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Proposal for standard test method to evaluate the performance of cross‐laminated timber exposed to fire In recent years, cross‐laminated timber (CLT) has become a popular wood‐based product for high quality and innovative timber construction. As with any building product, the fire performance and fire resistance of CLT elements must be carefully assessed when designing buildings. The adhesive used in the glueline of CLT plays an important role in the fire design. However, at present, the European standards do not provide a test method to assess the adhesive properties in CLT exposed to fire. At ETH Zurich, fire tests were carried out with CLT floor elements in which adhesives with various properties were tested in fire. This article presents the results of these fire tests and shows a possible European test method for the classification of adhesives. It is shown that the mass loss of the CLT elements during an EN/ISO standard fire can be used to evaluate the integrity of the surface gluing in fire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design models for timber structures with fire-resistance requirements usually take into account the loss in cross section due to charring and the temperature-dependent reduction in strength and stiffness of the residual cross section. Standards for glued timber elements like glued-laminated timber beams have assumed that structural adhesives do not influence the fire resistance, but further specifications of adequate adhesive requirements are missing. Investigations were therefore conducted to determine the influence of different adhesives on the load-carrying behavior of glued-laminated timber beams in fire. Large-scale fire-resistance tests in combination with extensive finite-element analyses showed that a modification of the zero-strength layer thickness of d0 = 7 mm currently used in a standard design code should be discussed for glued-laminated timber loaded in bending in a future release of this design code. An increase of the zero-strength layer d0 considering the finger-joint strength depending on the approved structural adhesive is not needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire behaviour of cross-laminated timber Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) is currently used in modern timber structures for load-bearing wall, floor or roof elements as a high quality, innovative and cost-effective structural element. Careful planning and implementation ensures the safe use of CLT in buildings with increased fire protection requirements and in accordance with the requirements of building-design standards (e. g. EN 1995-1-1 and EN 1995-1-2) [1, 2]. Worldwide, many fire tests with CLT have been per-formed to investigate the influence of different cross-sectional build-ups and various adhesives on the fire resistance of CLT floor and wall elements. This paper gives an overview of the extensive investigations, main outcomes are summarized and recommendations on the fire design of CLT elements are given. The investigations show that an adequate data base exists to reliably describe the fire behavior of CLT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die Verwendung von Klebstoffen für die Herstellung von Holzprodukten ist im konstruktiven Holzbau unerlässlich. Die Tragsicherheit von verklebten tragenden Holzbauteilen wie Brettschichtholz wird durch das Verhalten der eingesetzten Klebstoffe maßgeblich beeinflusst. Klebstoffe müssen eine zuverlässige Festigkeit und Dauerhaftigkeit aufweisen, so dass sie unter der vorgesehenen Nutzung ihre Funktionsfähigkeit vollständig behalten. Diese Leistungsanforderung muss auch im Brandfall sichergestellt sein. Zur Untersuchung des Einflusses des Klebstoffes auf das Tragverhalten von Brettschichtholz im Brandfall wurden umfangreiche Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Der vorliegende Artikel fasst die wesentlichen Resultate und Erkenntnisse dieser Untersuchungen zusammen. Die Untersuchungen zeigten den Einfluss des Klebstoffes auf das Tragverhalten bei Brettschichtholz im Brandfall. Bei der flächigen Verklebung (zwischen den Brettlamellen) zeigte sich anhand numerischer Untersuchungen, dass ein Versagen in der Klebstofffuge auch mit Klebstoffen mit geringer thermischer Stabilität kaum maßgebend wird. Die Brandversuche an keilgezinkten Brettschichtholzlamellen zeigten, dass der Feuerwiderstand von der Versagensart dominiert wird. Unter Berücksichtigung der beobachteten Bruchbilder ließen sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den geprüften Klebstoffen feststellen. Influence of the adhesive on the fire behaviour of glued laminated timber. Adhesives are commonly used to produce engineered wood products such as glued laminated timber beams. The load-bearing capacity of these structural timber elements is strongly influenced by the adhesive used. As a consequence, adhesives have to meet requirements regarding strength and durability to ensure the functionality of structural timber elements during the whole lifetime. Also during fire, the performance requirements have to be fulfilled for a certain time period. To investigate the influence of the adhesive on the load-carrying capacity of glued laminated timber in fire, comprehensive analysis has been performed. This article summarises the most important results and findings. Based on the numerical analysis performed to investigate the influence of adhesive in the bondline between two lamellas, it can be concluded that also if the adhesive strength in the bondline is strongly influenced by the temperature, in most common design applications failure will occur because the bending resistance of the beam is exceeded. Failure in the bondline is hardly to be expected. The fire tests on finger-jointed timber boards showed that the fire resistance is dominated by the type of failure. Taking into account the different failure modes, no significant difference was observed between the adhesives studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]