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A 58-year-old Japanese woman with fever and cough visited A hospital. Her chest X-ray and CT showed a tumor attached to the mediastinum in the left upper lobe with mediastinal lymphadenopathy (#4R). After an introduction from A hospital to our hospital, endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) for the mediastinal lymphadenopathy and a simultaneous approach to the mass lesion in the left upper lobe were performed. In spite of twice aspiration by EBUS-TBNA for mediastinal lymphadenopathy, we failed to obtain enough specimens, and, as the mass lesion in the left upper lobe was invisible in the endobronchial ultrasound, we could not approach it. Then using the same ultrasound bronchoscope, we subsequently performed a transesophageal endoscopic ultrasound with bronchoscope-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-B-FNA) to the mass lesion in the left upper lobe twice, with the result that sufficient tissues were obtained. Then we changed from the ultrasound bronchoscope to a normal bronchoscope and we performed brushing and transbronchial lung biopsy for the left upper lobe mass lesion. Pathological results revealed that only the specimens obtained by EUS-B-FNA were diagnostic for adenocarcinoma; the other specimens obtained using EBUS-TBNA and normal bronchoscope failed to be diagnostic. EUS-B-FNA in combination with EBUS-TBNA has been recommended for the diagnosis of mediastinal and near-mediastinal lesions in the guidelines of the American College of Chest Physicians in 2013, but EUS-B-FNA has not been widely used in Japan. As shown in our present patient who was successfully diagnosed as having lung cancer by EUS-B-FNA alone, respiratory physicians should be aware of being skillful at performing EUS-B-FNA to accurately and effectively approach target lesions.

A 69‐year‐old Japanese male with advanced lung adenocarcinoma developed neurological symptoms after chemoradiotherapy and durvalumab maintenance therapy. He was positive for serum antiamphiphysin antibody, which is rarely seen in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Additionally, his brain magnetic resonance images showed limbic encephalitis which led to the diagnosis of classic paraneoplastic neurological syndrome (PNS). Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) activate T cells and may also activate antineuronal antibodies that cause PNS. Durvalumab, which is an ICI, may have led to antiamphiphysin antibody‐positive PNS in our patient. Treatment with systemic high‐dose methylprednisolone was unsuccessful and he died 2 months later. PNS should be considered as one of the differential diagnoses in patients with lung cancer and neurological symptoms during, or after, ICI treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]