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The Astyanax genus represents an extraordinary example of phenotypic evolution, being their most extreme examples the blind and depigmented morphs, which have evolved from independent surface-dwelling lineages. Among cave organisms, Astyanax cavefish is a prominent model system to study regressive evolution. Before this study, 34 cave populations were known for the Astyanax genus to be inhabited by the cave morph. The majority of those cave populations are distributed in Northeast México, at the Sierra Madre Oriental (32 cavefish), in three main areas: Sierra de Guatemala, Sierra de El Abra, and Micos, and two in the Balsas basin in the state of Guerrero, Mexico. In the present study, we describe a new cave population found 4.5 km Southward of Pachón cave, the most northern cave population known for the Sierra de El Abra limestone. El Refugio cave is a resurgence with a mixed population of fish with different levels of troglomorphism, and surface fish, resembling other hybrid populations within the Sierra de El Abra. Based on a mitochondrial DNA characterization of the 16S ribosomal DNA sequence, we could identify the mitochondrial lineage of this population, which was placed closely related to the “New Lineage”, sharing haplotypes with the surface (i.e. Arroyo Lagartos) and Pachón populations, instead of with the cave populations from Central Sierra de El Abra (e.g. Tinaja cave). El Refugio cave population gives additional evidence of the intricate history of this system, where migration, drift, and selection have shaped the evolution of the cave morphs through the independent episodes of the Astyanax mexicanus history.

The karstic cave, la Cueva de Los Sabinos, located in the Sierra de El Abra in the state of San Luis Potosí, Mexico, is mostly known for hosting a population of blind, depigmented Astyanax mexicanus cavefish. Herein, we report the discovery of a non-pigmented sponge (Porifera) in the final sump of this cave. No genus or species name could be attributed because we did not collect any specimen. Up to now, the sponge distribution seems restricted to a single pool in la Cueva de Los Sabinos, but further careful exploration of other pools of the cave as well as closely related cavities is warranted. To our knowledge, this observation constitutes the fourth report of a freshwater, white, cave-adapted sponge in the world and the first for Mexico and North America. It is also the eleventh troglobite species encountered in Los Sabinos. Our discovery confirms the exceptionally rich biodiversity of this cave ecosystem.

The evolution of foraging behaviors is key to colonizing challenging habitats such as a cave’s dark environment. Vibration attraction behavior (VAB) gives fish the ability to swim in the darkness toward a vibration stimulus produced by many prey crustaceans and insects. VAB evolved in the blind Mexican cave tetra, Astyanax mexicanus. VAB is regulated by an increased number of mechanosensory neuromasts, particularly in the eye orbital region. However, VAB in Astyanax is only correlated with the number of neuromasts on the left side. Astyanax also have a bent skull preferentially to the left and a QTL signal for the right-side number of neuromasts. We conducted field studies in five different cave populations for four years. Results support that all cave populations can express behavioral lateralization or preponderance of side to examine a vibrating object. The percentage of individuals favoring one side may change among pools and years. In one cave population (Pachón), for one year, this “handedness” was expressed by preferentially using the right side of their face. On the contrary, in most years and pools, Tinaja, Sabinos, Molino, and Toro cave populations explored preferentially using their left side. This suggests that if there is an adaptative effect, it selects for asymmetry on itself, and not necessarily for which side is the one to be specialized. Results also showed that the laterality varied depending on how responsive an individual fish was, perhaps due to its nutritional, motivational state, or mode of stimuli most relevant at the time for the fish.

Astyanax eremus Ingenito & Duboc, 2014: 283, fig. 1A. Paratypes: 1 lot, 8 specimens — NUP 13501, 8, 33.9–86.9 mm SL: Brazil, Paraná, Balsa Nova, rio Canivete, at Fazenda Amola-Faca / Registro, tributary to the rio Iguaçu, 25°35’09”S, 49°44’01”W, L.F.S. Ingenito, L.F. Duboc & G. Otto, 23 Oct 2008., Published as part of De Oliveira, Rianne C., Ota, Renata R., Deprá, Gabriel C., Zawadzki, Cláudio H., Pavanelli, Carla S. & Da Graça, Weferson J., 2022, Catalog of type specimens of the fish collection of the Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (NUP), Universidade Estadual de Maringá Paraná, Brazil, pp. 1-43 in Zootaxa 5128 (1) on page 6, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6479497, {"references":["Ingenito, L. F. & Duboc, L. F. (2014) A new species of Astyanax (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper rio Iguacu basin, southern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 12 (2), 281 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1982 - 0224 - 20130117"]}

Astyanax jordanensis Vera Alcaraz, Pavanelli & Bertaco, 2009: 186, fig. 1a. Paratypes: 6 lots, 37 specimens —NUP 1681, 27, 23.0– 68.2 mm SL; NUP 5242, 1 c&s, 47.7 mm SL: Brazil, Paraná, Candói, middle rio Jacu, rio Iguaçu basin, 25°37’S, 52°03’W, Nupélia & Copel staffs, 23 Aug 1995. NUP 5245, 1 c&s, 47.8 mm SL; NUP 5248, 3, 42.3–45.1 mm SL: Brazil, Paraná, Candói, upper rio Jacu, rio Iguaçu basin, Nupélia & Copel staffs, 23 Aug 1995. NUP 5251, 4, 67.0–72.0 mm SL: Brazil, Paraná, Reserva do Iguaçu, rio das Torres, rio Iguaçu basin, Nupélia staff, 25 Sep 1995. NUP 5252, 1, 68.5 mm SL: Brazil, Paraná, Reserva do Iguaçu, rio das Torres, rio Iguaçu basin, Nupélia staff, 22 Jan 1996., Published as part of De Oliveira, Rianne C., Ota, Renata R., Deprá, Gabriel C., Zawadzki, Cláudio H., Pavanelli, Carla S. & Da Graça, Weferson J., 2022, Catalog of type specimens of the fish collection of the Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (NUP), Universidade Estadual de Maringá Paraná, Brazil, pp. 1-43 in Zootaxa 5128 (1) on page 6, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6479497, {"references":["Vera Alcaraz, H. S., Pavanelli, C. S. & Bertaco, V. A. (2009) Astyanax jordanensis (Ostariophysi: Characidae), a new species from the rio Iguacu basin, Parana, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 7 (2), 185 - 190. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252009000200008"]}

Astyanax dolinae da Graça, Oliveira, Lima, da Silva & Fernandes, 2017: 4, fig. 1. Paratypes: 3 lots, 15 specimens — NUP 18014, 12, 62.1–90.0 mm SL; NUP 18015, 2 c&s, 65.6–68.4 mm SL; NUP 18016, 1 c&s, 68.5 mm SL: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Cáceres, Dolina Água Milagrosa, rio Paraguai basin, 16°02’34”S, 57°31’40”W, H.P. da Silva & W.L. Lázaro, 20 Dec 2012., Published as part of De Oliveira, Rianne C., Ota, Renata R., Deprá, Gabriel C., Zawadzki, Cláudio H., Pavanelli, Carla S. & Da Graça, Weferson J., 2022, Catalog of type specimens of the fish collection of the Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (NUP), Universidade Estadual de Maringá Paraná, Brazil, pp. 1-43 in Zootaxa 5128 (1) on page 6, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6479497, {"references":["da Graca, W. J., Oliveira, C. A. M., Lima, F. C. T., da Silva, H. P. & Fernandes, I. M. (2017) A new species of Astyanax (Characiformes: Characidae) from Dolina Agua Milagrosa, Rio Paraguai basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Journal of Fish Biology, 91 (4), 1123 - 1138. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jfb. 13405"]}

Astyanax totae Haluch & Abilhoa, 2005: 385, fig. 2. Paratypes: 1 lot, 16 specimens —NUP 4099, 16, 41.9–56.3 mm SL: Brazil, Paraná, Balsa Nova, distrito do Bugre, rio Cascata, tributary of rio Tortuoso, an affluent of rio Iguaçu, 25°29’S, 49°39’W, D.P. Azevedo Filho & E.L. Rosa, 23 Jun 2002.

Astyanax lorien Zanata, Burger & Camelier, 2018: 474, fig. 1A. Paratypes: 1 lot, 8 specimens — NUP 19985, 8, 30.5–53.5 mm SL: Brazil, Bahia, Palmeiras, Vale do Capão, stream tributary of rio Conceição dos Gatos, rio Preto, rio Santo Antônio subbasin, rio Paraguaçu basin, 12°32’18”S, 41°29’04”W, 960 meters a.s.l., A.M. Zanata, R. Burger, P. Camelier & R. Freire, 26 Jun 2016., Published as part of De Oliveira, Rianne C., Ota, Renata R., Deprá, Gabriel C., Zawadzki, Cláudio H., Pavanelli, Carla S. & Da Graça, Weferson J., 2022, Catalog of type specimens of the fish collection of the Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (NUP), Universidade Estadual de Maringá Paraná, Brazil, pp. 1-43 in Zootaxa 5128 (1) on page 6, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6479497, {"references":["Zanata, A. M., Burger, R. & Camelier, P. (2018) Two new species of Astyanax Baird & Girard (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper rio Paraguacu basin, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil. Zootaxa, 4438 (3), 471 - 490. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4438.3.3"]}

Astyanax guaricana Oliveira, Abilhoa & Pavanelli, 2013: 293, fig. 1. Paratypes: 1 lot, 9 specimens — NUP 14319, 59.3–75.0 mm SL: Brazil, Paraná, São José dos Pinhais, Arraial, Guaricana Reservoir, affluent of the rio Cubatão, 25°42’29”S, 48°58’25”W, J.C. Ribeiro & J.C. Carneiro, Dec 1985., Published as part of De Oliveira, Rianne C., Ota, Renata R., Deprá, Gabriel C., Zawadzki, Cláudio H., Pavanelli, Carla S. & Da Graça, Weferson J., 2022, Catalog of type specimens of the fish collection of the Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (NUP), Universidade Estadual de Maringá Paraná, Brazil, pp. 1-43 in Zootaxa 5128 (1) on page 6, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6479497, {"references":["Oliveira, C. A. M., Abilhoa, V. & Pavanelli, C. S. (2013) Astyanax guaricana (Ostariophysi: Characidae), a new species from the rio Cubatao drainage, Parana State, Southern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 11 (2), 291 - 296. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252013000200007"]}

Astyanax varii Zanata, Burger, Vita & Camelier, 2019: e190061[2], fig. 1a. Paratypes: 1 lot, 10 specimens — NUP 21946, 10, 26.0– 36.8 mm SL: Brazil, Bahia, Jussiape, Caraguataí, rio Água Suja at Balneário Rio da Barra, upper rio de Contas basin, 13°24’14.5”S, 41°38’7.8”W, 529 meters a.s.l., A.M. Zanata, R. Burger & G. V. Oliveira, 18 Jun 2017., Published as part of De Oliveira, Rianne C., Ota, Renata R., Deprá, Gabriel C., Zawadzki, Cláudio H., Pavanelli, Carla S. & Da Graça, Weferson J., 2022, Catalog of type specimens of the fish collection of the Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (NUP), Universidade Estadual de Maringá Paraná, Brazil, pp. 1-43 in Zootaxa 5128 (1) on page 7, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6479497, {"references":["Zanata, A. M., Burger, R., Vita, G. & Camelier, P. (2019) A new species of Astyanax (Characiformes: Characidae) from the rio de Contas basin, Bahia, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 17 (3), e 190061, 1 - 10. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1982 - 0224 - 20190061"]}

Astyanax rupestris Zanata, Burger & Camelier, 2018: 482, fig. 5A. Paratypes: 1 lot, 8 specimens — NUP 19986, 8, 43.5–68.6 mm SL: Brazil, Bahia, Chapada Diamantina, rio Coisa Boa, tributary of rio Piabas, Rio Paraguaçu basin, 12°53’55’’S, 41°19’01’’W, 710 meters a.s.l., A.M. Zanata, R. Burger & C. Primitivo, 9 May 2009., Published as part of De Oliveira, Rianne C., Ota, Renata R., Deprá, Gabriel C., Zawadzki, Cláudio H., Pavanelli, Carla S. & Da Graça, Weferson J., 2022, Catalog of type specimens of the fish collection of the Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (NUP), Universidade Estadual de Maringá Paraná, Brazil, pp. 1-43 in Zootaxa 5128 (1) on page 6, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6479497, {"references":["Zanata, A. M., Burger, R. & Camelier, P. (2018) Two new species of Astyanax Baird & Girard (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper rio Paraguacu basin, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil. Zootaxa, 4438 (3), 471 - 490. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4438.3.3"]}

Astyanax joaovitori Oliveira, Pavanelli & Bertaco, 2017: 175, fig. 1a. Paratypes: 5 lots, 130 specimens —NUP 833, 14, 29.3–35.2 mm SL; NUP 1945, 28, 29.4–57.8 mm SL; NUP 9559, 4 c&s, 25.4–29.5 mm SL: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Alto Taquari, headwaters of rio Araguaia, near Parque Nacional das Emas, 17°53’52”S, 53°07’38”W, C.H. Zawadzki, E. Benedito-Cecílio & C. V. Minte-Vera, 22–26 Sep 1999. NUP 2320, 59, 19.9–31.9 mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso, Alto Taquari, rio Araguaia, near Parque Nacional das Emas, 17°41’29”S, 53°14’13”W, C.H. Zawadzki, E. Benedito-Cecílio & C. V. Minte-Vera, 1 Dec 1999; NUP 14857, 25, 52.3–77.0 mm SL: same locality and collectors as previous, 8 Dec 1999., Published as part of De Oliveira, Rianne C., Ota, Renata R., Deprá, Gabriel C., Zawadzki, Cláudio H., Pavanelli, Carla S. & Da Graça, Weferson J., 2022, Catalog of type specimens of the fish collection of the Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (NUP), Universidade Estadual de Maringá Paraná, Brazil, pp. 1-43 in Zootaxa 5128 (1) on page 6, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6479497, {"references":["Oliveira, C. A. M., Pavanelli, C. S. & Bertaco, V. A. (2017) A new species of Astyanax Baird & Girard (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper rio Araguaia, Central Brazil. Zootaxa, 4320 (1), 173 - 182. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4320.1.10"]}

Astyanax longirhinus Garavello & Sampaio, 2010: 853, fig. 4. Paratypes: 1 lot, 16 specimens — NUP 10152, 16, 86.3–186.0 mm SL: Brazil, Paraná, rio Iguaçu, reservoir of Salto Segredo hydroelectric dam, Nupélia staff, 11 Jan 1994. Remarks: Synonym of Psalidodon gymnogenys Eigenmann, 1911 (see Oliveira et al., 2019; Terán et al., 2020)., Published as part of De Oliveira, Rianne C., Ota, Renata R., Deprá, Gabriel C., Zawadzki, Cláudio H., Pavanelli, Carla S. & Da Graça, Weferson J., 2022, Catalog of type specimens of the fish collection of the Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (NUP), Universidade Estadual de Maringá Paraná, Brazil, pp. 1-43 in Zootaxa 5128 (1) on page 6, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6479497, {"references":["Garavello, J. C. & Sampaio, F. A. (2010) Five new species of genus Astyanax Baird & Girard, 1854 from Rio Iguacu, Parana, Brazil (Ostariophysi, Characiformes, Characidae). Brazilian Journal of Biology, 70 (3 Supplement), 847 - 865. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1519 - 69842010000400016","Teran, G. E., Benitez, M. F. & Mirande, J. M. (2020) Opening the Trojan horse: phylogeny of Astyanax, two new genera and resurrection of Psalidodon (Teleostei: Characidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 190 (4), 1217 - 1234. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlaa 019"]}

Astyanax dissimilis Garavello & Sampaio, 2010: 859, fig. 8. Paratypes: 1 lot, 5 specimens — NUP 10151, 5, 69.8–104.1 mm SL: Brazil, Paraná, rio Iguaçu, Salto Segredo, Nupélia staff, 11 Jan 1994.

Astyanax nicaraguensis Eigenmann & Ogle, 1907. Nicaraguan Tetra; Sardina, Sardina de R��o, Sardinilla, Sabalete, S��balo, Sardina Com��n, Plateada, Machaca, Coliroja, Picaculo, Golosa, Tetra, Mojarra, Sardina Nicaraguense. Distribution: Global: Middle America; from northern Nicaragua to eastern Costa Rica, Atlantic drainages; Costa Rica: LN, RF, SJ, SC, Sa, To, Pa, Ma and Si (Atlantic), 0���1000 m.a.s.l., Pri, Pot. Occurrence and conservation status: Nat, LC. References: Bussing (1966: 236, as Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) ���synonym; listed, information on distribution), Bussing (1987: 69, as A. fasciatus ���synonym; 1998: 79, as Astyanax aeneus (G��nther 1860), in part���missidentification; brief description, including illustrations and an identification key, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology), Angulo et al. (2013: 991, as A. aeneus, in part���missidentification; listed, including taxonomic information and distributional data), Schmitter-Soto (2017: 1393; redescription, including illustrations and an identification key, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology) and Angulo et al. (2018: 1867; identification key and information on distribution)., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on page 26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630, {"references":["Schmitter-Soto, J. J. (2017) A revision of Astyanax (Characiformes: Characidae) in Central and North America, with the description of nine new species. Journal of Natural History, 51 (23 - 24), 1331 - 1424 https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2017.1324050"]}

Astyanax orstedii (L��tken, 1875). Costa Rican Tetra; Sardina, Sardina de R��o, Sardinilla, Sabalete, S��balo, Sardina Com��n, Plateada, Machaca, Coliroja, Picaculo, Golosa, Tetra, Mojarra, Sardina Costarricense. Distribution: Global: Middle America; from southern Nicaragua to western Panama, Atlantic and Pacific drainages; Costa Rica: SJ, SC, Sa, To, Pa (Atlantic), Ni, Te, Be, Ba, Ta, Pi, Tr and Co (Pacific), 0���1000 m.a.s.l., Pri, Pot. Occurrence and conservation status: Nat, LC. References: Bussing (1966: 236, as Astyanax albeolus Eigenmann 1908 and Astyanax regani Meek 1909 ���synonyms; listed, information on distribution), Bussing (1987: 69, as Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier 1819) ���synonym; 1998: 79, as Astyanax aeneus, in part���missidentification; brief description, including illustrations and an identification key, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology), Angulo et al. (2013: 991, as A. aeneus, in part���missidentification; listed, including taxonomic information and distributional data), Schmitter-Soto (2017: 1398; redescription, including illustrations and an identification key, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology) and Angulo et al. (2018: 1867; identification key and information on distribution)., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on page 26, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630, {"references":["Schmitter-Soto, J. J. (2017) A revision of Astyanax (Characiformes: Characidae) in Central and North America, with the description of nine new species. Journal of Natural History, 51 (23 - 24), 1331 - 1424 https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2017.1324050"]}

Astyanax bransfordii (Gill, 1877). Longjaw Tetra; Sardina, Sardina Picuda, Picuda, S��balo, Sabalete, Sardina Hocicuda, Sardina Dientona. Distribution: Global: Middle America; from southwestern Nicaragua to northern Costa Rica, Atlantic drainages; Costa Rica: LN, RF, SJ, SC, Sa, To and Pa (Atlantic), 5��� 530 m.a.s.l., Pri, Pot. Occurrence and conservation status: Nat, NT. References: Bussing (1966: 215, as Bramocharax bransfordii ���synonym; brief description and information on distribution), Bussing (1987: 72, as B. bransfordii ���synonym; 1998: 88, as B. bransfordii ���synonym; brief description, including illustrations and an identification key, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology), Angulo et al. (2013: 991; listed, including taxonomic information and distributional data), Schmitter-Soto (2017: 1371; redescription, including illustrations and an identification key, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology) and Angulo et al. (2018: 1867; identification key and information on distribution)., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on page 25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630, {"references":["Schmitter-Soto, J. J. (2017) A revision of Astyanax (Characiformes: Characidae) in Central and North America, with the description of nine new species. Journal of Natural History, 51 (23 - 24), 1331 - 1424 https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2017.1324050"]}

Astyanax cocibolca Bussing, 2008. Cocibolca Tetra; Sardina, Sardina Lagunera, Sardinilla, Sabalete, Sardinita, Plateada, Tetra, Sardina del Lago Cocibolca. Distribution: Global: Middle America; from southern Nicaragua to northern Costa Rica, Atlantic drainages; Costa Rica: LN, RF, SJ, SC, Sa and To (Atlantic), 5��� 20 m.a.s.l., Pri, Pot. Occurrence and conservation status: Nat, DD. References: Bussing (1987: 70, as Astyanax nasutus Meek 1907 ���missidentification; 1998: 85, as A. nasutus ��� missidentification; brief description, including illustrations and an identification key, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology; 2008: 1362; detailed description, including illustrations, information on distribution and ecology), Angulo et al. (2013: 991; listed, including taxonomic information and distributional data), Schmitter-Soto (2017: 1379; redescription, including illustrations and an identification key, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology) and Angulo et al. (2018: 1867; identification key and information on distribution)., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on page 25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630, {"references":["Bussing, W. A. (2008) A new species of poeciliid fish, Poeciliopsis santaelena, from Peninsula Santa Elena, Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 56 (2), 829 - 838.","Schmitter-Soto, J. J. (2017) A revision of Astyanax (Characiformes: Characidae) in Central and North America, with the description of nine new species. Journal of Natural History, 51 (23 - 24), 1331 - 1424 https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2017.1324050"]}

Astyanax anai Angulo Santos L��pez Langeani & McMahan, 2018. Largespot Tetra, Anai Tetra; Sardina, Sardina Blanca, Tetra, Sardina Anai, Sardina de Ana. Distribution: Global: Middle America; from eastern Costa Rica to western Panama, Atlantic drainages; Costa Rica: Si (Atlantic), 1��� 60 m.a.s.l., Pri, Pot. Occurrence and conservation status: Nat, EN. References: Bussing (1987: 71, as Astyanax orthodus Eigenmann 1907 ���missidentification; 1998: 86, as A. orthodus ���missidentification; brief description, including illustrations and an identification key, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology), Angulo et al. (2013: 991, as A. orthodus ���missidentification; listed, including taxonomic information and distributional data) and Angulo et al. (2018b: 1866; detailed description, including illustrations, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology)., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on page 25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630, {"references":["Angulo, A., Santos, A. C., Lopez, M., Langeani, F. & McMahan, C. D. (2018 b) A new species of Astyanax (Characiformes: Characidae) from Costa Rica and Panama, with a key to the lower Central American species of the genus. Journal of Fish Biology, 92 (6), 1866 - 1887. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jfb. 13626"]}

The gonadal development of the characin Astyanax aff. bimaculatus from Funil Reservoir, an impoundment in the middle reaches of the Paraiba do Sul River in southeastern Brazil was analysed through histological, histochemical and histometric techniques, and the spawning season was determined. Unbalanced sex ratio was found, with females outnumbering and reaching larger sizes than males. The following stages of oogenic cell development were identified for females: primary growth, pre-vitellogenic (cortical alveolar) and vitellogenic. In males, the following stages were determined: spermatogonia primary and secondary, spermatocyte primary and secondary, spermatid and spermatozoa. The spawning occurs most of the year, peaking in January-February, as indicated by the gonadosomatic index. In the peak of the spawning period, the condition factor and hepatosomatic indices decreased suggesting use of stored body energy reserves during the reproduction. Spawning in batches, small-sized oocytes and a long reproductive season suggest that Astyanax aff. bimaculatus fits to an opportunist strategy. Such strategy may facilitate the use of a wide range of lentic and lotic body waters in the Neotropical region.

The trophic plasticity of most fish species of Astyanax Baird & Girard, 1854 in response to environmental changes and resource availability is high. This work evaluates the differences in the trophic characteristics of two congeneric species, Astyanaxtaeniatus (Jenyns, 1842) and Astyanaxlacustris (Lütken, 1875), in Rio das Velhas Basin, which is highly impacted by the discharge of sewage from the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte (MRBH). Eight sites were sampled and grouped into three regions: upper course (two sites upstream of the MRBH); middle course (three sites located in the middle portion of the Rio das Velhas, region with greater influence of the MRBH), and lower course (three sites downstream of the MRBH). Samples of fish and food resources were collected from all sites to obtain the isotopic composition of nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C), and the stomach contents of the two species was analized. The most common items in the stomach of A.lacustris and A.taeniatus, respectively, were from plants and insects, followed by algae/periphyton (especially at the low course of Rio das Velhas). In contrast, stable isotope analyses indicated that algae (in polluted sites) and periphyton (in least-disturbed sites) were best assimilated both species. Both analyses indicated that the trophic niches of the two species overlap more in more polluted sites relative to less polluted sites. Astyanaxtaeniatus and A.lacustris only presented different isotopic composition of carbon and nitrogen in the upper course of the Rio das Velhas, probably in response to the greater diversity of food items consumed by each species. In the other regions, the species presented similar isotopic signatures, with δ15N and δ13C notably enriched in the most polluted regions (middle and low course). Our results suggest that pollution acts by increasing trophic niche overlap of these species, altering the type of resources most assimilated, and promoting a greater enrichment of δ15N in fish and resources.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T20:01:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-05-27 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Astyanax Baird et Girard, 1854, is one of the largest genera in the family Characidac and comprises 177 valid species. This genus has been the focus of cytogenetic studies primarily owing to the presence of B chromosomes and high karyotypic diversity among different populations. The intense genetic variability in Astyanax is one of the factors responsible for the occurrence of species complexes, which are groups (1) with certain difficulties in establishing common genetic pools or (2) belonging to different cryptic species. To evaluate cytogenetic marker inheritance and the possibility of the identification of these hybrids, this study aimed to describe cytogenetic hybrids from three strains of species of the genera Astyanax and Hyphessobrycon Eigenmann, 1908. A. lacustris Lutken, 1875, A. schubarti Britski, 1964, A. fasciatus Cuvier, 1819, and H. anisitsi Eigenmann, 1907 were used to generate three hybrid lineages. The diploid number, heterochromatin sites, and ribosomal genes (18S and 5S rDNA) of the parental strains and the hybrids were analyzed. The results indicated that the three hybrid lineages had cytogenetic markers of both parents, presenting Mendelian inheritance. However, differences in distribution of heterochromatic blocks were observed between the hybrids and the parent strains. Our results allowed the identification of the hybrid strains based on the cytogenetic markers applied, reinforcing the efficiency of cytogenetic markers as tools for identification and indicating that such events may increase the karyotypic diversity in the genera Astyanax and Hyphessobrycon. Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP Julio de Mesquita Fi, Fac Ciencias, Edmundo Carrijo Coube Ave, Bauru, SP, Brazil Ctr Nacl Pesquisa & Conservacao Biota Aquat Conti, Prefeito Uberto Nemesio Pereira Godoi Highways, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Ponta Grossa, Setor Ciencias Biol & Saude, Santos Andrade Sq, Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP Julio de Mesquita Fi, Ctr Aquicultura UNESP, Prof Paulo Donato Castelane Acess Way, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP Julio de Mesquita Fi, Inst Biociencias, Prof Montenegro Ave, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP Julio de Mesquita Fi, Fac Ciencias, Edmundo Carrijo Coube Ave, Bauru, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP Julio de Mesquita Fi, Ctr Aquicultura UNESP, Prof Paulo Donato Castelane Acess Way, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP Julio de Mesquita Fi, Inst Biociencias, Prof Montenegro Ave, Botucatu, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2015/12902-4

Astyanax varii, new species urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 2C8775FD-4CA7-4D0B-8C9D- C338A88DFEC2 Figs. 1���3; Tab. 1 Astyanax sp. 6.��� Camelier, Zanata (2014):686, tab. 1 [listed; species from the Northeastern Mata Atl��ntica freshwater ecoregion]. Astyanax sp.��� Barreto et al. (2018): 1158 [citation; co-occurence with Nematocharax varii]. Holotype. MZUSP 121062, 41.4 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia, Ubaitaba, rio Coric�� in Fazenda Progresso, near the road BR- 330, lower rio de Contas basin, 14��14���50���S 39��22���39���W, 65 m above sea level (a.s.l.), 13 Feb 2008, A. M. Zanata, R. Burger, P. Camelier & A. B. A. G��es. Paratypes. All specimens from Brazil, Bahia, rio de Contas basin. MCP 54205, 10, 31.9���40.3 mm SL; UFBA 8405, 16, 22.2���41.4 mm SL, 2 c&s 35.1 -36.7 mm SL, rio ��gua Suja on road BA-148, border between Aba��ra and Jussiape, upper rio de Contas basin, 13��22���7.8���S 41��40���01���W, 545 m a.s.l, 18 Jun 2017, A. M. Zanata, R. Burger & G. V. Oliveira. MZUSP 112058, 6, 21.4 ���34.0 mm SL, rio Gongogi on the border between Itajib�� and Ibicu�� municipalities, lower rio de Contas basin, 14��21���16.5���S 39��46���23.9���W, 164 m a.s.l, 13 Aug 2012, J. L. O. Birindelli, F. C. P. Dagosta & M. V. Loeb. MZUSP 125529, 10, 30.3���44.3 mm SL; UFBA 4515, 14, 26.2���41.3 mm SL, collected with the holotype. MZUSP 125530, 24, 34.1���40.3 mm SL; NUP 21946, 10, 26.0��� 36.8 mm SL; UFBA 8380, 49, 22.8 ���41.0 mm SL, 2 c&s 34.5���41.0 mm SL, Jussiape, Caraguata��, rio ��gua Suja at Balne��rio Rio da Barra, upper rio de Contas basin, 13��24���14.5���S 41��38���7.8���W, 529 m a.s.l., 18 Jun 2017, A. M. Zanata, R. Burger & G. V. Oliveira. UFBA 8450, 4, 24.8���39.5 mm SL, rio ��gua Suja, on road BA-148, between Aba��ra and Jussiape, upper rio de Contas basin, 13��24���35.4���S 41��37���60���W, 531 m a.s.l., 5 Mar 2017, A. M. Zanata & R. Burger. UFBA 7046, 3, 28.8���33.2 mm SL, D��rio Meira, rio Gongogi under bridge in D��rio Meira, lower rio de Contas basin, 14��26���12���S 39��54���13.4���W, 180 m a.s.l., 12 Dec 2011, A. M. Zanata, P. Camelier, J. O. Birindelli, R. Burger & B. Sardeiro. Diagnosis. Astyanax varii can be distinguished from most congeners, except A. brachypterygium Bertaco & Malabarba, A. brucutu, A. cremnobates Bertaco & Malabarba, A. epiagos, A. eremus Ingenito & Duboc, A. gymnogenys Eigenmann, A. rupestris Zanata, Burger & Camelier, A. taeniatus (Jenyns), A. totae Haluch & Abilhoa, and A. varzeae Abilhoa & Duboc, by having the distal margin of third infraorbital distinctly separated from vertical and horizontal limbs of preopercle (Fig. 2), leaving a broad area without superficial bones (vs. margins of the third infraorbital close to the limbs of preopercle, with narrow or no space between the two bones). The new species differs from the aforementioned species by having three horizontal series of scales from the lateral line to the pelvic-fin origin (vs. four or more series of scales) and by having small bony hooks on all fins of mature males (vs. bony hooks absent or not present on all fins of mature males). Astyanax varii also differs from the species listed above by having highest body depth approximately at vertical through dorsal-fin origin (vs. body deepest on a vertical through middle or posterior portion of pectoral fin in A. brachypterygium, A. cremnobates, A. epiagos, A. eremus, A. gymnogenys, A. rupestris, A. totae, and A. varzeae), five horizontal series of scales from the dorsal-fin origin to the lateral line (vs. six or more in A. brachypterygium, A. brucutu, A. cremnobates, A. eremus, A. rupestris, A. totae, A. taeniatus, and A. varzeae), 14 horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle (vs. 15 or more in A. brachypterygium, A. eremus, A. gymnogenys, and A. totae), and 34���37 pored lateral line scales (vs. 38 or more in A. eremus, A. gymnogenys, and A. taeniatus). Description. Morphometric data of the holotype and paratypes are given in Tab. 1. Body compressed and elongate; highest body depth approximately at vertical through dorsalfin origin. Dorsal profile of head convex from upper lip to vertical through anterior nostrils; straight to slightly convex from latter point to tip of supraoccipital spine. Dorsal profile of body nearly straight to slightly convex from tip of supraoccipital spine to dorsal-fin origin; straight and posteroventrally slanted from dorsal-fin origin to adipose fin and slightly concave or nearly straight along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of head usually straight to slightly convex from anterior tip of dentary to isthmus. Ventral body profile slightly convex from isthmus to anal-fin origin; straight and posterodorsally slanted along anal-fin base and nearly straight to slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Head somewhat pointed to rounded anteriorly in lateral profile. Mouth terminal; upper jaw similar in length anteriorly or slightly longer than lower jaw. Posterior terminus of maxilla extending beyond vertical through anterior margin of orbit. Infraorbital series moderately developed; ventral margin of third infraorbital falling distinctly short from horizontal limb of preopercle and leaving a relatively broad area without superficial bones (Fig. 2). Number of infraorbitals variable, with 4(1) or 6(2) ossifications. One specimen with four elements on one side of head (UFBA 8380, 41.0 mm SL) apparently presenting infraorbitals 1 and 2 as independent elements, 3+4+5 fused resulting in one element, and infraorbital 6 independent. Supraorbital absent. Premaxillary teeth in two rows (Fig. 3). Outer row with 2(1), 3*(24), or 4(5) teeth bearing 3 or 5 cusps. Inner row with 5*(30) teeth usually bearing 7 cusps, rarely 5; second tooth the largest, with 7 cusps; last tooth with 5 or 7 cusps; symphyseal tooth of inner series asymmetrical, with 1 or 2 cusps on anteromedial side, one larger central cusp and three smaller on lateral side. Maxilla with 2(7), 3*(17), or 4(6) teeth bearing 5 to 7 cusps. Dentary with 8(8), 9(7), 10*(15), or 11(5) teeth decreasing gradually in size and number of cusps posteriorly; symphyseal tooth symmetrical with 7 cusps, followed by teeth with 5 or 6 cusps and posteriormost teeth with 3 cusps. Scales cycloid; circuli conspicuous anteriorly but absent on exposed area of scales; few parallel radii extending to posterior margin of scale. Lateral line slightly decurved ventrally, with 34(3), 35(7), 36*(17), or 37(2) perforated scales, continuous from supracleithrum to caudal-fin base. Longitudinal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 5*(30). Longitudinal scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin insertion 3*(30). Scales along middorsal line between tip of supraoccipital process and origin of dorsal fin 9(3), 10(8), 11*(15), or irregular (4). Horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle 14*(29). Base of anteriormost anal-fin rays with single scale row composed of 4 or 5 scales. Axillary scale absent. Caudal fin not scaled. Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9*(30). Distal margin of dorsal fin straight or slightly rounded. Dorsal-fin origin located approximately at middle of standard length and posterior to vertical through pelvic-fin origin. Base of last dorsal-fin ray aligned with analfin origin. First dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserting behind neural spine of 9 th (3) or 10 th (1) vertebra. Adipose fin present. Anal-fin rays iii(23), 17(3), 18*(7), 19(15), or 20(5). Distal margin of anal fin concave. First anal-fin pterygiophore inserting behind haemal spine of 16 th (2) or 17 th (2) vertebra. Pectoral-fin rays i(30), 10(1), 11*(15), or 12(13). Tip of pectoral fin not reaching vertical through pelvic-fin insertion. Pelvic-fin rays i,7*(30); tip of pelvic fin not reaching first anal-fin insertion. Caudal fin forked, lobes pointed, similar in size. Principal caudal-fin rays 9+9(1), 9+10(2), or 9+11(1). Nine(1) or 11(3) dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays and 7(1) or 10(3) ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays. Total vertebrae 35(3) or 36(1). Precaudal vertebrae 15(3) or 16(1); caudal vertebrae 19(1) or 20(3). Supraneurals 4(2) or 5(2). Branchiostegal rays 4(2). First gill arch with 5(4) gill rakers on epibranchial, 8(4) on hypobranchial and ceratobranchial, and 1(4) on cartilage between ceratobranchial and epibranchial. Color in alcohol. Overall ground color pale yellow or light brown (Fig. 1a). Guanine restricted to infraorbitals, preopercle, and opercle. Dorsal part of head moderately dark anteriorly and usually darker on posterior half; presence of two large black rounded blotch on posterior part of head in some specimens. Small melanophores sparsely distributed throughout maxilla. Infraorbitals poorly pigmented, with few melanophores close to orbit; infraorbitals four to six more pigmented, with large melanophores sparsely distributed. Opercle with sparse melanophores, usually more concentrated on its dorsal half; ventral third usually without dark pigmentation. Concentration of melanophores on opercle usually resembling a vertically elongated blotch, somewhat similar to the humeral blotch. Ventral portion of head pale or with a few diminute scattered melanophores on anteriormost portion. Middorsal line of body distinctly darkened. Humeral region with a conspicuous vertically elongated humeral blotch, formed by underlying and superficial melanophores; blotch over two or three scales on horizontal series immediately above lateral line, tapering ventrally and occupying one scale below lateral line. Humeral blotch bordered anteriorly and posteriorly by clearer areas. Dark broad midlateral stripe extending from the rear of clear area posterior to humeral blotch to caudal peduncle. A dark rounded blotch, with inconspicuous borders, present on caudal peduncle in most specimens; blotch when present, partially merged with the stripe. Two or three dorsalmost longitudinal scale series of flank usually with dark small chromatophores concentrated along their posterior margins, resulting in reticulate pattern; center of scales clearer, with few sparse larger melanophores; some specimens darker overall and reticulate pattern substituted by a more homogeneous dark pigmentation on scales. In some specimens with more defined reticulate pattern, the dark margins of scales are narrower along lateral line and one to three horizontal series of scales below it. Remaining scales along flank with sparse melanophores; dark lines usually present along myosepts above anal-fin base. Abdominal region clear. All fins darkened in some degree, with sparse melanophores concentrated on margins of rays; dorsal, anal, and caudal fins somewhat darker than pectoral and pelvic fins. Adipose fin with scattered small melanophores. Color in life. Color pattern similar to the described in alcohol (Fig. 1b). Overall ground color yellow. Iris, infraorbitals, and opercle silvery. Humeral blotch faint or not discernible. Dark midlateral stripe more conspicuous on posterior half of body, extending to middle caudalfin rays. Unpaired fins yellowish at least on its proximal half. Pectoral and pelvic fins hyaline or poorly pigmented. Adipose fin yellowish. Sexual dimorphism. Mature males of Astyanax varii have variable presence of hooks on fins and the examined mature females have no bony hooks on any of the fins. Some mature males possess tiny bony hooks on all fins (e.g., UFBA 4515, 29.1���34.3 mm SL), but most mature males have hooks restricted to the pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins. Anal fin of mature males with one to six hooks distributed up to the tenth first branched ray; hooks more numerous and larger on the anterior branched rays and always distally located on the posterior branch of rays. When present in the dorsal fin, up to six small hooks distributed on the first eight branched rays; hooks always distally located on the posterior branch of ray. Pectoral fins of mature males with up to six tiny hooks on the distal portion of up to the seventh branched ray. Pelvic fins with two or three small hooks on the distal portion of third to the sixth branched rays. When present in the caudal fin, very small hooks restricted to the four centralmost caudalfin rays. No other dimorphic morphological character was observed externally in the specimens examined, except by the body size. Females apparently reach larger body sizes than males (largest female observed 53.3 mm SL vs. largest male 37.9 mm SL). Males are completely mature around 29.0 mm SL and females at the same size are completely immature. The smallest mature female examined had 35.0 mm SL. Geographical distribution. Astyanax varii is known from tributaries of rio de Contas basin, Bahia State, Brazil (Fig. 4). Ecological notes. Astyanax varii was collected in three localities of the upper and three of the lower rio de Contas basin, in altitudes ranging from 65 to 545 m a.s.l. (Figs. 5 a���b). The stretches sampled in tributaries of the lower portion of the basin are 5-25 m wide, up to 1.8 m deep, with rocky, muddy, or sandy substrate and bordered by aquatic vegetation and trees. In that localities, A. varii was collected syntopically with 13 species: Apareiodon itapicuruensis Eigenmann & Henn, Astyanax sp., Cetopsorhamdia iheringi Schubart & Gomes, Cyphocharax pinnilepis, Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard), Hemigrammus marginatus Ellis, Hypostomus sp., Leporinus bahiensis Steindachner, Nematocharax venustus Weitzman, Menezes & Britski, Poecilia reticulata Peters, Serrapinnus piaba (L��tken), Serrapinnus sp., and Serrasalmus brandti L��tken. In the upper rio de Contas, the species was sampled in three nearby locations in the rio ��gua Suja. One of them is the Balne��rio Rio da Barra (Fig. 5b), an artificial reservoir approximately 100 m long, 30 m wide, and 1.1 m deep on average, which is used mostly as a bathing place. The other sampling points in the rio ��gua Suja are up to 12 m wide and up to 1 m deep, with rocky and sandy-bottomed habitats, moderate water current, and with riparian vegetation mainly composed by grass and sparse trees. In those localities, A. varii was collected syntopically with 16 species: Acestrorhynchus lacustris (L��tken), Apareiodon itapicuruensis, Astyanax aff. lacustris (L��tken), Astyanax aff. fasciatus (Cuvier), Characidium sp., Cyphocharax gilbert (Quoy & Gaimard), Coptodon sp., Geophagus brasiliensis, Hemigrammus marginatus, Hypostomus sp., Leporinus sp., Megaleporinus brinco, Nematocharax varii, Parotocinclus sp., Poecilia reticulata, and Serrrasalmus brandti. The analysis of stomach contents of two specimens of A. varii revealed the presence of allochthonous and autochthonous items, composed predominantly by filamentous algae and fragments of vascular plants and seeds, organic debris, insect aquatic larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae and Simuliidae) and fragments of unidentified insects. Etymology. The specific name varii is in honor to the ichthyologist Richard P. Vari for his friendship, mentoring, and outstanding contribution to the systematic of South American freshwater fishes. Conservation status. Astyanax varii had been collected in six localities in the upper and lower rio de Contas basin. The main locality sampled in the upper rio de Contas, the Balne��rio Rio da Barra, is an artificial reservoir continually exploited for tourism as a bathing place (Barreto et al., 2018). Permanent anthropic perturbation such as loss of riparian vegetation and dams occurs in the main channel and some tributaries of rio de Contas (Cetra et al., 2010; Sarmento- Soares et al., 2016). Despite some records of threats for the region, such as deforestation, water pollution, and erosion, there are no data about the direct effects of these threats to the populations of A. varii so far. Therefore, with the currently available data, and according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categories and criteria (IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee, 2017), A. varii should be classified as Least Concern (LC)., Published as part of Zanata, Angela Maria, Burger, Rafael, Vita, George & Camelier, Priscila, 2019, A new species of Astyanax (Characiformes: Characidae) from the rio de Contas basin, Bahia, Brazil, pp. 1-10 in Neotropical Ichthyology 17 (3) on pages 2-7, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20190061, http://zenodo.org/record/3650282, {"references":["Camelier P, Zanata AM. Biogeography of freshwater fishes from the Northeastern Mata Atlantica freshwater ecoregion: distribution, endemism, and area relationships. Neotrop Ichthyol. 2014; 12 (4): 683 - 98. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / 1982 - 0224 - 20130228","Barreto SB, Silva AT, Batalha-Filho H, Affonso PRAM, Zanata AM. Integrative approach reveals a new species of Nematocharax (Teleostei: Characidae). J Fish Biol. 2018; 93 (6): 1151 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jfb. 13834","Cetra M, Sarmento-Soares LM, Martins-Pinheiro RF. Peixes de riachos e novas Unidades de Conservacao no sul da Bahia. Panam J Aquat Sci. 2010; 5 (1): 11 - 21."]}

DNA sequences of multiple copies help in understanding evolutionary mechanisms, genomic structures and karyotype differentiation. The current study investigates the organization and distribution of different repetitive DNA in the standard complement and B chromosomes in Astyanax scabripinnis (Jenyns, 1842) chromosomes from three allopatric populations in Campos do Jordão region, São Paulo State, Brazil. The location of microsatellite sequences showed different chromosome distribution between Lavrinha Farm Stream (LFS) and Lake of Pedalinho (LP) populations. However, the karyotype of these populations basically followed the pattern of dispersed distribution in the A complement, conspicuous in telomeric/interstitial regions and preferential accumulation in the B chromosome. The B chromosome showed heterogeneous location of microsatellite probes CA, CAC and GA. The H3 and H4 histone genes were isolated from the total genome of the species and then the chromosomal mapping was performed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The FISH signals showed high similarity for the probes H3 and H4 mapping in genomes of the populations analyzed. The sequences (GATA)n revealed a sex-specific trend between the chromosomal location in males and females at (LFS) and (LP) populations. Although species that comprise the Astyanax scabripinnis complex do not have morphologically differentiated sex chromosomes, the preferential GATA location – sex-associated – may represent a sex chromosome in differentiation.

The characiform fish Astyanaxmexicanus comes in two forms, a surface-dwelling morph which lives in the rivers of North and Central America and a blind, depigmented cave-dwelling morph which inhabits caves in Mexico. In recent years, this species has arguably become among the most influential model system for the study of evolutionary development and genomics in cave biology. While recent articles have analysed in great detail Astyanax genetics, development, physiology, phylogeny and behaviour, there have been comparatively few recent studies concerning its ecology and in particular its biogeography. Mitchell et al. (1977) reported the species inhabiting 29 caves in the Sierra de El Abra region. Despite the elapsing of over 40 years and the latest surge of interest in the model, not a single new cave locality had been described for the species. We describe here a new and 30th cave locality, Chiquitita Cave, inhabited by troglomorphic A.mexicanus. Their morphology, eye histology, 16S rRNA DNA sequence, and smelling capabilities are analysed. This cave represents the southernmost extension for the cave morph’s habitat within the Sierra de El Abra. Its name, Chiquitita Cave (Tiny Cave), was chosen in reference to a potential hydrologic connection to “Chica Cave” (small cave), which is among the most studied populations of Astyanax.

Astyanax bockmanni Vari, Castro, 2007 Fig. 7 Body deep; greatest depth contained 2.4 to 2.7 and caudal peduncle depth 8.7 to 9.2 times in SL; head length 4.0 to 4.1, predorsal distance 1.9 to 2.0 and caudal peduncle length 8.0 to 12.4 in SL; snout length 3.7 to 4.4, horizontal orbital diameter 2.4 to 2.5 and least interorbital width 2.8 to 2.9 in HL. Mouth terminal; inner row of premaxilla with 5 teeth, outer with 4 or 5, dentary with 9 or 10, and maxilla with 2 teeth. Lateral line complete, with 37 or 38 pored scales; transverse series above lateral line with 5½ or 6 scale rows and below with 5 or 6 scale rows. Dorsal fin with 11 or 12, pectoral fin with 15 or 16, pelvic fin with 9, anal fin with 22 or 23, and caudal fin with 19 rays. Ground color silvery; one black humeral blotch, transversely elongated, followed by another similar black humeral blotch, smaller than the first; silvery longitudinal band on flank (brown or grey in fixed specimens), from humeral blotch to median caudal-fin rays, larger on caudal peduncle, forming ovalshaped, horizontally elongated, blotch. Yellowish or reddish fins (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Maximum standard length. 74.2 mm (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Distribution. Upper rio Paraná basin., Published as part of Ota, Renata Rúbia, Deprá, Gabriel de Carvalho, Graça, Weferson Júnio da & Pavanelli, Carla Simone, 2018, Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes: revised, annotated and updated, pp. 1-111 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (2) on page 26, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170094, http://zenodo.org/record/3678395, {"references":["Pavanelli CS, Graca WJ, Zawadzki CH, Britski HA, Vidotti AP, Avelino GS, Verissimo S. Fishes from the Corumba Reservoir, Paranaiba River drainage, upper rio Parana basin, State of Goias, Brazil. Check List. 2007; 3 (1): 58 - 64."]}

Astyanax aff. paranae Eigenmann, 1914 Fig. 7 Body elongated; greatest depth contained 3.5 to 3.6 and caudal peduncle depth 10.9 to 11.6 times in SL; head length 3.9 to 4.1, predorsal distance 1.9 to 2.0 and caudal peduncle length 7.2 to 9.6 in SL; snout length 3.6 to 4.5, horizontal orbital diameter 2.4 to 2.8 and least interorbital width 2.9 to 3.1 in HL. Mouth terminal; inner row of premaxilla with 5 teeth, outer with 4 or 5, dentary with 8-13, and maxilla with one tooth. Lateral line complete, with 38 or 39 pored scales; transverse series above lateral line with 5 or 5½ scale rows and below with 4 or 4½ scale rows. Dorsal fin with 11, pectoral fin with 15 or 16, pelvic fin with 9, anal fin with 17-23, and caudal fin with 19 rays. Ground color silvery; black vertically elongated humeral blotch followed by another similar black humeral blotch, smaller than the first; silvery longitudinal band on flank (brown or grey in fixed specimens), from humeral blotch to median caudal-fin rays. Reddish fins (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Maximum standard length. 90.0 mm (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Distribution. Upper rio Paraná basin., Published as part of Ota, Renata Rúbia, Deprá, Gabriel de Carvalho, Graça, Weferson Júnio da & Pavanelli, Carla Simone, 2018, Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes: revised, annotated and updated, pp. 1-111 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (2) on page 27, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170094, http://zenodo.org/record/3678395, {"references":["Pavanelli CS, Graca WJ, Zawadzki CH, Britski HA, Vidotti AP, Avelino GS, Verissimo S. Fishes from the Corumba Reservoir, Paranaiba River drainage, upper rio Parana basin, State of Goias, Brazil. Check List. 2007; 3 (1): 58 - 64."]}

Astyanax lacustris (Lütken, 1875) Fig. 7 Body deep; greatest depth contained 1.8 to 2.9 and caudal peduncle depth 6.6 to 10.1 times in SL; head length 3.0 to 4.4, predorsal distance 1.6 to 2.4 and caudal peduncle length 7.8 to 8.4 in SL; snout length 3.2 to 4.1, horizontal orbital diameter 2.3 to 4.7 and least interorbital width 1.9 to 3.3 in HL. Mouth terminal; inner row of premaxilla with 5 teeth, outer with 4 or 5, dentary with 8-16, and no maxillary teeth. Lateral line complete, with 33-41 pored scales; transverse series above lateral line with 6 to 8 scale rows and below with 4-8 scale rows. Dorsal fin with 12, pectoral fin with 12 or 13, pelvic fin with 8 or 9, anal fin with 22-34, and caudal fin with 19. Ground color silvery; one black rounded humeral blotch followed by another vertically elongated humeral blotch; silvery longitudinal band on flank (brown or grey in fixed specimens), from humeral blotch to median caudal-fin rays, larger on caudal peduncle, forming oval-shaped, horizontally elongated, blotch. Yellowish fins (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Maximum standard length. 129.2 mm (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Distribution. Río de la Plata basin, Laguna dos Patos and rio Tramandaí drainages, rio São Francisco (Lucena, Soares, 2016) and, according to Garutti, Langeani (2009), rio Tocantins-Araguaia basins. Remarks. Astyanax lacustris was identified as A. altiparanae by Graça, Pavanelli (2007). Lucena, Soares (2016), in a revisionary study of some species in the Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus, 1758) group from Southern Neotropical river basins, proposed the new synonym., Published as part of Ota, Renata Rúbia, Deprá, Gabriel de Carvalho, Graça, Weferson Júnio da & Pavanelli, Carla Simone, 2018, Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes: revised, annotated and updated, pp. 1-111 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (2) on pages 26-27, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170094, http://zenodo.org/record/3678395, {"references":["Pavanelli CS, Graca WJ, Zawadzki CH, Britski HA, Vidotti AP, Avelino GS, Verissimo S. Fishes from the Corumba Reservoir, Paranaiba River drainage, upper rio Parana basin, State of Goias, Brazil. Check List. 2007; 3 (1): 58 - 64.","Lucena CAS, Soares HG. Review of species of the Astyanax bimaculatus \" caudal peduncle spot \" subgroup sensu Garutti & Langeani (Characiformes, Characidae) from the rio La Plata and rio Sao Francisco drainages and coastal systems of southern Brazil and Uruguay. Zootaxa. 2016; 4072 (1): 101 - 25.","Garutti V, Langeani F. Redescription of Astyanax goyacensis Eigenmann, 1908 (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae). Neotrop Ichthyol. 2009; 7 (3): 371 - 76."]}

Astyanax aff. fasciatus (Cuvier, 1819) Fig. 7 Body elongated; greatest depth contained 2.9 to 3.4 and caudal peduncle depth 10.4 to 11.1 times in SL; head length 4.5 to 4.6, predorsal distance 2.0 to 2.1 and caudal peduncle length 9.5 to 13.3 in SL; snout length 3.4 to 3.6, horizontal orbital diameter 2.2 to 2.3 and least interorbital width 3.3 to 3.5 in HL. Mouth terminal; inner row of premaxilla with 5 teeth, outer with 4 or 5, dentary with 10-12, and maxilla with one tooth. Lateral line complete, with 34-36 pored scales; transverse series above lateral line with 5 or 5½ scale rows and below with 5 scale rows. Dorsal fin with 11, pectoral fin with 15, pelvic fin with 9, anal fin with 24-28, and caudal fin with 19 rays. Ground color silvery; black vertically elongated humeral blotch; silvery longitudinal band on flank (black in fixed specimens), from humeral blotch to median caudal-fin rays, larger on caudal peduncle, forming oval-shaped, horizontally elongated, blotch. Unpaired fins reddish, paired fins hyaline (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Maximum standard length. 102.0 mm (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Distribution. Drainages from Mexico to Argentina., Published as part of Ota, Renata Rúbia, Deprá, Gabriel de Carvalho, Graça, Weferson Júnio da & Pavanelli, Carla Simone, 2018, Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes: revised, annotated and updated, pp. 1-111 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (2) on page 26, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170094, http://zenodo.org/record/3678395, {"references":["Pavanelli CS, Graca WJ, Zawadzki CH, Britski HA, Vidotti AP, Avelino GS, Verissimo S. Fishes from the Corumba Reservoir, Paranaiba River drainage, upper rio Parana basin, State of Goias, Brazil. Check List. 2007; 3 (1): 58 - 64."]}

Astyanax 1. A well-defined black, horizontally elongate humeral spot, overlapped by a more diffuse, vertically elongate grey stripe and followed by a second diffuse, vertically elongate grey stripe............................................. A. lacustris 1’. One or two relatively diffuse, grey to brown vertically elongate humeral spots........................................................ 2 2. One humeral spot............................................................ 3 2’. Two humeral spots......................................................... 4 3. Anal fin with 29 to 35 branched rays............. A. schubarti 3’. Anal fin with 24 to 28 branched rays...... A. aff. fasciatus 4. Anal-fin origin anterior to vertical through the end of dorsal fin.................................................................. A. biotae 4’. Anal-fin origin posterior to vertical through the end of dorsal fin.............................................................................. 5 5. Greatest body depth on vertical through the middle of pectoral fin.................................................... A. aff. paranae 5’. Greatest body depth two scales anterior to the dorsalfin origin.......................................................... A. bockmanni, Published as part of Ota, Renata Rúbia, Deprá, Gabriel de Carvalho, Graça, Weferson Júnio da & Pavanelli, Carla Simone, 2018, Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes: revised, annotated and updated, pp. 1-111 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (2) on page 25, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170094, http://zenodo.org/record/3678395

Astyanax schubarti Britski, 1964 Fig. 7 Body deep; greatest depth contained 2.4 to 2.5 and caudal peduncle depth 10.7 to 11.2 times in SL; head length 4.1 to 4.6, predorsal distance 2.0 to 2.1 and caudal peduncle length 10.1 to 11.6 in SL; snout length 3.7 to 3.8, horizontal orbital diameter 2.1 to 2.2 and least interorbital width 3.0 to 3.1 in HL. Mouth terminal; inner row of premaxilla with 5, outer with 3-5, dentary with 10-13, and maxilla with one tooth. Lateral line complete, with 37-38 pored scales; transverse series above lateral line with 6-7 scale rows and below with 6 scale rows. Dorsal fin with 10-11, pectoral fin with 14-16, pelvic fin with 9, anal fin with 29-35 and caudal fin with 19 rays (Britski, 1964). Ground color pale yellow; dark-brown longiudinal stripe, along middle of body, from humeral spot to median caudal-fin rays; dark-brown humeral spot, transversely elongate. Dorsal and caudal fins yellowish, other fins hyaline (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Maximum standard length. 89.0 mm (Graça, Pavanelli, 2007). Distribution. Upper rio Paraná basin., Published as part of Ota, Renata Rúbia, Deprá, Gabriel de Carvalho, Graça, Weferson Júnio da & Pavanelli, Carla Simone, 2018, Peixes da planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes: revised, annotated and updated, pp. 1-111 in Neotropical Ichthyology 16 (2) on page 28, DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20170094, http://zenodo.org/record/3678395, {"references":["Britski HA. Sobre uma nova especie de Astyanax do rio Mogi- Guassu (Pisces, Characidae). Pap Avulsos Zool. 1964; 16 (21): 213 - 15.","Pavanelli CS, Graca WJ, Zawadzki CH, Britski HA, Vidotti AP, Avelino GS, Verissimo S. Fishes from the Corumba Reservoir, Paranaiba River drainage, upper rio Parana basin, State of Goias, Brazil. Check List. 2007; 3 (1): 58 - 64."]}

Astyanax lacustris (L��tken, 1875) Tetragonopterus lacustris L��tken 1875: 131 [original description]. Astyanax scabripinnis ��� Castro et al. 2004: 32, fig. 4a, 4. Astyanax altiparanae ��� Gra��a and Pavanelli 2007: 54, 55; Hoffmann et al. 2015: 4, fig. A1.E. Astyanax lacustris ��� Lucena and Soares 2016: 103, figs. 1, 6, 8, 9; Bifi et al. 2017: 4, 5, fig. 2.6. Material examined. Table 2; Figure 5E. Deep body; terminal mouth; inner row of premaxilla with 5 teeth, outer with 4 or 5, dentary with 8���16, and no maxillary teeth. Lateral line complete, with 33���41 pored scales; transversal series above lateral line with 6���8 scale rows and below with 4���8 scale rows. Dorsal fin with 12, pectoral fin with 12 or 13, pelvic fin with 8 or 9, anal fin with 22���34, and caudal fin with 19, total rays (Garutti and Britski 2000). Ground color silvery; 1 black rounded humeral blotch followed by another vertically elongated humeral blotch, silvery longitudinal band on the flank (dark in fixed specimens) from humeral blotch to median caudal-fin rays, being larger on caudal peduncle and forming oval-shaped, horizontally elongated blotch. Yellowish fins., Published as part of Batista-Silva, Val��ria Fl��via, Frota, Augusto, Kashiwaqui, Elaine Antoniassi Luiz, Abelha, Milza Celi Fedatto, Bailly, Dayani, Gubiani, ��der Andr�� & J��nio da Gra��a, Weferson, 2018, Ichthyofauna from three streams of the lower Iguatemi River in the upper Paran�� river basin, Brazil, pp. 363-378 in Check List 14 (2) on page 369, DOI: 10.15560/14.2.363, {"references":["Lutken CF (1875) Characinae novae Brasiliae centralis a clarissimo J. Reinhardt in provincia Minas-Geraes circa oppidulum Lagoa Santa in lacu ejusdem nominis, flumine Rio das Velhas et rivulis affluenti- bus collectae, secundum caracteres essentiales breviter descriptae. Oversigt over det Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger 1874: 127 - 143.","Castro RMC, Casatti L., Santos HF, Melo ALA, Martins LSF, Ferreira KM, Gibran FZ, Benine RC, Carvalho M, Ribeiro AC, Abreu TX, Bockmann FA, Pelicao GZ, Stopiglia R, Langeani F (2004) Estrutura e composicao da ictiofauna de riachos da bacia do rio Grande no estado de Sao Paulo, sudeste do Brasil. Biota Neotropica 3: 1 - 39. http: // doi. org / b 2 sg","Graca WJ, Pavanelli CS (2007). Peixes da planicie de inundacao do alto rio Parana e areas adjacentes. EDUEM, Maringa, 241 pp.","Hoffmann AC, Nascimento RHC, Shibatta OA (2015) Fish fauna from tributaries throughout the Tibagi river basin, upper Parana, basin, Brazil. Check List 11: 1815. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 11.6.1815","Lucena CA, Soares HG (2016) Review of species of the Astyanax bimaculatus \" caudal peduncle spot \" subgroup sensu Garutti & Langeani (Characiformes, Characidae) from the rio La Plata and rio Sao Francisco drainages and coastal systems of southern Brazil and Uruguay. Zootaxa 4071: 101 - 125. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4072.1.5","Bifi AG, Dias AC, Frota A (2017) Fish species (Osteichthyes: Acti- nopterygii) from two tributaries of the Rio do Peixe basin, Tupa municipality, Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Check List 13: 2063. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 13.2.2063","Garutti V, Britski HA (2000) Descricao de uma nova especie de Astyanax (Teleostei: Characidae) da bacia do alto rio Parana e consideracoes sobre as demais especies do genero na bacia. Comunicacoes do Museu de Ciencias e Tecnologia, PUCRS, serie Zoologia: 13: 65 - 88."]}

Astyanax aff. fasciatus (Cuvier, 1819) Chalceus fasciatus Cuvier 1819: 352, pl. 26 [original description]. Astyanax fasciatus — Castro et al. 2004: 32, fig. 4a, 5. Astyanax aff. fasciatus — Graça and Pavanelli 2007: 54, 57; Bifi et al. 2017: 4, 5, fig. 2.5 Astyanax fasciatus — Hoffmann et al. 2015: 4, fig. A1.G. Material examined. Table 2; Figure 5C. Elongated body; terminal mouth; inner row of premaxilla with 5 teeth, outer with 4 or 5, dentary with 10–12, and maxilla with one tooth. Complete lateral line with 34–36 pored scales; transversal series above lateral line with 5 or 5½ scale rows and below with 5 scale rows. Dorsal fin with 11, pectoral fin with 15, pelvic fin with 9, anal fin with 24–28, and caudal fin with 19, total rays. Ground color silvery; dark vertically elongated humeral blotch; silvery longitudinal band on the flank (dark in fixed specimens) from humeral blotch to median caudal-fin rays, being larger on caudal peduncle and forming ovalshaped, horizontally elongated blotch. Reddish unpaired fins reddish and hyaline paired fins., Published as part of Batista-Silva, Valéria Flávia, Frota, Augusto, Kashiwaqui, Elaine Antoniassi Luiz, Abelha, Milza Celi Fedatto, Bailly, Dayani, Gubiani, Éder André & Júnio da Graça, Weferson, 2018, Ichthyofauna from three streams of the lower Iguatemi River in the upper Paraná river basin, Brazil, pp. 363-378 in Check List 14 (2) on pages 368-369, DOI: 10.15560/14.2.363, {"references":["Cuvier G (1819) Sur les poissons du sous-genre Hydrocyon, sur deux nouvelles especes de Chalceus, sur trois nouvelles especes du Serrasalmes, et sur l'Argentina glossodonta de Forskahl, qui est l' Albula gonorhynchus de Bloch. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 5: 351 - 379.","Castro RMC, Casatti L., Santos HF, Melo ALA, Martins LSF, Ferreira KM, Gibran FZ, Benine RC, Carvalho M, Ribeiro AC, Abreu TX, Bockmann FA, Pelicao GZ, Stopiglia R, Langeani F (2004) Estrutura e composicao da ictiofauna de riachos da bacia do rio Grande no estado de Sao Paulo, sudeste do Brasil. Biota Neotropica 3: 1 - 39. http: // doi. org / b 2 sg","Graca WJ, Pavanelli CS (2007). Peixes da planicie de inundacao do alto rio Parana e areas adjacentes. EDUEM, Maringa, 241 pp.","Bifi AG, Dias AC, Frota A (2017) Fish species (Osteichthyes: Acti- nopterygii) from two tributaries of the Rio do Peixe basin, Tupa municipality, Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Check List 13: 2063. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 13.2.2063","Hoffmann AC, Nascimento RHC, Shibatta OA (2015) Fish fauna from tributaries throughout the Tibagi river basin, upper Parana, basin, Brazil. Check List 11: 1815. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 11.6.1815"]}

Astyanax dissensus Lucena & Thofehrn in Lucena, Castro & Bertaco (2013) Paratypes: 1 lot, 2 specimens; MCN 19585, 2, 58.9–66.1 mm SL, arroio Taquara, road of Boa Vista ca. 5 km of road BR-290, laguna dos Patos system, approx. 30°09’S 52°02’W, Minas do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 24 November 1993, J.F.P. da Silva & W. Bruschi (Fig. 5).

Astyanax procerus Lucena, Castro & Bertaco (2013) Paratypes: 1 lot, 2 specimens; MCN 19584, 2, 54.3���63.9 mm SL, rio das Antas, upstream of Cachoeir��o, laguna dos Patos system, Nova Roma do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 29��00���40��� S 51��22���22��� W, 1 October 2002, J. Latini, J.R. Gon��alves & V. Capatti (Fig. 8)., Published as part of Bertaco, Vinicius A. & Azevedo, Marco A., 2018, Type catalog from the fish collection of the Museu de Ci��ncias Naturais, Funda����o Zoobot��nica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, pp. 83-100 in Zootaxa 4392 (1) on page 88, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1195111, {"references":["Lucena, C. A. S., Castro, J. B. & Bertaco, V. A. (2013) Three new species of Astyanax from drainages of southern Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 11, 537 - 552. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252013000300007"]}

Astyanax pirabitira Lucena, Bertaco & Berbigier (2013) Paratypes: 1 lot, 12 specimens; MCN 19725, 12, 37.8���57.1 mm SL, border between Cambar�� do Sul and Bom Jesus, rio das Antas, rio Jacu�� drainage, laguna dos Patos system, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, approx. 28��50���S 50��06���W, 14 January 1989, C.A.S. Lucena, E.H. L. Pereira & P.V. Azevedo (Fig. 7)., Published as part of Bertaco, Vinicius A. & Azevedo, Marco A., 2018, Type catalog from the fish collection of the Museu de Ci��ncias Naturais, Funda����o Zoobot��nica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, pp. 83-100 in Zootaxa 4392 (1) on page 87, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1195111, {"references":["Lucena, C. A. S., Bertaco, V. A. & Berbigier, G. (2013) A new species of Astyanax from headwater streams of southern Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae). Zootaxa, 3700 (2), 226 - 236. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3700.2.2"]}

Astyanax bagual Bertaco & Vigo (2015) Paratypes: 3 lots, 5 specimens; MCN 16547, 1, 56.0 mm SL, rio Forqueta, rio Taquari-Antas basin, Pouso Novo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 29°05’40”S 52°12’44”W, 13 January 2002, P.C.C. Milani. MCN 19903, 1, 71.1 mm SL, rio Turvo, rio Taquari-Antas basin, André da Rocha, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 28°36’27”S 51°23’51”W, 9 January 2014, A.R. Cardoso & G. Rosa (Fig. 4). MCN 19915, 3, 67.6–73.2 mm SL, Dois Lageados, rio Carreiro downstream to hydroeletric plant PCH Linha Emília, rio Taquari-Antas basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 28°56’30”S 51°46’30”W, 26 June 2013, J. Ferrer & J.M. Wingert.

Astyanax xiru Lucena, Castro & Bertaco (2013) Paratypes: 1 lot, 2 specimens; MCN 19583, 2, 78.7���84.3 mm SL, arroio Feitoria, laguna dos Patos system, Sapiranga, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, approx. 29��34���S 51��00���W, 15 March 1997, D. Jacobus & A. Fialho (Fig. 9)., Published as part of Bertaco, Vinicius A. & Azevedo, Marco A., 2018, Type catalog from the fish collection of the Museu de Ci��ncias Naturais, Funda����o Zoobot��nica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, pp. 83-100 in Zootaxa 4392 (1) on page 88, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1195111, {"references":["Lucena, C. A. S., Castro, J. B. & Bertaco, V. A. (2013) Three new species of Astyanax from drainages of southern Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 11, 537 - 552. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1679 - 62252013000300007"]}

Astyanax douradilho Bertaco (2014) Holotype: MCN 19858, 1, 90.0 mm SL, arroio Encantado, rio Maquin�� basin, rio Tramada�� system, Barra do Ouro District, Maquin��, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 29��36���28���S 50��12���15���W, 1 November 2013, V.A. Bertaco, M.A. Azevedo, C.L. Castilho & A.C. Vigo (Fig. 6). Paratypes: 2 lots, 16 specimens; MCN 19895, 10, 51.3���72.7 mm SL, rio do Ouro, Barra do Ouro District, Maquin��, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 29��35���12���S 50��17���00���W, 16 December 2010, C. Vogel, G. Rosa & L. Artioli. MCN 19896, 6, 63.7 ���76.0 mm SL, rio do Ouro, Barra do Ouro District, Maquin��, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 29��35���12���S 50��17���00���W, 11 January 2011, C. Vogel, R. Paesi & G. Rosa., Published as part of Bertaco, Vinicius A. & Azevedo, Marco A., 2018, Type catalog from the fish collection of the Museu de Ci��ncias Naturais, Funda����o Zoobot��nica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, pp. 83-100 in Zootaxa 4392 (1) on page 87, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1195111

Astyanax moorii (Boulenger, 1892) comb. nov. Figs 4, 13, Table 2 Tetragonopterus moorii Boulenger, 1892: 11, pl. 2 fig. 1. Original description, type locality: Chapala Plateau, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Astyanacinus moorii ��� Eigenmann 1910: 435; Pearson 1924: 41. (Beni River Basin at Tumupasa; Popoi River, Upper Beni; Ixiamas; Huachi; Rurrenabaque). Diagnosis Astyanax moorii comb. nov. is a member of the orthodus species-group of Astyanax, differing from other species of the group in having an inconspicuous spot in the caudal peduncle (vs conspicuous peduncle spot) and by the length of the upper jaw more than 47% HL (vs less than 47% HL), and from A. orthodus, A. superbus, A. yariguies and A. gandhiae sp. nov. in the interorbital distance being 27.4��� 31.4% HL (vs> 32% HL); it is distinguished from A. bopiensis nom. nov. and A. gandhia e sp. nov., A. orthodus and A. embera sp. nov. by the distance between the dorsal and pectoral fins 37.4���40.3% SL (vs more than 40.4 SL); from A. villwocki by the absence of a dark band on the side surface of the body (vs present) and from A. bopiensis nom. nov. by the maxillary length 34.0���37.9% HL (vs 46.7���58.9% HL). Etymology The specific epithet moorii refers to the collector Mr. Spencer le Marchant Moore, who collected the type material of Astyanax moorii comb. nov. Type material Lectotype (examined from photograph) BRAZIL: 1 specimen, 65.2 mm SL; Upper Paraguay Chapala Plateau, Mato Grosso State (BMNH 1892.4.20.51; photo BMNH 1892-4-20-51-2 2). Paralectotype BRAZIL: 1 specimen, SL unknown; Upper Paraguay Chapala Plateau, Mato Grosso State (BMNH 1892.4.20.52; photo BMNH 1892-4-20-51-2 1). Material examined BRAZIL: State of Mato Grosso: 2 specimens (sex unknown), 50.3���64.7 mm SL, stream ("riacho") near Manso Hydro-Electric Plant, Cuiab�� River Basin, in the region of Fazenda Nova (MNRJ 29284); 3 specimens (sex unknown), 43.2���59.0 mm SL, Forte Stream ("ribeir��o"), tributary of the Coxip��-A��u River, Cuiab�� River Basin, Municipality of Cuiab�� (MNRJ 1190). Description Body compressed, greatest body depth at or anterior to dorsal-fin origin. Mouth terminal. Anterior half of dorsal profile of head slightly straight; profile between posterior margin of supraoccipital spine and dorsal-fin origin as between last dorsal-fin ray and adipose-fin origin is slightly convex. Dorsal and ventral margins of caudal peduncle straight. Ventral profile convex from tip of snout to pelvic-fin insertion, feature visible in both sexes. Premaxillary teeth in two series; outer series with three to five tricuspid teeth, so the outer lateral tooth; inner tooth row with five pentacuspid teeth. Maxilla with three to four teeth in anterior-most part of ventral margin. Dentary with four anterior teeth pentacuspid, followed laterally by 6���10 smaller teeth of increasing posterior inclination, reducing from tri- to unicuspid. Pored scales of lateral line 41(1), 44(2), 45(1), 46(1), 47(1), 50(1), (n = 7), transverse scales from lateral line to origin of dorsal fin 8(5) a 9(2) (n = 7), scales from lateral line to origin of anal fin 6(1), 7(5), 8(1) (n = 7), scales from lateral line to insertion of pelvic fin 6(5), 7(2), (n = 7). Predorsal midline covered with bilobed medial scales for more than �� of its length, naked anteriorly. Rays of dorsal fin iii 9 (n = 7); first simple ray small, only visible in cleared and stained specimens; second simple ray about half length of third simple ray. Distal margin of dorsal fin slightly convex. Origin of adipose fin anterior to vertical line through insertion of last ray of anal fin. Rays of pectoral fin i 12 (1), i 13 (5), i 14 (1). Pelvicfin rays i 6 (1), i 7 (6). Rays of anal fin iii(2), iv(v) and 28(1), 29(4), 30(1) and 32(1), first simple rays only visible in cleared and stained material. Origin of anal fin posterior to vertical line through insertion of last dorsal-fin ray. Caudal-fin rays10���9, dorsal lobe with 11(5), 13(2) procurrent rays, ventral with 10(7) procurrent radios. Upper 10(5) principal rays of caudal fin associated with four dorsal hypurals, next 9(2) associated with three ventral hypurals and last principal ray associated with last hemal spine. Total vertebrae 37(3), including those of the Weberian apparatus: precaudal centra 15(2) y 16(1), last two without true pleural rib. Caudal centra 19(2), 20(1). Epineurals 36(1), 38(2), 40(1), 41(1) posterior-most epineural may not reach anterior surface of urostyle; epipleurals 20(5). Caudal skeleton with seven hypurals. First three hypurals with swollen anterior margins in contact with urostyle. Pigmentation in alcohol Sides of body yellowish, without reticulated pattern, with silver midlateral stripe present from humeral region to caudal-peduncle base, overlain by series of chevron-shaped marks formed by dark lines along myosepta between myotomes extending from dorsal region of coelomic cavity to caudal peduncle; pigmented muscle septae forming chevrons not coinciding with scale rows. Chevrons with distal extensions both in juvenile and adult specimens. Dorsal region of head and body chestnut brown. Sides of cranium and ventral surface of body light brown, not silvery. Melanophores of humeral region forming two (anterior and posterior) humeral spots. The anterior spot is formed by two layers of pigment, with brown melanophores distributed in thin superficial layer of the epithelium (Layer 1, Fig. 1); deeper layer that with dark melanophores (Layer 2, Fig. 1). Layer 2 forming polygon-shaped spot, with two parts, forming vertices on margins, usually forming four-sided spot located from second to fifth or sixth scale of lateral series. Posterior humeral spot situated two scales posterior to anterior humeral spot, rectangle-shaped, inconspicuous and covering two to three scales above lateral-line. Individual scales on sides of body without spots or dots. Caudalpeduncle spot rhomboid with short anterior extension over silver lateral stripe not surpassing anal-fin origin, dark pigment of caudal peduncle stripe continued on to middle caudal-fin rays with dark pigment present on tips of remaining rays. Pectoral, pelvic, dorsal and anal fins hyaline. Sexual dimorphism No sexual dimorphism was observed, no hooks found on fins. Taxonomic comments This species is transferred from Astyanacinus to Astyanax because it shares the anteriorly directed V-shaped chevrons along myomere junctions with members of the orthodus species-group. The conspicuous polygon-shaped humeral spot is also similar (Fig. 1), consisting of dark melanophores. Distribution Known from the Alto Paraguay River in Brazil (Fig. 4)., Published as part of Ruiz-C, Raquel I., Rom��n-Valencia, C��sar, Taphorn, Donald C., Buckup, Paulo A. & Ortega, Hern��n, 2018, Revision of the Astyanax orthodus species-group (Teleostei: Characidae) with descriptions of three new species, pp. 1-45 in European Journal of Taxonomy 402 on pages 30-32, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2018.402, http://zenodo.org/record/1169559, {"references":["Boulenger G. A. 1892. On some new or little-known fishes obtained by Dr. J. W. Evans and Mr. Spencer Moore during their recent expedition to the Province of Matto Grosso, Brazil. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 6) 10 (55) (art. 2): 9 - 12.","Eigenmann C. 1910. Catalogue of freshwater fishes of tropical and South temperate America. In: Scott W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expedition to Patagonia, 1896 - 1899. Volume 3 - Zoology: 375 - 511, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2097","Pearson N. E. 1924. The Fishes of the Eastern Slope of the Andes. Indiana University Studies 11, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA."]}

Astyanax bopiensis nom. nov. Figs 4, 7, Table 2 Astyanacinus multidens Pearson, 1924: 41, pl. 9 fig. 4. Original description, type locality: Bolivia, Colorado River, lower Bopi River. Diagnosis Astyanax bopiensis nom. nov. is a member of the orthodus species-group, differing from other species of the group in having a reticulated pattern on the sides of the body formed by dark pigment on the medio-distal margins of scales (vs reticulated pattern absent); and in having 7 to 13 teeth on the maxilla covering at least half the length of its ventral margin (vs 0–6 teeth); there are four scales touching the base of the pectoral fin along its ventral margin (vs three scales along ventral margin of pectoral-fin base; Fig. 9); number of neural spines from the fourth vertebra to the first pterygiophore of the dorsal fin 7 to 11 (vs 5 to 6). It differs from A. moorii comb. nov. in having the dorsal-fin-hypural distance less than 45% SL (vs more 50% SL), by body depth less 34% SL (vs more 34% SL), by dorsal-fin length less 28% SL (vs more 28% SL), by dorsal pectoral-fin distance more than 50% SL (vs less than 50% SL), by pectoral-fin length less 21.5% SL (vs more than 21.5% SL), by pelvic-fin length less 16% SL (vs more than 16% SL), by maxilla length more than 46.5% HL (vs less than 40% HL) and by upper jaw length less 45% HL (vs more than 45% HL). Etymology The specific epithet bopiensis refers to the river where the original type material was collected. It is used as a noun in apposition. Material examined Lectotype BOLIVIA: (sex unknown), 96.9 mm SL, Colorado River, Lower Bopi (CAS 39955). Paralectotypes BOLIVIA: (sex unknown) 79.8–122.9 mm SL, Río Colorado, Lower Bopi (CAS 236977) Non type material PERU: 1 specimen (sex unknown), Puno, Sandia (MUSM 3410); Madre de Dios (MUSM 3418, MUSM 3758); 1 specimen (sex unknown), 143.9 mm SL (CAS 38955); 2 specimens (sex unknown), 49.4– 50.5 mm SL, 1 specimen (sex unknown) C&S, Puno, Sandia Tavara River, Zona Reservada Tambopata- Candamo (MUSM 3410); 5 specimens (sex unknown), 38.9–57.3 mm SL, 2 specimens (sex unknown) C&S, Culli Creek, Alto Madre de Dios River, Madre de Dios River Basin, Manu, Madre de Dios (MUSM 3814); 1 specimen (sex unknown), 143.9 mm SL, Madre de Dios, Manu, Culli stream, Madre de Dios River, Upper Amazon River (MUSM 3758). Description Body compressed, greatest body depth at or anterior to dorsal-fin origin. Mouth terminal. Dorsal profile of head straight between snout tip and posterior margin of supraoccipital spine, convex between head and dorsal fin. Convex between head and at base of dorsal fin, convex from last dorsal-fin ray to adiposefin origin. Dorsal and ventral caudal peduncle margins straight. Ventral profile convex from tip of snout to pelvic-fin insertion. Premaxillary teeth in two series; outer series with four tricuspid teeth covering three medial-most teeth of inner series. Inner row with five pentacuspid teeth. Maxilla long, of same width along entire length, with 7–13 teeth on anterior-most part of ventral margin; anterior-most teeth tricuspid then with less well-defined cusps, 4 or 5 posterior teeth conical. Dentary with anterior four pentacuspid teeth, followed laterally by 11–13 smaller teeth of increasing posterior inclination, decreasing from tri- to unicuspid. Pored scales of lateral line 39(4), 40(4) or 41(2), scales from lateral line to dorsal-fin origin 7(4) to 8(6) (n = 10), scales from lateral line to anal-fin origin 7(8) to 8(2) (n = 10), scales from lateral line to pelvicfin insertion 5(3) to 6(7) (n = 10), predorsal midline with complete series of scales along dorsal midline. Dorsal-fin rays iii 9 (n = 10); first simple ray small, only visible in cleared and stained specimens; second simple ray about half length of third simple ray. Distal margin of dorsal fin slightly convex. Adipose-fin origin anterior to vertical through insertion of last anal-fin ray. Pectoral-fin rays i 11–12 i. Pelvic-fin rays i 7 i. Anal-fin rays iii–v, 22(2), 23(5), 24(1), 25(1) (n = 10), first simple rays only visible in cleared and stained material. Anal-fin origin posterior to vertical through insertion of last dorsal-fin ray. Total vertebrae 36–38(3), including those of the Weberian apparatus: precaudal centra 18(2), 19(1), last three without true pleural rib. Caudal centra 18(1), 19(2). Epineurals 33(2), 35(1), posterior-most epineural occasionally not reach anterior surface of urostyle; epipleurals 21(1), 22 (2). Caudal fin with seven hypurals; dorsal and ventral lobes approximately equal in length and width; second hypural thickened anteriorly; 11(1), 12(2) dorsal procurrent rays; 10(3) principal rays in dorsal lobe, 10(2), 11(1) ventral procurrent rays, 9(3) principal rays in ventral lobe. Pigmentation in alcohol Sides of body yellowish, with reticulated pattern over upper region of coelomic cavity, silver stripe extending from humeral region to caudal-peduncle base; overlain by series of chevron-shaped marks formed by dark lines along myosepta between myotomes extending from dorsal region of coelomic cavity to caudal peduncle; pigmented muscle septae forming chevrons not coinciding with scale rows. Dorsal region of head and body chestnut brown. Sides of cranium and ventral surface of body light brown, not silvery. Melanophores of humeral region forming two spots (anterior and posterior humeral spots). Anterior spot formed by two layers of pigment: brown melanophores (Layer 1, Fig.1) distributed in thin superficial layer of epithelium, another deeper layer consisting of dark melanophores (Layer 2, Fig. 1). Layer 2 forming polygon-shaped anterior humeral spot, divided in two groups of melanophores that do not precisely overlap, forming four-sided spot extending from the third to fourth or fifth scale of lateral series. Posterior humeral spot situated two or three scales posterior to anterior humeral spot, arc- or sigmoid-shaped, inconspicuous, covering two to three scales above lateral-line. Scales on sides of body with spots or dots. Caudal peduncle spot rhomboid with short anterior extension (over silver lateral stripe) that does not extend anterior beyond vertical through anal-fin origin; dark pigment of caudal peduncle stripe continued onto middle caudal-fin rays with dark pigment present on tips of remaining rays. Pectoral, pelvic, dorsal and anal fins hyaline. Sexual dimorphism No sexual dimorphism observed. Taxonomic comments Our assignment of Astyanacinus multidens Pearson, 1924 to the genus Astyanax relegates it to the status of a junior secondary homonym of Astyanax multidens Eigenmann, 1908. We propose the replacement name, Astyanax bopiensis nom. nov., following rules established in Article 59 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999). Distribution Known from the drainages of the Madidi and Mamoré Rivers, Colorado River, lower Bopi River, tributaries of the Madeira River, upper Amazon Basin of Bolivia and Peru (Puno and Madre de Dios) (Fig. 4).

Astyanax embera sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9B1792A8-70D6-4167-9136-0DD74844B040 Figs 2, 3B, 4, Table 1 Diagnosis Astyanax embera sp. nov. is a member of the orthodus species-group of Astyanax, differing from other members of the group as follows: from A. villwocki, A. superbus, A. gandhiae sp. nov., A. bopiensis nom. nov., A. boliviensis sp. nov. and A. yariguies comb. nov. by the absence of a dark stripe on the sides of the body (vs dark lateral stripe present or anterior prolongation of the caudal peduncle spot extending anteriorly over the silvery lateral stripe). It differs from A. orthodus in having the caudal peduncle spot extending onto the ventral and dorsal margins of the caudal peduncle, covering 4–6 horizontal scale rows (vs covering 2–4 horizontal scale rows on the caudal peduncle, Fig. 3). It also differs from A. orthodus in having an unpigmented band across the anal-fin rays in both sexes (vs pigmentation uniform on analfin rays). It differs from A. moorii comb. nov. in the body depth> 39% SL (vs 40.5% SL (vs 33.5% SH), upper jaw length 47% SH) and by the number of lateral-line scales 36–41 (vs 44–50). Etymology The specific epithet embera is a noun in apposition and refers to the native Americans known as the Embera, who occupy the type locality of this new taxon. Material examined Holotype COLOMBIA: 83.0 mm SL, Nariño Department, Barbacoas Municipality, Patía River Basin (Pacific Coast), Telembí River drainage, in Telembí River at mouth of Yamunde River, 1 km below Barbacoas, 01°39′56″ N, 78°09′12″ W, 61 m a.s.l. (IUQ 3614). Paratypes COLOMBIA: all from Nariño Department, Barbacoas Municipality, Patía River Basin, Telembi River Drainage: 9 ♂♂, 40.3–52.3 mm SL, La Tundera Brook, Barbacoas, Nariño, 01°39′03″S 78°10′33″W, 41 m a.s.l. (IUQ 2264); 4 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, 45.6–89.8 mm SL, 4C&S (sex unknown), 52.8–63.0 mm SL, same locality as for holotype (IUQ 701); 36 ♂♂, 11♀♀, 43.2–62.7 mm SL, 4C&S (sex unknown), 39.2– 68.0 mm SL, brook on La Hacienda Ranch (IUQ 2252); 11 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀, 38.61–50.63 mm SL, Barbacoas, Yamunde River, 01°39′39″ N, 78°09′04″ W, 43 m a.s.l. (IUQ 2259); 3 ♂♂, 52.6–85.5 mm SL, collected with holotype (IUQ 989); 1 specimen (sex unknown) C&S, 53.8 mm SL, collected with holotype (IUQ1165). Description Body compressed, greatest body depth at or anterior to dorsal-fin origin. Mouth terminal. Dorsal profile of head straight between snout tip to posterior margin of supraoccipital spine, convex between head and dorsal fin, convex between last dorsal-fin ray and adipose-fin origin. Caudal peduncle arched, with dorsal profile concave and ventral profile convex. Ventral profile convex between snout tip and posterior end of anal-fin base in males; in females convex to pelvic-fin insertions, concave beyond the insertion of pelvic fin to anal-fin origin. Premaxillary teeth in two series; outer series with four tricuspid teeth covering three most medial teeth of internal series; inner row with five pentacuspid teeth. Maxilla long, of same width along entire length, with two tricuspid teeth set in anterior-most part of ventral margin. Dentary with anterior four teeth pentacuspid, following ten teeth smaller, progressively inclined posteromedially, varying from tri- to unicuspid; proportion of tri- vs unicuspid teeth quite variable. Pored lateral-line scales 36(1), 37(11), 38(11), 39(13), 40(1), 41(1) (n = 38); transverse scales from lateral line to dorsal-fin origin 7(13), 8(25) (n = 38); scales from lateral line to anal-fin origin 7(1), 8(29), 9(8) (n = 38); scales from lateral line to pelvic-fin insertion 6(22), 7(15), 8(1) (n = 38). Predorsal midline covered with bilobed medial scales for more than three quarters of its length, naked anteriorly. Dorsalfin rays iii 9 (n = 38); first simple ray reduced in size, easily visible only in C&S specimens, detectable with dissecting needle in non-C&S specimens; second simple ray about half length of third simple ray. Distal margin of dorsal fin slightly convex. Adipose-fin origin anterior to vertical through insertion of last anal-fin ray. Pectoral-fin rays i 10 i (2), i 11 i (23), i 12 i (12), i 13 (1) (n = 38). Anal-fin rays iii 25 (7), iii 26 (9), iii 27 (12), iii 28 (9), iii 29 (1) (n = 38); first simple rays only visible in C&S material. Anal-fin origin posterior to vertical through insertion of last dorsal-fin ray (Table 1). Principal caudal-fin rays 10(8) associated with four dorsal hypurals, 9(8) associated with three ventral hypurals; dorsal procurrent rays 10–11(8); ventral procurrent rays 9–10(8). Total vertebrae 34(8), including those of the Weberian apparatus: precaudal centra 16(2)–17(6), last two without true ribs; caudal centra 17(2)–18(6). Epipleurals 21(2)–22(6). Epineurals 30(2)–31(6); posterior-most epineural may reach anterior surface of urostyle. Hypurals 7(8); first dorsal hypural with anterior margin dotted, without projections without extensions that articulate the urostyle; second and third hypural with anterior margin swollen that contacting urostyle. Pigmentation in alcohol Sides of body yellowish, with reticulated pattern predominant over dorsal region of coelomic cavity. Silvery stripe present from humeral region to caudal-peduncle base, overlain by series of chevronshaped marks formed by dark lines along myosepta between myotomes extending from dorsal region of coelomic cavity to caudal peduncle; pigmented muscle septae forming chevrons not coinciding with scale rows. Chevrons without distal extensions both in juvenile and adult specimens. Dorsal region of head and body chestnut brown. Sides of cranium and ventral surface of body light brown, not silvery. The pigments of the humeral region form an anterior and posterior humeral spot. The anterior spot is formed by two layers of pigment: brown melanophores distributed in thin superficial layer of the epithelium (Layer 1, Fig.1); deeper layer with dark melanophores (Layer 2, Fig. 1). Layer 2 forming polygon-shaped spot, with two parts, forming vertices on margins, usually with four sides, located from third to sixth or seventh scale of lateral series. Posterior humeral spot situated two or three scales posterior to anterior humeral spot, arc- or sigmoid-shaped, inconspicuous, covering two to three scales above lateral-line. Scales on sides of body with spots or dots. Caudal peduncle spot pentagonal, its posterior tip or margin centered on middle caudal-fin rays, usually not further prolonged on middle caudal-fin rays. Pectoral and pelvic fins mostly hyaline; pelvic fins with melanophores at tips of rays. Dorsal, caudal and anal fins with melanophores on interradial membranes. Sexual dimorphism Sexual dimorphism was observed in the ventral profile, which is convex from snout tip to posterior end of anal-fin base in males, but in females is convex from snout tip to the pelvic-fin insertions, then concave to the origin of the anal fin. No hooks were detected on fins of examined adult individuals. Distribution Middle portion of the Telembí River drainage, which is a tributary of the Patía River, Nariño Department, Pacific coast of Colombia (Fig. 4). Comments The stream where the type locality of this species is located is subject to mining activity for gold, silver and platinum.

Astyanax boliviensis sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A4DF0719-0A75-4401-9F8D-D52AA7 FFDDF 6 Figs 4���5, Table 1 Diagnosis Astyanax boliviensis sp. nov. is a member of the orthodus species-group of Astyanax, differing from other species of the group in having lines extending from the tips of the chevrons on both the anterior and posterior extremes (proximal and distal sections of chevron extensions), forming extensions between the chevrons (vs chevrons without lines extending from their tips), except A. moorii comb. nov. which is distinguished by the number of lateral-line scales 39���42 (vs 44���50). It also differs from A. moorii comb. nov. in the upper jaw length> 34% HL (vs A. villwocki by the absence of a dark stripe on the sides of the body (vs dark lateral stripe present or anterior prolongation of the caudal peduncle spot extending over the silvery lateral stripe). It further differs from A.orthodus, A. embera sp. nov. and A. yariguies in having a conspicuous rhomboidal caudal-peduncle spot with a short, anterior, prolongation that does not surpass a vertical through the anal-fin origin (vs spot on caudal peduncle a short polygon shape not surpassing the posterior tip of the anal fin in A. orthodus and A. embera sp. nov.; spot on caudal peduncle elongated as a stripe, continuing anteriorly to humeral region in A. villwocki). It differs from A. bopiensis nom. nov., in having fewer than four teeth extending over less than one third of the maxillary (vs more than five teeth extending over more than two thirds of the maxillary). Etymology The specific epithet boliviensis refers to Bolivia, the country where the type series was collected. Material examined Holotype BOLIVIA: 87.9 mm SL, La Paz, Iturralde Province, Amazon River Basin, Madeira-Beni-Madidi- Candelaria River drainages, Candelaria River at La Candelaria, 13��35���21.88��� S, 68��41���31.06��� W, 304 m a.s.l. (CBF 13504). Paratypes BOLIVIA: Iturralde, La Candelaria, Ami National Park, Madidi River drainage: 5 specimens (sex unknown), 33.1���89.5 mm SL (CBF 7592); 8 specimens (sex unknown), 57.0��� 72.6 mm SL, 2 specimens (sex unknown) C&S, 49.0��� 75.2 mm SL (CBF 7434); 12 specimens (sex unknown), 32.3���76.7 mm SL (CBF 7594); 4 specimens (sex unknown), 43.6���63.3 mm SL, 1 specimen (sex unknown) C&S, 72.2 mm SL, Ixiamas (CBF 2828). ��� Isiboro, Mamor�� River drainage: 8 specimens (sex unknown), 44.7���58.1 mm SL, de Villa River (UMSS 4692); 4 specimens (sex unknown), 49.4���86.0 mm SL, Rancho Cuatro Esquinas (UMSS 3750); 15 specimens (sex unknown), 54.7���79.0 mm SL, Colonia River San Carlos (UMSS 5282). PERU: Puno, Sandia province: 2 specimens (sex unknown), 40.9���73.9 mm SL, 2 specimens (sex unknown) C&S, 70.3 mm SL, Tavara River 2 km from the mouth of Quebrada Grande, Zona Reservada, Tambopata-Candamo (MUSM 3410). Description Body compressed, greatest body depth at or anterior to origin of dorsal fin. Mouth terminal. Anterior half of dorsal profile of head slightly sigmoid, convex between verticals through snout tip and orbit, posterior half slightly concave between verticals through orbit and posterior margin of supraoccipital spine; profile between posterior margin of supraoccipital spine and origin of dorsal fin as between last ray of dorsal fin and origin of adipose fin convex. Dorsal and ventral margins of caudal peduncle arched, concave and convex, respectively. Ventral profile convex from tip of snout to insertion of pelvic fin, feature visible in both sexes. Premaxillary teeth in two series; outer series with four tricuspid teeth covering three most medial teeth of inner series; inner tooth row with five pentacuspid teeth. Maxilla long, of same width along entire length, with three teeth in anterior-most part of ventral margin; anterior-most teeth pentacuspid; remaining two teeth tricuspid. Dentary with four anterior teeth pentacuspid, followed laterally by 8���11 smaller teeth of increasing posterior inclination, reducing from tri- to unicuspid. Pored scales of lateral line 39(2), 40(10), 42(3)(n = 15), transverse scales from lateral line to dorsal-fin origin 7(1), 8(1) 10(13) (n = 15), scales from lateral line to anal-fin origin 7(2) 8(13) (n = 15), scales from lateral line to pelvic-fin insertion 6(3), 7(2), 8(10) (n = 15). Predorsal midline covered with bilobed medial scales for more than �� of its length, naked anteriorly. Dorsal-fin rays iii 9 (n = 15); first simple ray small, only visible in cleared and stained specimens; second simple ray about half length of third simple ray. Distal margin of dorsal fin slightly convex. Adipose-fin origin anterior to vertical through insertion of last anal-fin ray. Pectoral-fin rays i 10 (10), i 11 (1), i 14 (4). Pelvic-fin rays i 6���7 i. Anal-fin rays iii 23���30, first simple rays only visible in cleared and stained material. Anal-fin origin posterior to vertical through insertion of last dorsal-fin ray (Table 1). Caudal-fin rays 10���10; dorsal lobe with 12(4), 14(1) procurrent rays, ventral with 10(5) procurrent rays. Upper 10(5) principal caudal-fin rays associated with four dorsal hypurals, next 9(5) associated with three ventral hypurals and last principal ray associated with last hemal spine. Total vertebrae 35(5), including those of Weberian apparatus: precaudal centra 16(3) and 17(2), last three without true pleural rib. Caudal centra 18(3), 19(2). Epineurals 36(1), 38(2), 40(1), 41(1) posterior-most epineural may not reach anterior surface of urostyle; epipleurals 20(5). Caudal skeleton with seven hypurals. First three hypurals with swollen anterior margins in contact with urostyle. Pigmentation in alcohol Sides of body yellowish, without reticulated pattern, with silver midlateral stripe present from humeral region to caudal-peduncle base, overlain by series of chevron-shaped marks formed by dark lines along myosepta between myotomes extending from dorsal region of coelomic cavity to caudal peduncle; pigmented muscle septae forming chevrons not coinciding with scale rows. Chevrons with distal extensions both in juvenile and adult specimens. Dorsal region of head and body chestnut brown. Sides of cranium and ventral surface of body light brown, not silvery. Melanophores of humeral region forming two (anterior and posterior) humeral spots. The anterior spot is formed by two layers of pigment, with brown melanophores distributed in thin superficial layer of the epithelium (Layer 1, Fig. 1); deeper layer that with dark melanophores (Layer 2, Fig. 1). Layer 2 forming polygon-shaped spot, with two parts, forming vertices on margins, usually forming four-sided spot located from second to fifth or sixth scale of lateral series. Posterior humeral spot situated two scales posterior to anterior humeral spot, arc- or sigmoid-shaped, inconspicuous and covers two to three scales above lateral-line. Individual scales on sides of body with spots or dots. Caudal peduncle spot rhomboid with short anterior extension over silver lateral stripe not surpassing anal-fin origin, dark pigment of caudal peduncle stripe continued on to middle caudal-fin rays with dark pigment present on tips of remaining rays. Pectoral, pelvic, dorsal and anal fins hyaline. Sexual dimorphism No sexual dimorphism was observed, no hooks found on fins. Distribution Known from the drainages of the Madidi and Mamor�� Rivers, tributaries of the Madeira River, Upper Amazon River Basin of Bolivia and Peru (Fig. 4)., Published as part of Ruiz-C, Raquel I., Rom��n-Valencia, C��sar, Taphorn, Donald C., Buckup, Paulo A. & Ortega, Hern��n, 2018, Revision of the Astyanax orthodus species-group (Teleostei: Characidae) with descriptions of three new species, pp. 1-45 in European Journal of Taxonomy 402 on pages 10-13, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2018.402, http://zenodo.org/record/1169559

Astyanax gandhiae sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DB1A95AA-8E70-40F4-B739-043872 A32906 Figs 4, 6, Table 1 Diagnosis Astyanax gandhiae sp. nov. is a member of the orthodus species-group of Astyanax differing from others members of the group (A. orthodus, A.villwocki, A. superbus, A. bopiensis nom. nov., A. boliviensis sp. nov., A. yariguies comb. nov. and A. embera sp. nov.) in lacking a spot on the caudal peduncle. It can be further distinguished from A. villwocki by having a short lateral stripe extending from the caudal spot, that does not extend anteriorly beyond a vertical through the origin of the anal fin (vs lateral stripe extending anteriorly beyond a vertical through anterior origin of the anal fin). It differs from A. bopiensis nom. nov. in having fewer teeth that do not cover more than a third of the length of the maxillary (vs a larger number of teeth covering more than two thirds of the maxillary). It differs from A. moorii comb. nov. for dorsal-fin-hypural distance less than 45% SL(vs more than 50), by dorsalpectoral distance greater than 50% SL (vs less than 50), interorbital distance greater than 32% HL (vs less 32) and by upper jaw length than less 35% HL (vs greater than 40). Etymology This species epithet is named in homage to the late Mrs Maria Gandhi Calderon, mother of the first author, and used as a noun in apposition. Material examined Holotype PERU: 89.4 mm SL, Department of Amazonas, Condorcanqui Province, Marañon River Basin, upper Cenepa River drainage, 3°58′15″ S, 78°41′15″ W (MUSM 46845). Paratypes PERU: Department of Amazonas, Amazon River Basin, Condorcanqui, upper Cenepa River drainage: 14 specimens (sex unknown), 62.1–109.6 mm SL, Quebrada Capitán (MUSM 20891, MUSM 21278); 2 specimens (sex unknown), 56.1–68.7 mm SL, Capitán Quebrada (MUSM 21278); 2 specimens (sex unknown), 85.9–97.1 mm SL, Quebrada Capitán Ponce, 750 m a.s.l. (MUSM 21287); 1 specimen (sex unknown), 85.7 mm SL, collected with holotype (MUSM 21300); 1 specimen (sex unknown), 65.4 mm SL, Capitan Ponce Bravo Quebrada, 3°46′41.40″ S, 78°20′4.61″ W (MUSM 21312); 1 specimen (sex unknown), 64.0 mm SL, Quebrada Platanal, 3°38′24.94″ S, 72°18′40.81″ W (MUSM 21372); 11 specimens (sex unknown), 38.7–49.3 mm SL, Ucayali department, Atalaya province, Sepahua, Lazaro Creek, tributary of Mishahua River, Ucayali River Basin, 11°14′15.87″ S, 72°58′26.65″ W, 248 m a.s.l. (MUSM 35474); 1 specimen (sex unknown), 44.5 mm SL, Huacamayo River, km. 155 on road from Pucallpa to Tingo-Maria, Padre Abad province, Ucayali River Basin (MUSM 2392); 1 specimen (sex unknown), 93.9 mm SL, 2 specimens (sex unknown) C&S, 59.0– 61.2 mm SL, Víbora Creek, tributary of Pisqui River, Loreto, upper Amazon (MUSM 46846); 3 specimens (sex unknown), 50.0– 98.6 mm SL, Tavara River 2 km from mouth of Quebrada Grande, Puno, Sandia, Zona Reservada Tambopata- Candamo (MUSM 46847). Description Body compressed, greatest body depth at or anterior to dorsal-fin origin. Mouth terminal. Dorsal profile of head straight between snout tip and posterior margin of supraoccipital spine, convex between head and dorsal fin, convex between head and at base of dorsal fin, convex between last dorsal-fin ray to adipose-fin origin. Dorsal and ventral caudal-peduncle margins straight. Ventral profile convex between tip of snout and pelvic-fin insertion. Premaxillary teeth in two series; outer series with four tricuspid teeth covering three medial most teeth of inner series; inner row with five pentacuspid teeth. Maxilla long, of same width along entire length, with 3–6 tricuspid teeth set in anterior-most part of ventral margin. Dentary with anterior four teeth pentacuspid, followed laterally by 8–9 smaller teeth that progressively increase in postero-medial inclination, decreasing from tri- to unicuspid; number of lateral teeth highly variable. Pored scales of lateral line 40(15), 41(3), 42(1) (n = 18), scales from lateral line to origin of dorsal fin 8(18) (n = 18), scales from lateral line to origin of anal fin 7(10), 8(8) (n = 18), scales from lateral line to insertion of pelvic fin 6(11), 7(7) (n = 18). Rays of dorsal fin iii 9, first simple ray small, only visible in cleared and stained specimens, second simple ray about half length of third simple ray. Distal margin of dorsal fin slightly convex. Origin of adipose fin anterior to vertical through insertion of last ray of anal fin. Rays of pectoral fin i 10 ii (11), i 12 ii (7). Rays of pelvic fin i 7 (18). Rays of anal fin iii–iv 25–27; first simple rays only visible in cleared and stained material. Origin of anal fin posterior to vertical through insertion of last ray of dorsal fin (Table 1). Caudal fin with 10–9 principal rays; dorsal lobe supporting 12(4), procurrent rays; ventral lobe, 10(4) procurrent rays. Upper 10(4) principal caudal-fin rays associated with four dorsal hypurals, next 9(4) associated with three ventral hypurals. Total vertebrae 37(4), including those of Weberian apparatus: precaudal centra 17(2) and 18(2), last two without true pleural rib. Caudal centra 19(2), 20 (2). Epineurals 34(2); posterior-most epineural occasionally not reaching anterior surface of urostyle; epipleurals 21(2). Caudal skeleton with seven hypurals. First dorsal three hypurals with swollen anterior margin in contact with urostyle. Pigmentation in alcohol Sides of body yellowish, without reticulated pattern over dorsal region of coelomic cavity, silvery stripe extending from humeral region to base of caudal peduncle, overlain by series of chevron-shaped marks formed by dark lines along myosepta between myotomes extending from dorsal region of coelomic cavity to caudal peduncle; pigmented muscle septae forming chevrons not coinciding with scale rows. Chevrons lacking distal extensions both in juvenile and adult specimens. Dorsal region of head and body chestnut brown. Sides of cranium and ventral surface of body light brown, not silvery. Melanophores of humeral region forming two (anterior and posterior) humeral spots. The anterior spot formed by two layers of pigment, with brown melanophores distributed in thin superficial layer of epithelium (Layer 1, Fig. 1) and another deeper layer consisting of dark melanophores (Layer 2, Fig. 1). Layer 2 forming polygon-shaped spot made up of two different layers of melanophores that do not precisely overlap, forming vertices on lateral margins, usually resulting in four-sided spot located between third and sixth or seventh scale of lateral series. Posterior humeral spot situated two or three scales posterior to the anterior humeral spot, arc- or sigmoid-shaped, inconspicuous, covering two to three scales above lateral-line. Individual scales on sides of body lacking spots or dots. Spot on caudal peduncle absent. Lateral stripe formed by dispersed brown pigment present only on posterior portion of body, located above posterior two-thirds of anal-fin base and extending on to caudal peduncle. Pectoral, pelvic, dorsal and anal fins hyaline; pigment present on interradial membranes of middle caudal-fin rays. Sexual dimorphism No sexual dimorphism observed, no hooks found on fins. Distribution Astyanax gandhiae sp. nov. is known from the Ucayali and Madre de Dios River drainages, Cenepa River, tributary from Marañón River, Upper Amazon Basin, Peru (Fig. 4).