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Overweight is increasing in the adolescent population and became a public health problem in the world. This study aimed to identify the body adiposity indices (BAI) with the best capacity to predict excess fat tissue and propose cut-off points for them, according to sex and adolescence period. This is a cross-sectional study. We calculated BMI, conicity index (CI), BAI, body roundness index (BRI), waist:height ratio (WtHR) and waist:hip ratio. Predictive capacity and cut-off points of adiposity indices were established by ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves. We determined AUC-ROC and CI, stratified by sex and adolescence period. The best index to identify excess body fat in 10-13-year-old female adolescents was the WtHR (AUC = 0·92), like the BAI in girls aged from 14 to 16 years old (AUC = 0·87) and 17 to 19 years old (AUC = 0·80). In male adolescents aged from 10 to 13 years old and 14 to 16 years old, the best index was the WtHR (AUC = 0·93 and AUC = 0·8, respectively), like the BAI in boys aged from 17 to 19 years old (AUC = 0·95). The use of indices with specific cut-off points for each period of adolescence and according to sex is important for the reliable diagnosis of excess body fat. It is advisable to use indices together to obtain a more accurate assessment. Thus, the WtHR and BAI are reproducible and reliable, with high sensitivity and specificity values, and can be used together with the BMI.

Purpose: This systematic review aimed to investigate the association between VAI and blood pressure., Methods: The study was according to the PRISMA standards and the bibliographic search in the PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases., Results: This review included 32 articles, with 60,482 individuals - children to elderly people between 7 and 102 years old - of different age groups, most of them female (54.9%; n = 26,478). The year of publication ranged from 2010 to 2020, indicating that it is a recent theme, applied in almost all continents (America, Europe, Africa and Asia). The authors used data as continuous or into quantiles; blood pressure data also varied, with different cutoff points for the classification of arterial hypertension or continuously. The vast majority of studies have shown a positive association between VAI and blood pressure, both the sexes, in different age groups. The evaluation of the quality of the articles used by the Tool of the Joanna Briggs Institute according to their design., Conclusion: Individuals with increased VAI have higher blood pressure levels. Registration (PROSPERO: CRD42020205965)., (Copyright © 2021 Asia Oceania Association for the Study of Obesity. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction and Objective: Studies in adults have shown an association between increased adiposity and hypertension, but few studies have analyzed this association in childhood. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between blood pressure (BP) and body adiposity indicators in children, controlling for the variables of birth conditions, sociodemographics, lifestyle and diet., Methods: In this cross-sectional study of 399 children aged 4 to 7 years, the dependent variable was BP, measured according to the protocol established by the 7th Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension. The explanatory variables of the study were waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and body mass index (BMI). Multiple linear regression was used to assess the independent association between adiposity and BP indicators adjusted for the variables of birth conditions, sociodemographics, lifestyle and diet. Statistical significance was set as α=5%., Results: BMI for age and WHtR correlated positively with systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). After multivariate analysis, higher values of BMI (model 1) and WHtR (model 2) were associated with increased SBP and DBP., Conclusion: Increased body adiposity, as assessed by BMI and WHtR, was associated with increased SBP and DBP among the children studied. Thus, we suggest the use of BMI and WHtR in the nutritional assessment of children to detect changes in BP and other cardiometabolic risk factors in this population., (Copyright © 2018. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U.)

Background: adolescents with excess body fat and eutrophic had the same metabolic changes expected in obese individuals., Objective: to evaluate body composition, anthropometric changes, biochemical and clinical characteristics of female adolescents., Methods: a total of 113 adolescents from public schools in Viçosa, MG, divided into three groups: group 1 - consisting of eutrophic adolescents with excess body fat; group 2 - eutrophic with body fat within normal limits; and group 3 - with excess weight and body fat. Weight, height, waist and hip circumference, blood pressure were measured. The body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio were calculated. The percentage of body fat was obtained by bioelectrical impedance horizontally, following its own protocol for this evaluation. The assessment of the percentage of body fat and biochemistry was performed after 12 hours of fasting, and analyzed the lipid profile, blood glucose and insulin, homocysteine, leptin and C-reactive protein. Insulin resistance was calculated by HOMA index., Results: the group of eutrophic adolescents, with higher adiposity, behaved in relation to blood pressure, HDL and glucose levels, similarly to adolescents who are overweight. It can be seen that the HOMA index, insulin and leptin increased with increasing body fat. More than half of adolescents had total cholesterol and CRP levels above recommended levels. The most obvious metabolic disorder related to the lipid profile for both groups studied., Conclusion: excess adiposity in normal weight adolescents may be related to clinical and biochemical changes similar to those found in adolescents who are overweight.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the peripheral expression of inflammatory markers in adolescents with different nutritional status and its correlation with parameters of the metabolic syndrome. Seventy-two female postpubescent adolescents were divided into 3 groups: eutrophic (Co), eutrophic with a high body fat percentage (HBF), and overweight (OW). Data related to the parameters of the metabolic syndrome and the peripheral expression of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10 were evaluated. Higher values of glycemia and insulin resistance were found in the HBF group than in the Co group. No differences related to the peripheral expression of the cytokines were found among the groups. In the HBF group, a positive correlation was observed between TNF-α and IL-6, IL-10 and the proinflammatory cytokines, and IL-6 and glycemia. In the OW group, a positive correlation was found between IL-6 and triglycerides. Adolescents with normal weight but body fat excess present a metabolic profile and body composition similar to those of overweight adolescents. This suggests that these adolescents have a risk of developing cardiovascular diseases similar to that of overweight adolescents. The positive correlation between IL-10 and TNF-α and IL-6 suggests an attempt to inhibit the production of these cytokines by IL-10.

A new phenotype of obesity has been studied: normal-weight obesity (NWO), which describes individuals with normal-weight by BMI and excess body fat. Despite normal-weight, individuals with NWO have a higher cardiometabolic risk. There is still a gap in the literature on the subject, especially in adolescents, as studies with this population are scarce. This study aims to investigate the sociodemographic factors, family history of chronic non-communicable diseases, body perception, lifestyle and food consumption associated with NWO in adolescents. This is a cross-sectional study, with 506 normal-weight adolescents aged 10–19 years, of both sexes. Weight and height were obtained, and BMI/age was calculated. Body fat analysis was performed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Sociodemographic data, level of physical activity, food consumption, body self-perception and lifestyle habits were also obtained. Logistic regression with hierarchical approach was used to analyse the associations. The odds of NWO are greater with age (OR = 1·14; 95 % CI = 1·04, 1·26), lower in male adolescents (OR = 0·21; 95 % CI = 0·11, 0·41) and higher in those with a history of familial dyslipidemia (OR = 1·81; 95 % CI = 1·01, 3·28). Adolescents satisfied with their body (OR = 0·30; 95 % CI 0·16, 0·56) and physically active (OR = 0·44; 95 % CI = 0·24, 0·81) have a lower odds of NWO, compared with the others. In addition, it was observed that the odds of NWO is greater among adolescents who use sweeteners (sugar substitutes) (OR = 3·84; 95 % CI = 1·70, 8·65). The factors associated with NWO were female sex, older age, positive family history of dyslipidemia, lower body satisfaction, lower level of physical activity and greater use of sweeteners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a research paper which aims to investigate the anthropometric and body composition parameters associated with the metabolically obese normal-weight (MONW) phenotype.

Objective: To analyse the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents with normal-weight obesity (NWO), as well as to investigate health behaviours related to the phenotype. Design: The study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and the bibliographic search was carried out in the PubMed, Scielo and ScienceDirect databases. Setting: School, university and population. Participants: Adolescents between 10 and 19 years old. Results: A total of eight papers were included. Most studies have found a relationship between NWO and the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors, such as high waist circumference, unfavourable lipid and glycid profile. As for health behaviours, three of the eight studies included evaluated eating habits; however, the results were not conclusive. In addition, four studies analysed the practice of physical activity or physical fitness, which was lower in NWO. Conclusions: The available evidence indicates that NWO is related to the early development of cardiometabolic changes, physical inactivity and less physical fitness in adolescents. The results also reveal the importance of early detection of the phenotype, as well as the need for further research on the associated factors to prevent future diseases. Registration (PROSPERO: CRD42020161204). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyse the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents with normal-weight obesity (NWO), as well as to investigate health behaviours related to the phenotype.Design: The study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and the bibliographic search was carried out in the PubMed, Scielo and ScienceDirect databases.Setting: School, university and population.Participants: Adolescents between 10 and 19 years old.Results: A total of eight papers were included. Most studies have found a relationship between NWO and the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors, such as high waist circumference, unfavourable lipid and glycid profile. As for health behaviours, three of the eight studies included evaluated eating habits; however, the results were not conclusive. In addition, four studies analysed the practice of physical activity or physical fitness, which was lower in NWO.Conclusions: The available evidence indicates that NWO is related to the early development of cardiometabolic changes, physical inactivity and less physical fitness in adolescents. The results also reveal the importance of early detection of the phenotype, as well as the need for further research on the associated factors to prevent future diseases. Registration (PROSPERO: CRD42020161204). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]