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In urban areas, medium and high-rise buildings are usually constructed on both sides of an arterial road and a viaduct road often exists above it. There are many reflections by building facades, the pavement and the underside of the viaduct road in such places. Therefore the roadside noise levels may exceed the recommended limits in city street canyons. In this paper, a simple calculation model for estimating the mean increase in noise level owing to multiple reflections has been proposed in order to predict road traffic noise in city street canyons more accurately. This model is based on a diffusion method. We have also investigated the effects of multiple reflections on noise propagation using a 1:40 scale model of a city street canyon with a viaduct road. As a result of this study, it has been found that the mean increase in noise level owing to multiple reflections by building facades and the underside of the viaduct road in built-up urban areas is up to about 8 dB. Comparisons between the results of experiments and calculations show that the simple calculation model gives results consistent with experimental ones.

The authors newly tried measurements of the excited vibration on many parts of wind turbine such as outside surface of nacelle storing power generation system and tall tower by using a laser Doppler vibration meter. Observation and analysis of the natural vibration frequencies of blade in the stopping were done. Observations on sound in surroundings of wind turbine were also done. FFT analyses on them with high resolution to obtain detailed frequency characteristics and to know the relations between vibration velocity and propagated sound to surroundings were done in addition to ordinal spectral analyses. Sharp spectra at near 1 Hz as slightly lower or higher were appeared in the analysed results on blade and tower. In both the analyzed results of vibration velocity on wind turbine and propagated sound, a lot of sharp spectral peaks were recognized in wide frequency range from very low frequency to several hundreds of hertz with high coherencies between vibration velocity and propagated sound at their pea...

Noise emitted from wind turbines is composed of aerodynamic and mechanical sound and has directional radiation characteristics. To investigate the horizontal sound directivity around a wind turbine under various wind conditions, field measurements of noise generated from two different wind turbines have been performed over long periods. Wind turbine operational data such as the nacelle direction and rotor rotational speed were collected at 1 s intervals along with corresponding acoustic data. An empirical formula for the directivity correction was derived from the A-weighted sound pressure levels measured at the several receiving points around the wind turbine. We also focused on the amplitude modulation components of wind turbine noise in emission areas and compared the estimated rotor speeds by using measured sound pressure levels with actual values. The results showed that the directivity pattern of the A-weighted sound pressure level for two different wind turbines is almost the same, whereas the freq...

The influences of wind on outdoor sound propagation are investigated both by field experiments and numerical simulations. At first, measurements of sound propagation at a distance of 160 m were carried out under various wind speed and direction. The relationship between vector wind speed and the variation of sound pressure level has been examined not only for the up/down wind conditions but also for the cross wind conditions. Secondly, the short term sound fluctuations were investigated by the use of a high energy impulsive sound generator and a loud speaker as sound sources. Sound propagation up to 300 m was examined with frequency range from 16 Hz to 4 kHz octave band. Finally, the sound speed profiles in the measurement field were estimated by two methods; one was based on the time interval during the sound propagation from the source to the receivers, the other was based on the wind speed at height of 0.6 m, 1.2 m, 2.4 m and 4.8m, and the temperature. By using those sound speed profiles, the excess at...

The attenuation of sound due to atmospheric absorption depends strongly on environmental temperature and humidity. For that reason, it varies in response to changing meteorological conditions on a variety of time scales. To perform long‐term prediction of outdoor sound propagation more accurately, it is necessary to examine the fluctuation of the attenuation coefficients for atmospheric absorption during the year. Large variations occur according to the time and place in actual meteorological conditions, on which the attenuation coefficients depend strongly. The attenuation coefficients for atmospheric absorption were calculated from hourly meteorological data obtained at ten international airports throughout the world during a year using the calculation method described in ISO 9613‐1. Calculated results show that the variability characteristics of the attenuation coefficients during the year depend strongly upon both the sonic frequency and the place. The effects of atmospheric absorption on aircraft noi...