to measuring and evaluating different values; importance of knowledge and building forums; and a universal system of accessibility and safety is a challenge. The results indicate the road ahead for a possible holistic and sustainable governance in the transport systems. However, how this will be put into practise is not yet defined. Points of interest: According to several regulations, persons with disabilities have equal rights to safety and accessibility in the transport system. However, there are challenges to combining different concepts and perspectives. Lack of mandates for institutions to address both safety and accessibility leads to goal conflicts and a risk that focuses become entrenched with clearly defined boundaries. There are challenges in evaluating different values and perspectives in relation to accessibility. A facilitating aspect for sustainability regarding safety and accessibility is to create opportunities and systems to allow for the exchange of knowledge. Integration of safety and accessibility may be encouraged by the use of existing sets of holistic approaches (i.e. Vision Zero and Universal Design). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence's (AI's) capacity for pattern recognition and automation in its decision making distinguishes this technology from conventional educational technology (U.S. Department of Education, 2023), and special education leaders need to provide guidance on how to critically evaluate the integration of AI tools into the instructional design process. We reviewed the definition of inclusion as presented in a national study conducted by The National Center on Educational Restructuring and Inclusion (1995) and isolated accessibility and equity as key values for supporting inclusion within instructional design. We explored the Universal Design for Learning instructional planning process document (UDL-IRN) for the presence of accessibility and equity as instructional values to develop guidance on instructional considerations reflective of ethics when adopting AI to the educational process. We synthesized the ethical foundations presented by the United States Department of Education's Office of Information Technology and the Universal Design for Learning instructional planning process (UDL-IRN) in conjunction with modified ethical assessments from the intelligent-technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge model developed by Celik (2023). We introduce an artificial intelligence ethical pedagogy aligned with inclusion values isolated from the instructional design document presented by Universal Design for Learning (2011). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact and effectiveness of educational Universally Designed (UD) Augmented Reality (AR) applications compared to traditional paper-based counterparts. The study evaluates accessibility, usability, user experience, and short-term learning outcomes in marine biology, human anatomy, and cultural history. Thirty-six participants with diverse skills and abilities, including visual impairments and dyslexia, participated in two experiments. The findings reveal that UD-designed AR applications significantly improve accessibility and usability for users with special needs and enhance learning performance for sighted users, particularly in spatial tasks. Users with dyslexia demonstrated effective information recall, while blind users could interact with and learn from the AR content without needing third-party assistive technologies, which is not possible with paper-based solutions. This study underscores the importance of incorporating UD principles in AR development to enhance accessibility and usability, ensuring that immersive technologies facilitate digital inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a conceptual prototype that integrates Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Augmented Reality (AR) with the principles of Universal Design (UD) to enhance decision-making in everyday scenarios for a diverse user base, eliminating the need for conventional text or voice AI interfaces. The study employed a mixed-method approach, including surveys, user testing, and interviews with eight participants from various age groups. The focus was on user interaction styles (head-mounted, handheld) within three everyday scenarios: 1) medication assistance, 2) food and beverage assistance, and 3) sustainability advocacy. Findings revealed that AR as an interface for AI was well-received for its intuitiveness and practical utility. However, users expressed concerns about privacy, the discomfort of wearable technology, and potential over-reliance on AI. This study demonstrates the potential of integrating AR as an interface for AI, combined with UD principles, to create inclusive, context-aware solutions, adaptable to users with diverse skills and abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design and implementation of VRinDanger, a universally designed (UD) educational virtual reality (VR) application aimed at providing an inclusive and immersive learning experience focused on the world's deadliest animals. A mixed-methods study involving participants with diverse ages, skills, and abilities was conducted to evaluate the application's accessibility, usability, user experience, and educational effectiveness in terms of learning outcomes. The findings demonstrate that integrating UD principles into VR design significantly improves accessibility, enhances user satisfaction, and promotes engagement and retention of educational content for diverse audiences. Furthermore, the study highlights the need for cost-effective, cross-platform VR solutions and the development of VR-specific accessibility guidelines. These insights contribute to the advancement of inclusive VR design and its broader application in educational technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gesture-based screen readers like VoiceOver or TalkBack provide visually impaired users with a means to interact with digital content. However, there is a significant lack of both strategies and resources for teaching the use of these screen readers, and standardized teaching guidelines are notably absent. Furthermore, there is no free, universally designed, and accessible app for practicing gestures in mobile screen readers. This study aims to identify best practice strategies for teaching and practicing the use of gesture-based screen readers among visually impaired users, based on observations from an IT course directed at visually impaired individuals. Moreover, we present common challenges related to usability, attitudes, emotions, technical aspects, and user guidance and education, as well as key traits and facilitators for learning gesture-based screen readers. Lastly, we assess the feasibility of an app to practice gestures and propose a framework for a gesture practice app to enhance user accuracy and patience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents how employees in a governmental organization strive towards incorporating universal design into their work practices when developing digital solutions - and what workplace aspects helps and hinders them in their efforts to ensure the digital services they build are accessible for all users. A case study of the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration (NAV) indicate that ensuring universal design in organizations entails activities far beyond WCAG testing. For NAV, cross-disciplinary stream-aligned teams appears a driving factor for universal design, as is widespread collegial support and easy-to-use resources. We further hypothesize that SWOT analyses could help identify threats and opportunities for promoting universal design in organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have developed an 11-question self-assessment test that predicts whether a team is likely to develop accessible digital solutions - or not - based on the characteristics of the development processes. Our results indicate the test can predict both successes and failures with regards to accessibility of digital solutions. As such, teams and product leaders now have an easy way to identify whether the team's knowledge, practices and mindset makes them likely to deliver accessible digital solutions. Further, the test identify which changes are needed for the team to better ensure digital accessibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Norway the vision and principles of Universal Design have in an amazingly short time grown deep roots in public management and laws, as well as in the general attitude. This is partly due to political will and pressure, but also to the role played by the disability NGOs. The challenges come when political processes are pushed forward without sufficient involvement, be it people with various impairments or the cultural heritage sector. This paper, built upon a Master's degree in Inclusive Architecture, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, (1) is a discourse analysis of the process of making the Akershus Castle accessible, the most important historic monument in Oslo and a site of government receptions. The case illustrates the changes in law, heritage principles, and politics, but even more the dynamics of the process that went on for more than a decade, involving the highest political and heritage authorities, the importance of words and communication, and the play for hegemony leading up to the final solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Architecture has always aimed to improve the quality of life for people by enhancing their interaction with the built environment. This applies not only to domestic settings but also to significant structures that represent our cultural heritage. However, the interaction between accessibility and cultural heritage may seem complex and challenging, even impossible at times. Cultural heritage is an essential part of our collective history and cultural identity. It is crucial to ensure that everyone can fully participate and enjoy it, especially when cultural heritage is integrated into people's daily lives, according to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Moreover, improving the accessibility of cultural heritage objects enhances society's appreciation of immovable cultural heritage, emphasizing its significance and visibility. This conforms to the strategic objectives of the World Heritage Convention. This paper discusses the international standard known as ISO 5727 which aims to improve the accessibility of immovable cultural heritage in accordance with a Universal Design approach (UD). ISO 5727, currently under development within the framework of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), is based on the Spanish standard, the UNE 41531 IN, published in 2018. The purpose of the standard is to provide general and technical criteria and a methodology for interventions in immovable cultural heritage to facilitate its use and enjoyment for all people. The standard should be considered in both restoration and rehabilitation projects, as well as in specific accessibility interventions. However, it should be noted that the standard does not cover accessibility measures related to management, like services, and maintenance. Nonetheless, it has been considered that these may be necessary complements or alternatives to the first. To carry out interventions effectively, it is advisable to adhere to a systematic approach towards the process and documentation involved. Firstly, accessibility objectives should be established. Then strategies to improve accessibility should be identified to focus on the purpose of the intervention. An analysis based on the current state of the cultural object, including its heritage values and accessibility conditions, would serve as a basis for establishing proposals for action. Once the options have been assessed jointly and comparatively, with the validation of all stakeholders-including users regardless of their abilities, age, or background- the proposals that can form part of an intervention plan can be decided on. The intervention plan will establish a set of measures that will configure the accessibility chain to meet the objectives of the intervention. ISO 5727 is conceived as a useful tool to enhance the conservation of immovable cultural heritage and to balance the achievement of specific social goals with the preservation of cultural values. This project is developed with the belief that accessibility can improve and expand the cultural and functional potential of cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public budgets are limited and priorities must be made between competing projects. Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is the standard tool to assess projects and prioritise between them, as is done, e.g., in national transport plans. Universal design (UD) is typically a legal requirement in new investments and their benefits and contribution in CBA have usually not received much attention. Therefore, there is a risk that benefits are underestimated in projects that include UD elements and that these projects are subsequently ranked lower than what they ought to according to CBA performance. In this paper, we develop a user-friendly methodology for CBA of UD projects in public transport and walk/cycle infrastructure which aligns with national handbooks and guidelines for project appraisal. It contains five core elements: 1. User benefit. User benefit stems from valuation studies and are summarized and discounted over an assessment period, which in Norway is 40 years. This includes annual real price adjustments and the use of a discount rate according to guidelines. 2. Non-user effects. The degree to which UD projects affect other travellers, this (dis)benefit is accounted for. 3. Costs. Budget costs include investment and possible reinvestment at the end of economic life and annual operation and maintenance costs. These are summarized and discounted over the analysis period. Residual value after 40 years is subtracted. 4. Demand. Increases in walking and cycling have health benefits. Moreover, demand diverted from motorized transport and car to public transport, walking and cycling will affect external costs of road congestion, emissions, and accidents. 5. Shadow prices. According to Norwegian practice, the use of public funds has an inefficiency cost. Therefore, we add a shadow price on money from the public purse. With worked examples, we demonstrate that UD projects in transport are indeed available for CBA appraisal. What is more, they compete surprisingly well with alternative uses of public budgets. In fact, UD projects outperform most other transport projects in Norway when considering their cost-benefit performance. Money spent on UD gives more welfare back to society than most other uses within the transport sector. This means that UD need not only be a legal requirement in new installations. UD can also compete with, and be prioritized over, other transport investments and projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Associations for people with disabilities in Norway receive much feedback about negative experiences with travel. Little research has been done on this topic, and thus there is little knowledge about what can be done to improve these experiences. In this study, we have mapped travel experiences of people with disabilities and attitudes from employees in the tourism industry with two digital surveys. The questions were created in a workshop by collaboration with researchers, user representatives from a national association for people with disabilities, and employees from the tourism industry. The results show that some of the employees' attitudes that are perceived as discriminatory by guests with disabilities are paradoxically caused by fear of doing something wrong. There seemed also to be a need for more knowledge about invisible disabilities, and a company-level and practice-based strategy for implementation of universal design in the customer service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals with balance disorders are often an overlooked population in discussions surrounding universal design. Balance disorders encompass a wide range of conditions, affecting individuals across demographics and significantly impacting their mobility and independence. Despite their prevalence and potential severity, limited guidance exists for designing spaces that effectively cater to these varied needs. This paper aims to address this critical knowledge gap by investigating the challenges faced by this diverse group in navigating their built outdoor environment, and thereby contribute valuable insights to the development of evidence-based universal design standards that better support individuals with balance disorders. Employing a combined methodological approach, this paper describes a study in which a literature review has been utilized to establish an understanding of balance disorders and their impact on navigating environments. Furthermore, it expands upon this knowledge by gathering firsthand experiences and perspectives through individual surveys, focus groups, and observations. This multifaceted approach captures diverse data on travel habits, route selection strategies, and the limitations imposed by balance disorders. The research goes beyond simply identifying challenges; it delves into the complex sensory experiences of individuals with balance disorders, including light sensitivity, dizziness, vertigo, and disorientation caused by uneven surfaces, fluctuating light conditions, and excessive noise. A crucial element of this research is recognizing the heterogeneity within the population with balance disorders. Different individuals experience varying combinations of symptoms, leading to diverse needs and preferences in their surroundings. By analyzing this data, critical design shortcomings that contribute to navigation difficulties, as well as areas of design conflicts, are identified. Actionable recommendations for improvement and solutions to achieve a balance between the often-contrasting needs within this population are explored and proposed. Ultimately, this research aims to create a universally designed environment that fosters greater independence and participation in society for all individuals with balance disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the proposition of requiring students to hand in universally designed coursework and the transferrable benefits of accessibility audits. Coursework that adheres to universal design (UD) principles will be more accessible to fellow students and teachers. In this study we investigate if the universal design perspective can have positive side effects as a vessel for plagiarism detection. An experiment confirmed that an accessibility checking tool indeed can help flag some cheating attempts that go undetected by the plagiarism detection tool, but not all. Universal designed coursework requirements may prevent students from exploiting several of these cheating techniques. Through the process of preparing universally designed assignments, students will gain practice, knowledge, increased competence, and awareness of UD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Swedish policy, Universal design (UD) is implemented as a guiding principle. This paper explores the conditions for co-creation when authorities and civil society collaborate. The empirical basis comes from qualitative analysis of interviews, go-alongs, group discussions, and change-oriented workshops in three urban development projects concerning the re-design of public spaces and buildings in three Swedish cities. Collaboration between municipalities and local disability organisations was formal and established but different expectations of organisations' capacity and opportunities for influence, caused misunderstandings and mistrust. Interpretation of personal disability experience entailed ambiguity concerning roles and legitimacy. Hence, this paper considers UD a collaborative process, operating beyond regulatory compliance, transcending conventional categorisations, and inspiring and fostering commitment of a diverse population. It concludes that disability experience should be integrated into design processes in an intersectional way, as one of many experiences. That is in line with the CRPD, regarding persons with disabilities as equals and as contributors to cohesion and community building. Such a process requires co-creation where equals contribute to the common process but also reflection on the goals of community participation, and recognizing the needs of personal support and interaction. Since co-creation is a multifaceted, sometimes confusing, and idealistic concept, this paper suggests clarity, distinguished roles, and training of visualization abilities. Constraints of organisational asymmetry and challenges of engaging participants must be considered for developing a realistic view of co-creation. However, openness for learning between and beyond specific projects may develop equitable collaboration. For mutual and sustainable learning, the future usage phase must inform the design process. This positions UD in relation to co-creation as both a space of design possibilities and a human rights concept for an ethically reflected practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we aim to contribute to an enhanced theoretical ground for Universal Design (UD) by examining the concept of "inclusion", presenting a conceptual critique of it based on our research on categorisation and UD, and proposing a way forward. This study is based on a comprehensive analysis of a range of photographs related to inclusion and exclusion collected during five recent research projects. We employ theories on categorisation and UD to inform our critique and discussion of inclusion. The findings show that inclusion 1) entails categorisational ambivalence, 2) upholds patterns of norm and deviation, and 3) results in power being redone, rather than undone. Consequently, inclusion becomes paradoxical, where efforts to promote equity and empowerment simultaneously become another reification of existing power structures and marginalisation. To address this issue, we propose moving beyond "inclusion" to "nonclusion" and the corresponding "nonclusive design" as a foundation for UD. This entails a shift in categorisation towards design that resists categorisations of bodies, persons, and roles. We argue that such a shift can usher in a new paradigm regarding how the path towards a society where everyone belongs can be conceptualised and realised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Denmark, the local disability councils are encouraged to develop municipal disability policies in alignment with the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. These councils are often involved in public building and infrastructure projects. Inspired by Carol Bacchi's strategy for policy analysis, 'What's the problem represented to be? this paper studies and compares municipal disability policies and Disabled People's Organisations Denmark (DPOD)'s first policy on Universal design (UD) and accessibility. The findings reveal that the municipal disability policies predominantly focus on accessibility, with only a few addressing UD. Among those that do, there are varying interpretations of UD, such as a concept for housing. In contrast, the policy of DPOD embraces UD more comprehensively. The problem represented - 'the environment is not accessible for everyone, and everyone cannot participate' - and the use of UD as the solution indicate a paradigm shift towards inclusivity, focusing on everyone rather than just people with physical disabilities. The paper suggests that UD, as presented in the DOPD policy can be seen as an approach to spatial justice for all. This approach appears essential for the disability movement, though it is though-provoking that is has taken so long to be adopted. Better late than never. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

186 countries have ratified The Convention on Rights of People with Disabilities (CRPD) since 2006. Sweden ratified the CRPD in 2008, Denmark in 2009, and Norway in 2013. In the context of the United Nations, the concept of Universal Design (UD) introduced in the CRPD is new. Previously, accessibility was the dominant concept. By ratifying the CRPD, these three countries have agreed to initiate or advocate for research and development aimed at utilising UD when designing goods, services, equipment, and facilities. Additionally, they have committed to encouraging the integration of UD in the formulation of standards and guidelines. As a starting point for a future debate about the research part, this paper studies the uptake of UD in national policy in the three countries. The findings show that the approach in each country differs. Norway quickly developed their own version of UD (that has been critisised by scholars), thus choosing a top-down approach. By contrast, Denmark has been reluctant and is still using the concept of accessibility, waiting for the different sectors to adopt the concept of UD in their own way - as a kind of bottom-up strategy. While Sweden, has chosen another approach between these two strategies focusing on UD as a guiding principle, accessibility, and a third concept: usability. Finally, the paper discusses these approaches in relation to the built environment, using a framework that distinguishes between and act (like a process) and a state (as a result). All three counties are characterised by a dual focus on both act and state in line with the literature; however, the state dominates. The paper argues that we must acknowledge this duality but focus more on the process-related aspect to further develop UD as a human right concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Entrepreneurial endeavours often begin with entrepreneurship training. Such trainings, however, remain largely inaccessible to Persons with Disabilities (PWDs), and thus, their entrepreneurial potential remains untapped. This comprehensive literature review examines the barriers to entrepreneurship education for PWDs and identifies strategies to overcome these challenges. The review follows the systematic approach of the PRISMA 2020 Statement, using five databases, including Scopus, JSTOR, ProQuest, DOAJ, and Google Scholar. A total of 2140 articles dating back 10 years were identified, screened, and evaluated, and 17 of them were selected and synthesized to inform the findings. The key findings highlight a spectrum of barriers, including inadequate access to quality education, difficulty in customizing entrepreneurship programs, issues related to both physical and digital access, financial barriers, and the influence of societal norms and self-perception. They also identify strategies to make entrepreneurship education more inclusive, such as applying universal design principles, tailoring education to individual needs, shifting towards active learner-centred methodologies, leveraging information technology, and fostering supportive communities. This review is a practical reference for institutions, organizations, and individuals endeavouring to enhance the inclusivity of entrepreneurship training programs. It also provides a theoretical framework for the already identified requirements of PWDs for entrepreneurship training and presents further opportunities through current limitations and suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the usability of tourism website interfaces based on universal design principles, focusing on the growing need for accessibility. The hypothesis defines that altering the layout and increasing the contrast of interface elements will improve the speed at which users find and comprehend information. The research methodology includes an analysis of two tourism interfaces. They were tested by study participant using an eye tracker and the LUT survey. The WAVE tool was used to assess accessibility. The results, presented through heat maps, fixation paths, graphs and surveys, demonstrate that component positioning and increased contrast significantly enhance users' ability to quickly locate elements in the tourism application.

The aim of this study was to explore how people with impairments perceived the accessibility of information regarding the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden and what improvements they suggest to ensure accessibility of information in future societal crises. The study had a descriptive design, involving interviews and focus group discussions with people with impairments and their representative organisations, alongside analysis of public crisis information websites. The results showed that while many people with impairments could use their usual information channels, other found that the adapted information they needed was missing and that the government agencies, regional healthcare organisations and local municipalities were unprepared to produce accessible information. In conclusion, society exhibited shortcomings in providing accessible information to people with impairments during the COVID-19 pandemic. The responsible authorities seemed unprepared to provide accessible information. Proactive planning and training are imperative to ensure the provision of accessible information in future crises.

As governments embark on providing their services online (e‐Government services), it is imperative for them to ensure that these services remain accessible to all online users. Prior studies have demonstrated that providing accessible online services remains a challenge for most governments, and more so for developing countries. This study seeks to identify and better understand the factors influencing the design and implementation of accessible e‐Government services. The study employed qualitative semi‐structured interviews in order to collect primary data from twelve government employees working as developers, designers, business analysts, and the management team. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis. This study identifies two key factors influencing the design and implementation of accessible e‐Government services, namely: organizational structures and stakeholder supporting structures. Furthermore, the findings explain how these factors affect the current practices of designing and implementing accessible e‐Government services. Four practices in use were recognized as instrumental in the design and implementation of accessible e‐Government services. These are: (i) championing accessibility; (ii) adoption of an omni‐channel approach, as well as digital learning and awareness; (iii) development of inhouse guidelines and best practices, as well as support for developing assistive technologies; (iv) and lastly, reflective practices. The study discusses the implications of these findings for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retrofitting facilities for the Paralympic Games remains essential for ensuring equal opportunities and inclusivity for athletes and spectators. This paper examines the significance of retrofitting initiatives in creating accessible sports environments. By modifying existing venues, these efforts accommodate the unique needs of individuals with disabilities, enhancing both athlete participation and the spectator experience. Key retrofitting strategies, such as installing wheelchair ramps and accessible seating, contribute to a more equitable environment. Addressing the specific needs of Paralympic athletes and spectators demonstrates a commitment to inclusivity in sports. Beyond the Paralympic Games, retrofitted facilities set a standard for future events and public venues, promoting societal inclusivity. This paper highlights how retrofitting fosters equality in both sports and society, emphasizing its role in advancing an inclusive and accessible future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with disabilities must be considered as one of the Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque user groups. This happens because of the lack of accessible facilities and it is not in accordance with the standards set by the government. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a research to determine whether the Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque has met the accessibility criteria. The research aims to determine the accessibility of the Sheikh Zayed grand mosque. The results of the assessment are used as a basis for making improvements in the mosque accessibility. The method used is filling out an accessibility check sheet. The checklists are developed from the regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Housing of the Republic of Indonesia number 14/PRT/M/2017 and universal design. The level of accessibility is also determined based on the same regulation and universal design. The areas studied include: circulation/corridor, entrance/exit, ramp, stair/lift, handrail, wudu area, toilet, prayer room, parking area, as well as signs and information. The results of the accessibility index assessment showed that six areas of the mosque were categorized as accessible, two areas of the mosque were categorized as less accessible, and two areas of the mosque were categorized as inaccessible. Proposed improvements were made to the circulation area, ramps, stairs/elevators, handrails, wudhu areas, toilets, prayer rooms, parking areas, as well as signs and information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pedestrian pathways should be designed to meet the needs of regular pedestrians and accommodate individuals with disabilities. Presently, a substantial number of pedestrian routes across Indonesia remain inaccessible to those reliant on wheelchairs and people with disabilities. This study aimed to evaluate and design disability-friendly pedestrian pathways for optimal accessibility and safety in Indonesia. A pedestrian pathways model was derived using a triangulation of data methodology (a review of literature, observation and simulation, and a focus group discussion convening stakeholders). Based on research results, none of the pedestrian pathways meet the criteria for individuals with disabilities. The Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) score on pedestrian pathways indicates the unsatisfied category. Pedestrians with physical limitations argue that pedestrian pathways cannot provide comfort to support their movement. The evaluation results show that people with disabilities face difficulty accessing pedestrian pathways. This research produces pedestrian pathway designs based on three universal principles: adequate maneuvering space, clear signage and information, and appropriate surface materials. These universal design principles refer to efforts to create accessible, safe, and comfortable environments for everyone, regardless of age and physical ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing awareness of the importance of the accessibility of digital materials in higher education learning and teaching. The case of teaching languages in higher education settings can present particular challenges since the volume and variety of material required to support language learning as well as the nature of the material itself may be difficult for students to access. In this digital accessibility project, we took the example of degree-level German courses at levels A1 to B2 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), and working together with our University's Inclusivity Unit and a student intern, we used the principles of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) to improve our online offering. We encountered particular barriers to making language learning materials accessible. We found that support from experienced language learners who are proficient in the target language is imperative and that some approaches that we routinely use in producing language learning materials may not be in line with the principles of UDL. We present the issues we encountered, as well as the solutions that we found, in order to support other practitioners who are planning to review their materials for accessibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]