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Pharmaceutical products in water, also known as personal pharmaceutical products or PCPPs, are developing contaminants that have the potential to impair human health and the environment in a variety of ecosystems. In this work, waste date stones, a waste product obtained from the seedless dates manufacturing industry, were used to make acid-activated carbon. This material has been utilized to extract the medicinal component ibuprofen from water, with a high adsorption capacity of 126 mg ibuprofen per g of waste date stone-generated activated carbon. A design study was conducted to minimize the amount of activated carbon required, utilizing a two-stage batch adsorption system to optimize the usage of the activated carbon. To test the model and compare the quantities of adsorbent required in the two-stage and single-stage systems under various conditions, several variables were entered into the design model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Date pits or stones are becoming an increasingly available renewable biomass resource. Activated carbons for removal of pollutants from both the liquid and gas phase present a potential value-added use of such waste material. Date stones have a high elemental carbon content in the range of 42%-47% and accordingly the yield of activated carbon is still attractive after physical or chemical activation. The limited number of studies, reporting the conversion of date stones to various types of activated carbons, demonstrates that these carbons can remove phenolic organic compounds, dyestuffs, heavy metal ions, and various gases. This article reviews the research undertaken on the production and application of date stone derived activated carbons in terms of activation conditions and adsorption capacities for different pollutants. In certain studies, significantly high adsorption capacities are reported indicating the future prospects for these carbons are highly attractive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widely used toxic dye malachite green (MG) poses a significant risk to human health, having a mutagenic effect. Waste date stones were used to produce microwave‐activated carbons and were applied to adsorb the highly toxic dye. The critically important task of selecting the correct design adsorption capacity for different effluent pollutant concentrations to meet effluent discharge limit standards is described and a novel design selection criteria approach is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minimum total amount of microwave treated date stone carbon (S S1 + S S2) for removal of Malachite Green using Langmuir-Freundlich model for different discharge concentrations, C2. [Display omitted] • High surface area carbon from microwaved waste date stone • High adsorption capacity of 98 mg/g for Malachite Green • Optimised two-stage batch adsorber design for minimum adsorbent use Microwave and thermal treatment methods have been applied in order to produce two derived active carbons using waste date pits/stones from a date syrup processing plant. The adsorption properties of the two products have been tested for the adsorption of the toxic Malachite Green dye, which is commonly applied in the textile and plastics industry. Equilibrium isotherms were determined by experiment and evaluated using six isotherm correlations. The optimum fitting correlation for the thermally treated product was the Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm and for the microwave product was the Redlich-Peterson. The surface areas of the thermal product and the microwave product were 669.3 m2/g and 1123 m2/g respectively; and maximum malachite green adsorption capacities were 58 mg/g and 98 mg/g respectively. A two-stage batch adsorber model has been developed to optimize the two-step adsorption process to adsorb malachite green and minimize the amount of adsorbent, and therefore adsorbent cost, used for both thermal treated and microwave treated date stones. The output applications include the minimum total adsorbent for designing various percentages dye removal based on various effluent discharge concentrations and various initial dye concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]