19 results
Search Results
2. Can Professional Football Players Adapt to Air Pollution? Evidence From China.
- Author
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Qin, Yu, Wu, Jing, and Zhang, Rongjie
- Abstract
In this paper, we study the impact of air pollution on Chinese professional football players' performance. Our primary research question is whether the negative effects of air pollution can be mitigated by adaptation, and which cohort of players can have higher adaptability. We find that a higher pollution level during the game, relative to the adapted pollution level in players' home cities, has a negative and significant impact on the players' efforts and accuracy. The impact of non-adapted air pollution can be greatly offset by the home advantage, but not by personal attributes such as the higher ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Evidences on adaptive mechanisms for cardiorespiratory diseases regarding extreme temperatures and air pollution: A comparative systematic review
- Author
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Helena Mdaureira, Maria Pacheco, Carlos Sousa, Ana Monteiro, Francesca De’-Donato, and Manuela De-Sario
- Subjects
Cardiopulmonary diseases ,Extreme temperatures ,Air pollution ,Adaptation ,Planning ,Systematic literature review (SLR) ,Geography (General) ,G1-922 ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
The negative cardiorespiratory health outcomes due to extreme temperatures and air pollution are widely studied, but knowledge about the effectiveness of the implementation of adaptive mechanisms remains unclear. The objective of this paper is to explore the evidence of adaptive mechanisms for cardiorespiratory diseases regarding extreme temperatures and air pollution by comparing the results of two systematic literature review (SLR) processes sharing the same initial research question but led by two research groups with different academic backgrounds working in the same multidisciplinary team. We start by presenting the methodological procedures and the results of the SLR triggered by the research group mainly composed by researchers with a background in geography (named geographical strategy). We then compare these results with those achieved in the SLR led by the research group with a background in epidemiology (named epidemiological strategy). Both SLR were developed under the EU Horizon 2020 Project “EXHAUSTION”. The results showed: 1) the lack of evidence regarding the effectiveness of adaptation measures, namely due to the limited number of studies about the topic, the preponderance of studies dedicated to heat extremes or the unbalance between different adaptation measures; 2) that the choice of search terms in the geographical strategy, despite being more comprehensive at first sight, ended up retrieving less results, but it brought new studies that can complement the results of the epidemiological strategy. Therefore, it is suggested that to strengthen the empirical evidence of the effectiveness of adaptation measures, powerful multidisciplinary teams should work together in the preparation of SLR in topics of great complexity, such as the one presented in this paper.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Climate Change and Health in the Urban Context.
- Author
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Villalbí, Joan R. and Ventayol, Irma
- Subjects
DISEASE risk factors ,AIR pollution ,CLIMATE change ,CLINICAL medicine ,INFECTIOUS disease transmission ,CONFERENCES & conventions ,HEALTH ,HEAT ,METROPOLITAN areas ,MOSQUITOES ,POPULATION ,PUBLIC health ,WATER supply ,WEATHER ,ORGANIZATIONAL governance ,OCCUPATIONAL adaptation - Abstract
Climate change poses huge challenges for public health, and cities are at the forefront of this process. The purpose of this paper is to present the issues climate change poses for public health in the city of Barcelona, how they are being addressed, and what are the current major challenges, trying to contribute to the development of a baseline understanding of the status of adaptation in cities from a public health perspective. The major issues related to climate change faced by the city are common to other urban centers in a Mediterranean climate: heat waves, water availability and quality, air quality, and diseases transmitted by vectors, and all are reviewed in detail with empirical data. They are not a potential threat for the future, but have actually challenged the city services and infrastructure over the last years, requiring sustainable responses and rigorous planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. The Impact of Climate Change on Mortality in the United States: Benefits and Costs of Adaptation
- Author
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Deschenes, Olivier
- Subjects
climate change ,Q54 ,I1 ,air pollution ,ddc:330 ,Q5 ,Q4 ,adaptation ,extreme temperature ,mortality - Abstract
This paper reviews and extends the recent empirical literature on the impact of climate change on mortality and adaptation in the United States. The analysis produces several new facts. First, the reductions in the impact of extreme heat on mortality risk previously documented up to 2004 have continued up to 2019, consistent with continued investments in health-protecting adaptations to high temperatures. The second part of the paper examines the private and external costs of electricity generation and consumption related to high temperatures, a commonly-used proxy for measuring the consumption of adaptation services. Extreme temperatures increase electricity demand in the residential sector (relative to moderate temperatures), but not in the commercial, industrial, and transportation end-use sectors. The additional electricity demand in response to high temperatures results in significant external costs due to the release of local and global pollutants caused by the combustion of fossil fuels in order to produce electricity. These external costs, documented for the first time in this paper, are one order of magnitude larger than the private cost of adaptation associated with electricity consumption.
- Published
- 2022
6. Do people habituate to air pollution? Evidence from international life satisfaction data
- Author
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Menz, Tobias
- Subjects
- *
HABITUATION (Neuropsychology) , *AIR pollution , *SATISFACTION , *PARTICULATE matter , *AIR quality , *POLLUTION prevention , *COUNTRIES - Abstract
Air pollution constitutes one of the main environmental problems in many countries. This paper uses the life satisfaction approach to environmental valuation (LSA) to investigate whether individuals habituate to air pollution and if a potential habituation effect influences the marginal rate of substitution between air quality and income. My estimation results, based on a data set of 48 countries spanning the period 1990 to 2006, indicate that individuals do not habituate to pollution with particulate matter. Rather, I find that even past pollution levels reduce current utility. This effect tends to increase the value of pollution abatement. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Agriculture and proximity to roads: How should farmers and retailers adapt? Examples from the Ile-de-France region.
- Author
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Petit, Caroline, Aubry, Christine, and Rémy-Hall, Elisabeth
- Subjects
URBAN agriculture ,ROADS ,AIR pollution ,FARMERS ,HEALTH risk assessment ,TRAFFIC engineering ,FOOD quality ,CONSUMERS ,RETAIL industry - Abstract
Abstract: The present study was carried out in the Ile-de-France region surrounding Paris, which is both the biggest conurbation in France and a large agricultural area. In areas such as these, airborne pollutants from road traffic may adversely affect the quality of the food produced by farms close by. This raises questions about the spatial compatibility of farming and road networks, although there is currently no scientific consensus concerning potential health risks for producers and consumers. Some actors in agricultural supply chains have tried to limit potential risks by producing technical guidelines, including isolation distances between major roads and fields farmed under contract. This paper analyses these “isolation distances”, using approaches from the agricultural and social sciences: surveys on stakeholders in agribusiness and on farmers, and a cartographic simulation submitted to the surveyed farmers for discussion. The results show that isolation distances serve to create market opportunities in a context of market segmentation, or are applied as a precautionary principle. Though not a widespread practice, safety distances could have considerable impacts on farms in terms of both technical management and total farm area, thus calling for further scientific research on this issue. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Abstracts.
- Subjects
MENSTRUATION ,SEXUAL fantasies ,FEMINISM ,HISTORY - Abstract
The article presents abstracts on topics related to history and planning including attitudes towards menstruation in Elizabethan England, sexual fantasy in modern America, and feminism.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation.
- Author
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McCray, Lawrence E., Oye, Kenneth A., and Petersen, Arthur C.
- Subjects
ADAPTIVE natural resource management ,RISK assessment ,SAFETY regulations ,ENVIRONMENTAL regulations ,SURVEYS ,KNOWLEDGE management ,THEORY of knowledge - Abstract
Abstract: In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today''s knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Climate change in the uplands: a UK perspective on safeguarding regulatory ecosystem services.
- Author
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Orr, H. G., Wilby, R. L., Hedger, M. McKenzie, and Brown, I.
- Subjects
CLIMATE change ,BIOTIC communities ,AIR pollution ,UPLANDS ,LANDFORMS ,LAND use - Abstract
The UK uplands are highly sensitive and significant cultural landscapes that have been created by woodland clearance for agriculture and are at threat from fire, over-grazing, mineral extraction, land drainage, air pollution and recreation. Some of these activities increase upland sensitivity to climate change, contributing to increased flood risk, or soil carbon losses. Many distinct areas of public policy impinge on the uplands, but most have yet to integrate climate change protection within their objectives. Placed within the emerging ecosystems services perspective, policies could be modified to deliver land management services to secure soil carbon stocks, and to protect the goods, services and functions that uplands deliver. There are, therefore, both new opportunities and threats to tackle. The present paper outlines climate sensitivity and change in the uplands; reviews adaptation and mitigation options; and considers available policy, information and management tools. Within an ecosystems framework, emphasis is placed on safeguarding key regulatory services. We offer a research agenda to support adaptation and outline measures that could be developed within existing regulatory frameworks, or signal where policies may need revision. Research priorities include better quantification of carbon fluxes under different soils and land management practices, techniques for up-scaling local interventions to quantify landscape-scale benefits, and the evaluation of adaptive responses in the context of sustainable land use. Potential adaptation strategies include improved spatial planning for land and water, the creation of networked habitats to enable species migration, and practical guidance on appropriate locations for intensification and extensification of land use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Does Air Pollution Affect Consumption Behavior? Evidence from Korean Retail Sales*.
- Author
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Kang, Hyunju, Suh, Hyunduk, and Yu, Jongmin
- Subjects
AIR pollution ,AIR pollution control ,AIR quality ,RETAIL stores ,ECONOMIC activity - Abstract
Using monthly regional panel data on air quality and large retail store sales in Korea, we empirically examine the effect of air pollution on retail sales. We account for regional heterogeneity in air pollution and control for various macroeconomic and climatic factors that can affect retail sales. We also use the air quality indicator in the west coastal islands (affected by trans‐border pollution but uncorrelated with the economic activity in the mainland) as an instrumental variable. The estimation results show that, in general, 1 additional day of PM10 level higher than 80 μg/m3 reduces monthly retail sales by approximately 0.1 percent. Nonetheless, an adaptive pattern emerges over time, particularly when the level of air pollution in the previous month was severe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Landscape genomics reveal that ecological character determines adaptation: a case study in smoke tree (Cotinus coggygria Scop.).
- Author
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Cai-Yun Miao, Yong Li, Jie Yang, and Run-Li Mao
- Subjects
SCARABAEIDAE ,GENOMICS ,GENOMES ,AIR pollution ,GENES - Abstract
Background: The adaptive evolution of species response to environment are the key issues in molecular ecology and evolutionary biology. The direction of adaptive differentiation of species in regions lacking strong selection pressure is usually diverse. However, the driving mechanism of the diverse adaptive differentiation for regional species is still undetermined to date. In this study, we used landscape genomics modelling to infer the adaptive evolution of Cotinus coggygria in China's warm-temperate zone. Results: Using fifteen natural populations and nine start codon targeted (SCoT) markers, a total of 1131 unambiguous loci were yielded. Our results showed two genetic groups existed in the fifteen natural populations of C. coggygria, which is due to the divergent selection driven by six environmental factors. Environmental association analyses revealed the environmental variables related to precipitation were associated with high numbers of environment-associated loci. Conclusions: Our results indicated that the ecological characters of C. coggygria, i.e. avoiding wetness and tolerating drought, determine its adaptive evolution. This study provides a reference that ecological character determines the adaptive evolution of species in regions lacking strong selection pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Climate Change and Older Americans: State of the Science.
- Author
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Gamble, Janet L., Hurley, Bradford J., Schultz, Peter A., Jaglom, Wendy S., Krishnan, Nisha, and Harris, Melinda
- Subjects
PHYSIOLOGICAL adaptation ,AIR pollution ,CLIMATOLOGY ,DEMOGRAPHY ,HEAT ,POPULATION geography ,WEATHER ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,PHENOMENOLOGICAL biology ,PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
Background: Older adults make up 13% of the U.S. population, but are projected to account for 20% by 2040. Coinciding with this demographic shift, the rate of climate change is accelerating, bringing rising temperatures; increased risk of floods, droughts, and wildfires; stronger tropical storms and hurricanes; rising sea levels; and other climate-related hazards. Older Americans are expected to be located in places that may be relatively more affected by climate change, including coastal zones and large metropolitan areas. Objective: The objective of this review is to assess the vulnerability of older Americans to climate change and to identify opportunities for adaptation. Methods: We performed an extensive literature survey and summarized key findings related to demographics; climate stressors relevant to older adults; factors contributing to exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity; and adaptation strategies. Discussion: A range of physiological and socioeconomic factors make older adults especially sensitive to and/or at risk for exposure to heat waves and other extreme weather events (e.g., hurricanes, floods, droughts), poor air quality, and infectious diseases. Climate change may increase the frequency or severity of these events. Conclusions: Older Americans are likely to be especially vulnerable to stressors associated with climate change. Although a growing body of evidence reports the adverse effects of heat on the health of older adults, research gaps remain for other climate-related risks. We need additional study of the vulnerability of older adults and the interplay of vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive responses to projected climate stressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Abstracts.
- Subjects
URBAN planning ,WATERFRONTS ,PLANNING ,CENSUS - Abstract
The article presents abstracts on city planning-related topics, including visions of waterfront development in postindustrial Philadelphia, the construction of a town planning perception of Colombo, and city planning and the U.S. census.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Untitled.
- Subjects
ENVIRONMENTAL geochemistry ,ENVIRONMENTAL chemistry ,BIOGEOCHEMICAL cycles - Abstract
The article presents abstracts of several studies on environmental geochemistry. Some of the abstracts presented include "Biogeochemical Cycling of Nutrients in Karstic Catchments, Southwestern China: Linkages to Changes of Eco-Environments," by Congqiang Liu and "Emerging Organic Contamination in China," by Guibin Jiang and colleagues.
- Published
- 2006
16. Climate Change and Health in the Urban Context
- Author
-
Irma Ventayol and Joan R. Villalbí
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Political economy of climate change ,Climate Change ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Climate change ,Context (language use) ,adaptation ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Air Pollution ,cities ,medicine ,Humans ,Quality (business) ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Cities ,City Planning ,Adaptation (computer science) ,Baseline (configuration management) ,Air quality index ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,media_common ,evaluation ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,Public health ,public health ,Water Pollution ,Environmental resource management ,Urban Health ,Malaria ,Health Planning ,climate change ,Spain ,business - Abstract
Climate change poses huge challenges for public health, and cities are at the forefront of this process. The purpose of this paper is to present the issues climate change poses for public health in the city of Barcelona, how they are being addressed, and what are the current major challenges, trying to contribute to the development of a baseline understanding of the status of adaptation in cities from a public health perspective. The major issues related to climate change faced by the city are common to other urban centers in a Mediterranean climate: heat waves, water availability and quality, air quality, and diseases transmitted by vectors, and all are reviewed in detail with empirical data. They are not a potential threat for the future, but have actually challenged the city services and infrastructure over the last years, requiring sustainable responses and rigorous planning.
- Published
- 2016
17. Geographic Hotspots for World Bank Action on Climate Change and Health
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
AIR POLLUTION ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,HEALTH ,MITIGATION ,ADAPTATION ,EMISSIONS - Abstract
In the last five years, the number of voices calling for stronger international action on climate change and health has increased, as has the scale and depth of activities. But current global efforts in climate and health are inadequately integrated. As a result, actions to address climate change including World Bank Group investment and lending are missing opportunities to simultaneously promote better health outcomes and resilience.This paper begins by identifying the health impacts that are being felt today and that are projected to worsen in the future without efforts to ensure health considerations are central to any and all climate change adaptation and mitigation measures. Chapter 1 includes an outline of the scope of health impacts from climate change and its drivers, the means of transmission, and a description of the drivers of climate change, and their sources. Chapter 2 describes the methodology used to identify these nations and determine their preparedness for coping with these impacts. Chapter 3 identifies hotspot countries based on this analysis, and narrows the focus to those countries that are both most likely to bear the brunt of a greater burden of disease and death from climate change and climate drivers, and that are the least ready to cope. Coping mechanisms through mitigation and adaptation measures, are outlined in Chapter 4, as are the multiple benefits that can be expected from multi-sector, concerted efforts to address health impacts from climate change, and its drivers.
- Published
- 2017
18. Planned adaptation in risk regulation: An initial survey of US environmental, health, and safety regulation
- Author
-
Lawrence E. McCray, Kenneth A. Oye, Arthur C. Petersen, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Political Science, McCray, Lawrence, Oye, Kenneth A., and Petersen, Arthur Caesar
- Subjects
Knowledge management ,Planned adaptation ,Air pollution ,Regulatory reform ,Environment ,Self-correction ,Business economics ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Learning ,Adaptation ,Business and International Management ,Evaluation ,Set (psychology) ,Adaptation (computer science) ,Applied Psychology ,Government ,business.industry ,Risk regulation ,Term (time) ,Knowledge ,Policy ,Knowledge base ,Health ,Pharmaceuticals ,Safety ,business ,Regulation ,Decision-making - Abstract
In principle, we want regulatory programs to be based on current realities, as reflected for example in the best knowledge of relevant experts. That would imply that old rules now on the books should be consistent with today's knowledge base, not just what was known when a rule or standard was originally set. This paper reports on a survey of US programs, examining how often existing rules are actually updated in light of better knowledge, and identifies five programs that attempt to make policy routinely adaptive. These programs exhibit what we term Planned Adaptation: they both revise rules when relevant new knowledge appears, and take steps to produce such improved knowledge. While Planned Adaptation is rare, it is used in several nationally prominent programs, including air pollution, airplane safety, and drug safety. Planned Adaptation is a policy tool that deserves more attention.
- Published
- 2010
19. The fireside hypothesis: was there differential selection to tolerate air pollution during human evolution?
- Author
-
B.D Fryer, Steven M. Platek, and Gordon G. Gallup
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Smoke ,Air Pollutants ,Ecology ,Cold climate ,Air pollution ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Adaptation, Physiological ,Biological Evolution ,Human evolution ,Neoplasms ,Out of africa ,medicine ,Humans ,Female ,Selection, Genetic ,Adaptation ,Differential selection ,Evolutionary theory ,Aged - Abstract
It is believed that sometime around 1.9 million years ago early hominid ancestors began to migrate out of Africa. Migration north and away from the equator would have forced early humans to encounter seasonal fluctuations in temperature. As a means of adapting to cold climates, the use of fire undoubtedly played an important role. We hypothesize that progressive exposure to toxic airborne particles produced from combustion created selective pressure to develop an adaptation to the inhalation of smoke. In this paper we test this hypothesis using archival data on the incidence of different cancers among geographically distinct human populations. As predicted from evolutionary theory, the incidence of lung cancer is inversely proportional to the ostensible reliance on fire of geographically different groups during human evolutionary history.
- Published
- 2002
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