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The main purpose of the National Nutrition and Health Systematic Survey for children 0-17 years of age in China (CNHSC) was to collect basic data on the nutrition, development, and health status for children in different regions across China using evidence-based, reliable, and cost-effective approaches. Children and their parents or guardians from seven regions (south, southwest, north, northwest, eastern, central, and northeast China) in China were recruited. A multi-stage stratified randomized sampling method was used. Two provinces were randomly sampled from each of the seven regions, from which one urban district and one rural country were also randomly sampled, resulting in a total of 28 survey counties/districts. Dietary surveys, health examinations, laboratory testing, and questionnaires were used to collect dietary intake, nutritional status, child development, and health status information. Nutrition, health, and lifestyle assessment of children and their parents was determined using the Knowledge Attitude Practice (KAP) survey. Greater than 100,000 children (38,000 children6 years of age and 66,000 children 6-17 years of age) completed the survey. The survey provided comprehensive data on child nutrition and health status for future studies and will serve as the basis for an integrated nutrition and health improvement strategies proposal for children in China.

Aimed to explore the trends in physical activity among Chinese children, data of 4,341 children aged 6-17 years who participated in at least one round of "China Health and Nutrition Survey" from 2004 to 2015 were analyzed. Repeated measures mixed models were applied to test the trends in physical activity, which were further analyzed after applying stratification on gender, age, urbanization level, residential area and region. The volume of total physical activity in Chinese children aged 6-17 years showed a downward trend from 2004 to 2015, especially among children residing in medium and high urbanization communities, the south and urban areas of China, so that more efforts need to be put to promote their physical activity.

This study was aimed at examining the trends and correlates of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors among Chinese children.A total of 4,341 subjects (6,936 observations) aged 6-17 years who participated in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (2004-2015) were included. Of the subjects, 41% participated in the survey twice or more. Random-effects ordinal regression models and repeated-measures mixed-effects models were used to examine the PA trends. Quantile regression models were applied to examine the factors influencing PA and sedentary behaviors.From 2004 to 2015, the prevalence of physical inactivity among Chinese children aged 6-17 years increased by 5.5% [odds ratio (A declining PA trend among Chinese children aged 6-17 years was observed from 2004 to 2015, and certain subgroups and geographical areas are at higher risk of physical inactivity.

To investigate the association between blood pressure and all-cause mortality in Shanxi, China.The '2002 China Nutrition and Health Survey' baseline data in Shanxi province was used. A retrospective investigation was performed in 2015. The effects of SBP and DBP on the all-cause mortality were analyzed using the Cox regression model. The hazard ratio (The follow-up rate was 76.52% over 13 years, while the cumulative mortality rate for all participants was 917.12/100,000 person-years. The mortality rose with an increasing SBP (Adults with SBP160 mmHg and DBP100 mmHg had a higher mortality risk. Sex and age difference was noted in both DBP and mortality risk.

In this study we aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the wristband activity monitor against the accelerometer for children..A total of 99 children (mean age = 13.0 ± 2.5 y) wore the two monitors in a free-living context for 7 days. Reliability was measured by intraclass correlation to evaluate consistency over time. Repeated-measures analyses of variance was used to detect differences across days. Spearman's correlation coefficient (rho), median of absolute percentage error, and Bland-Altman analyses were performed to assess the validity of the wristband against the ActiGraph accelerometer. The optimal number of repeated measures for the wristband was calculated by using the Spearman-Brown prophecy formula.The wristband had high reliability for all variables, although physical activity data were different across 7 days. A strong correlation for steps (rho: 0.72, P0.001), and moderate correlations for time spent on total physical activity (rho: 0.63, P0.001) and physical activity energy expenditure (rho: 0.57, P0.001) were observed between the wristband and the accelerometer. For different intensities of physical activity, weak to moderate correlations were found (rho: 0.38 to 0.55, P0.001).The wristband activity monitor seems to be reliable and valid for measurement of overall children's physical activity, providing a feasible objective method of physical activity surveillance in children.

This study is aimed to report the development, the reliability and validity of the Chinese Children Physical Activity Questionnaire (CCPAQ) which was designed for the assessment of physical activity pattern in young population in China.The CCPAQ was administered for two times in 119 children (mean age 13.1 ± 2.4 years; boys 47%) to examine reliability by using intraclass correlation coefficients. Validity was determined in 106 participants by agreement with the CCPAQ measures and the objective method, the ActiGraph accelerometer. Data on physical activity pattern including time spent on different intensities and total physical activity, sedentary behavior as well as physical activity energy expenditure were used to assess the validity with Spearman's correlation coefficient and the Bland-Altman plots.The reliability coefficient of the CCPAQ ranged from 0.63-0.93 (Intra-class correlation coefficient). Spearman's correlation coefficient for validity of time spent on total physical activity and sedentary behavior were all 0.32 (P0.001), and for physical activity energy expenditure was 0.58 (P0.001). Time spent on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and light physical activity showed a relatively low correlation with the accelerometer (rho = 0.20, P = 0.040; rho = 0.19, P = 0.054).The CCPAQ appears to be a promising and feasible method to assess physical activity pattern in Chinese children.

This study aimed to describe frequency and quantity of total dairy consumption of Chinese children and adolescents and explore the associations between dairy consumption and nutrition status, including stunting, wasting, overweight, and obesity.Participants included 28,250 children and adolescents aged 6-17 years old. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) including 100 kinds of food was used to collect information about frequency and quantity of dairy consumption. Determination of stunting was with a height cutoff value for age and gender, and determination for wasting, overweight, and obesity was with BMI for age and gender.Of the total sample, 36.1% of children aged 6-17 reported consuming dairy food more than once per day (⪖ 1/day). The average total dairy intake of all the participants was 126.7 g/day. For boys, dairy consumption had an inverse correlation with stunting and wasting after controlling for confounders. For girls, dairy consumption was negatively associated with stunting and obesity after controlling for confounders as above.Dairy consumption in Chinese children and adolescents was relatively lower than that in developed countries, and was negatively associated with stunting and wasting for boys and with stunting and obesity for girls.

The primary objective of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) among Chinese children aged 12-17 years.A semi-quantitative 72-food item FFQ was developed for children aged 12-17 years. The reliability and validity of this FFQ were evaluated against 24-h dietary recalls (24 h DRs) to measure the consumption of foods and nutrients. We administered two FFQs and three DRs to children (N = 160) over a period of 1 month to evaluate the reliability and validity. Reliability was examined by quartile agreement and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), and validity was examined by quartile agreement, Bland-Altman plots and correlation with DRs.For reliability, the ICCs between the two FFQs ranged from 0.21 to 0.76 for foods and nutrients, and the quartile agreement ranged from 70.0% to 95.0% in the same or adjacent quartiles. Spearman's correlation coefficients of foods and nutrients between the second FFQ and the 24 h DRs ranged from -0.04 to 0.59. The Bland-Altman plots demonstrated good agreement across the range of intakes among nutrients. The quartile agreement ranged from 50.0% to 100.0%, with infrequent misclassification.The FFQ assessment of dietary intakes demonstrated acceptable relative validity and high reproducibility for Chinese children aged 12-17 years.

Obesity is recognized as a significant risk factor for diabetes and hypertension. The present study aimed to examine the associations between adults'obesity risk and childhood and parental obesity.A total of 204 children aged 6-17 years were recruited in 2002 with an average follow-up period of 13.2 years. Height and body weight were measured by trained staffs. Overweight and obesity were defined based on the Chinese standard for children and adults. T-test, analysis of variance, and Chi-square analysis were used for single factor analysis. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were used to perform multifactor analysis.The percentage of non-obese children who grew up to be non-obese adults was 62.6%, and that of obese children who grew up to be obese adults was 80.0%. There was a significant association between childhood body mass index (BMI) and adulthood BMI with a β regression coefficient of 3.76 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.36-6.16], and between childhood obesity and adulthood obesity with an odds ratio of 5.76 (95% CI: 1.37-24.34). There was no statistical difference between parental obesity at baseline and children's adulthood obesity, after adjustment of confounders. Male participants and those aged 10.0-13.0 years had a higher risk of adulthood obesity with odds ratios of 2.50 (95% CI: 1.12-5.26) and 3.62 (95% CI: 1.17-11.24), respectively.Childhood obesity is an important predictor of adulthood obesity.

The aim of this study was to describe changes in waist circumference (WC) and prevalence of abdominal obesity over a period of 10 years among Chinese adults in different socio-economic status (SES).Data derived from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance during 2002 and 2010-2012. We calculated the mean WC and the prevalence of abdominal obesity by gender, place of residence, SES indicators (education, income, and marital status), and body mass index (BMI) categoriesand used pooled t-tests to assess the differences between the two time periods.26.0% of men and 25.3% of women had abdominal obesity in 2010-2012. The age-adjusted mean WC increased by 2.7 cm among men and 2.1 cm among women; the age-adjusted prevalence of abdominal obesity increased by 7.7% among men and 5.3% among women. The rising trends were observed in all subgroups except for a negative growth in high-income women. People living in rural areas with low education and income and with a BMI of 18.5 to 23.9 kg/m2 had a greater absolute and relative increase in WC. People living in rural areas with low income had a greater relative increase in abdominal obesity.The mean WC and prevalence of abdominal obesity among Chinese adults have increased during the past 10 years. Gender differences were noted using various SES indicators.

To estimate the disease burden of diabetes in China, 2010.We calculated the disability adjusted life years (DALYs) of diabetes, using data from both the Mortality Surveillance in National Disease Surveillance Points System and the China Chronic Disease Surveillance (2010). We also examined the differences of DALYs by gender, age, urban/rural areas and geographical locations.The overall disease burden of diabetes was 19.12 DALYs per 1000 population. Men (18.30 DALYs per 1000) had a higher DALY rate than in women (19.97 DALYs per 1000). We observed an upside-down "U" relationship between DALY rate and age. Residents aged 15 - 79 years bore most part of disease burden and the burden peaked among population at age from 45 to 60 years (30.39 DALYs per 1000). There was a higher DALY rate seen in the population from the urban areas (17.83 DALYs per 1000) than those from the rural areas (17.03 DALYs per 1000). In order, the burden showed a decrease from the eastern region (22.28 DALYs per 1000), middle region (19.62 DALYs per 1000) to the western region (13.54 DALYs per 1000), in the country.China is currently carrying considerable burden caused by diabetes among the population of labor force while inequity of burden was seen among different geographical regions within China.

To study the prevalence and characteristics of overweight and obesity among Chinese adults aged 18 and above, in year 2010.A total of 98 271 adults aged 18 and above, who were sampled from 162 surveillance points of 31 provinces of China mainland, were enrolled in the study. Weight and height of each subject were measured, and then body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Overweight was defined as 24 kg/m² ≤ BMI28 kg/m², while obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 28 kg/m². After complex weighting, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among total population and specified rates among different populations by gender and districts and age were calculated.Prevalence rate of overweight among Chinese adults was 30.6%, separately at 31.5% and 29.7% among males and females (χ² = 16.05, P0.01); 27.1%, 37.2% and 32.3% in groups of population aged 18 - 44, 45 - 59 and over 60 year-old, respectively (χ² = 482.00, P0.01); separately at 33.9% and 29.1% in urban and rural areas (χ² = 21.14, P0.01); 32.0%, 31.1% and 28.0% in eastern, central and western regions, respectively (χ² = 8.72, P0.05). Prevalence rate of obesity among Chinese adults was 12.0%, separately at 11.9% and 12.1% among males and females (χ² = 0.33, P0.05); and 10.6%, 14.7% and 12.6% in groups of populations aged 18 - 44, 45 - 59 and over 60 year-old, respectively (χ² = 111.25, P0.01); separately at 14.2% and 11.0% in urban and rural areas (χ² = 12.11, P0.01); and 13.5%, 11.9% and 9.9% in eastern, central and western regions, respectively (χ² = 10.05, P0.01). The total prevalence rate of overweight and obesity among Chinese adults was 42.6%. It appeared that the total prevalence rate of overweight and obesity among urban populations (48.1%) were higher than rural populations (40.1%) (χ² = 20.37, P0.01); while the total rate showed a gradual decreasing trend from eastern (45.5%) to central (43.0%) and western (37.9%) regions (χ ²= 10.46, P0.01).The prevalence of overweight and obesity were comparatively high among Chinese adults aged 18 and above in year 2010, and significant differences could be found among gender, age, urban or rural areas and eastern, central or western districts.

To analyze the status of dietary intake of Chinese adults in 2010.In 2010, China Chronic Disease Surveillance was carried out in 31 provinces and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. The survey was undertaken in 162 surveillance sites in the national disease surveillance points system by stratified multi-stage cluster random sampling. The participants were local residents (living in the area for more than 6 months) aged 18 years and above in the surveillance sites. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to measure the dietary intake for 97 187 urban and rural adults aged 18 years and above. After complex weighting for the sample, the average daily consumption for major food was analyzed for different genders and regions.After complex weighting, the median of cereal, rice and wheat flour intake for Chinese adults was 375.0 g. The median of livestock meat intake was 57.1 g with western areas (85.7 g) much higher than eastern (57.1 g) and central areas (46.2 g) (χ² = 2054.82, P0.01). The median of poultry intake was 7.1 g, eastern areas (10.0 g) higher than western and central areas (both 6.7 g) (χ² = 1210.86, P0.01). The median of seafood intake was 14.3 g, eastern (15.0 g) much higher than central (14.3 g) and western areas (7.1 g) (χ² = 5603.37, P0.01). The median of daily intake for eggs was 21.4 g, western (14.3 g) lower than eastern and central areas (both 21.4 g) (χ² = 1699.11, P0.01). The median of dairy product intake was 42.9 g, eastern (57.1 g) higher than western and central areas (both 35.7 g) (χ² = 196.35, P0.01). Overall, 52.8% of urban and rural residents did not meet recommended amount of fruit and vegetable intake. The rate of inadequate intake of fruit and vegetable was higher in rural (55.7%) than urban areas (46.1%, χ² = 929.43, P0.01).The adult intake of cereal category foods tended to decline in 2010, and the intakes of vegetable and fruits, fishery products as well as dairy products were evidently deficient and regionally varied.

To study the levels of blood lipid among Chinese adults in 2010 and analyze the epidemiological features.Fasting serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) were determined for 90 395 subjects aged 18 and over who were selected by multi stage cluster random sampling method from 162 surveillance sites of 31 provinces of China mainland in 2010. After complex weighting, the differences of levels of serum total TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C were analyzed in different age, gender and geographic regions.After complex weighting, the levels of serum TC in Chinese adults was (4.04 ± 1.08) mmol/L, with (3.86 ± 1.03), (4.29 ± 1.11) and (4.33 ± 1.09) mmol/L in the groups of 18 - 44, 45 - 59 and over 60 years old (F = 177.56, P0.01), respectively. The level of serum TC was (4.06 ± 1.09) mmol/L and (4.03 ± 1.07) mmol/L in males and females (F = 2.38, P0.05), respectively; (4.08 ± 1.13) mmol/L and (4.03 ± 1.06) mmol/L in urban and rural areas (F = 0.51, P0.05), respectively, and (4.13 ± 1.11), (4.03 ± 1.01) and (3.93 ± 1.11) mmol/L in areas of east, middle and west respectively (F = 2.56, P0.05). The levels of serum TG was (1.33 ± 1.28) mmol/L, with(1.26 ± 1.24), (1.48 ± 1.46) and (1.35 ± 1.05) mmol/L in the groups of 18 - 44, 45 - 59 and over 60 years old (F = 85.98, P0.01), respectively. The level of serum TG was (1.45 ± 1.48) mmol/L and (1.21 ± 1.01) mmol/L in males and females (F = 172.01, P0.01), respectively, (1.34 ± 1.26) mmol/L and (1.33 ± 1.28) mmol/L in urban and rural areas (F = 0.16, P0.05), respectively, and(1.30 ± 1.25), (1.35 ± 1.23) and (1.35 ± 1.36) mmol/L in areas of east, middle and west (F = 0.69, P0.05) respectively. The levels of serum HDL-C was (1.11 ± 0.31) mmol/L, with (1.09 ± 0.30), (1.13 ± 0.33) and (1.14 ± 0.33) mmol/L in the groups of 18 - 44, 45 - 59 and over 60 years old (F = 27.81, P0.01), respectively. The level of serum HDL-C was (1.08 ± 0.32) mmol/L and (1.14 ± 0.30) mmol/L in males and females (F = 178.66, P0.01), respectively, (1.11 ± 0.31) mmol/L and (1.11 ± 0.32) mmol/L in urban and rural areas (F = 0.09, P0.05), respectively, and (1.12 ± 0.32), (1.12 ± 0.31) and (1.09 ± 0.32) mmol/L in areas of east, middle and west (F = 1.06, P0.05) respectively. The levels of serum LDL-C was (2.27 ± 0.78) mmol/L, with (2.15 ± 0.74), (2.42 ± 0.80) and (2.46 ± 0.81) mmol/L in the groups of 18 - 44, 45 - 59 and over 60 years old (F = 129.84, P0.01), respectively. The level of serum LDL-C was (2.30 ± 0.78) mmol/L and (2.24 ± 0.78) mmol/L in males and females (F = 25.06, P0.01), respectively, (2.33 ± 0.82) mmol/L and (2.24 ± 0.76) mmol/L in urban and rural areas (F = 3.48, P0.05), respectively, and (2.35 ± 0.80), (2.25 ± 0.74) and (2.17 ± 0.77) mmol/L in areas of east, middle and west (F = 4.58, P0.05) respectively.The levels of serum lipid of middle aged male, female after menopause and people living in eastern region were higher than other Chinese adults. Effective measures should be taken earlier to control serum lipid levels.

To understand the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, high blood low density lipoprotein cholesterol, low blood high density lipoprotein cholesterol and hypertriglyceridemia among Chinese adults in 2010.Levels of triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and total cholesterol (TC) were determined in fasting serum for subjects who were selected by multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling in from 162 surveillance points of 31 provinces in 2010. Prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, high blood LDL-C, low blood HDL-C and hypertriglyceridemia of 97 409 subjects was analyzed.After the complex weighting, prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in Chinese adults was 3.3%, with 2.2%, 4.7% and 4.7% in the groups of 18 - 44, 45 - 59 and over 60 years old (P0.01), respectively, 3.4% and 3.2% in males and females (P0.05), respectively, 4.2% and 2.9% in urban and rural areas (P0.01), 4.2%, 2.4% and 3.1% in areas of east, central and west (P0.01). Prevalence of high blood LDL-C was 2.1%, with 1.3%, 3.0% and 3.6% in the groups of 18 - 44, 45 - 59 and over 60 years old (P0.01), respectively, 2.1% in both males and females (P0.05), 3.0% and 1.8% in urban and rural areas (P0.01), and 2.9%, 1.5% and 1.8% in areas of east, central and west (P0.01), respectively. Prevalence of low blood HDL-C was 44.8%, with 46.9%, 42.6% and 41.2% in the groups of 18 - 44, 45 - 59 and over 60 years old (P0.01), 50.6% and 38.9% in males and females (P0.01), respectively, 45.4% and 44.6% in urban and rural areas (P0.05), and 43.5%, 43.3% and 48.6% in areas of east, central and west (P0.01). Prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia was 11.3%, with 10.1%, 14.2% and 10.8% in the groups of 18 - 44, 45 - 59 and over 60 years old (P0.01), respectively, 13.8% and 8.6% in males and females (P0.01), respectively, 12.1% and 10.9% in urban and rural areas (P0.01), and 11.0%, 11.7% and 11.2% in areas of east, central and west (P0.05).Low blood HDL-C and hypertriglyceridemia are two major types of dyslipidemia in Chinese adults.

To understand the prevalence of participation in leisure-time physical activity, and sedentary behaviors among Chinese adults.Data from Chinese Chronic Disease Surveillance (2010) was used. Among adults aged 18 years old and over, the information on frequency and duration of occupational activity, house chores, commuting and leisure time activity was collected by an interview with Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). The time spent on watching TV, reading, using computers or playing games after work was also surveyed. This present study only analyzed the percentage of participating in leisure time moderate or vigorous intensity physical activity at least 10 minutes three days per week and the time spent on TV, reading, using computer and playing games during after hours among Chinese adults of 98 649 subjects.11.9% (95%CI: 10.5% - 13.3%) of all adults took part in leisure time moderate or vigorous intensity physical activity at least 10 minutes for three days per week, with-group the percentage highest among age-group 18 - 24 (15.6%, 95%CI: 10.5% - 13.3%) and lowest among age 25 - 34 (9.9%, 95%CI: 8.0% - 11.7%) and 75 years old and over (9.9%, 95%CI: 8.2% - 11.6%) (P0.01). The age related change showed a double-peak curve. The percentage was higher in male (13.1%, 95%CI: 11.6% - 14.6%) than in female (10.6%, 95%CI: 9.3% - 12.0%) (P0.01). Among the populations engaged in diverse occupations, the lowest percentage was detected among those in farming, forestry, husbandry and fishing (4.2%, 95%CI: 3.4% - 4.9%). Higher percentage was found among the residents lived in urban areas (19.9%, 95%CI: 17.4% - 22.5%) than in rural areas (8.2%, 95%CI: 6.7% - 9.8%) (P0.01), and higher in the east area (14.8%, 95%CI: 11.9% - 17.6%) compared to that in central (9.7%, 95%CI: 8.1% - 11.3%) or in west areas (10.3%, 95%CI: 8.4% - 12.3%) in China (P0.01). Furthermore, (2.7 ± 2.0) hours per day was spent in sedentary behaviors, such as watching TV, reading, using computers or playing games during after hours. Those aged 18 - 24 years-old spent most time (3.8 ± 2.6) hours per day in sedentary behaviors and the time reduced with age (P0.01). More time on Sedentary behaviors were taken by male (2.9 ± 2.1 hours per day) than by female ((2.6 ± 1.9) hours per day) (P0.01), with more hours spent in urban ((3.3 ± 2.2) hours per day) than that in rural ((2.5 ± 1.9) hours per day) (P0.01). No difference was detected among the residents lived in east ((2.9 ± 2.1) hours per day), central ((2.7 ± 2.0) hours per day) and west area ((2.6 ± 2.0) hours per day) (P0.05).The percentage of taking part in moderate and vigorous activity during leisure time was generally low. Average time spent in after hours sedentary behaviors was long.

To explore the association between frequency of fruit and vegetable intake and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).In 2007, 48 974 Chinese residents aged 15 - 69 years were selected as study participants by multistage stratified proportionate to size random sampling from the 161 sites of Disease Surveillance Points System. Standardized questionnaires were used to collect relevant information to compare the risk for self-reported physician diagnosed COPD between different frequency groups for fruit (2, 2 - 4, 5 - 7 d/week) and vegetable (4, 4 - 5, 6 - 7 d/week) intake.The proportion of vegetable intake was 89.9% (44 019/48 974) and 4.6% (2262/48 974) for individuals with frequency of 6-7 and4 d/week respectively. The proportion of fruit intake was 30.8% (15 072/48 974) and 31.5% (15 432/48 974) for individuals with frequency of 5 - 7 and2 d/week respectively. The prevalence of self-reported COPD was 2.9% (1412/48 974). After adjusting for age, sex, urban/rural areas, passive smoking exposure and family history, the risk of COPD decreased among those with high frequency (5 - 7 d/week) of fruit intake (OR = 0.80, 95%CI: 0.66 - 0.98 for never smokers; OR = 0.80, 95%CI: 0.64 - 0.99 for ever smokers), compared to subjects with low frequency of fruit intake (2 d/week). Among never smokers, those with high frequency of vegetable intake (6 - 7 d/w) had a low risk of developing COPD (OR = 0.65, 95%CI: 0.48 - 0.89).There were beneficial effects of fruit and vegetable intake on COPD.

To describe the characteristics for distribution of waist circumference (WC) and validate the cut-offs of WC in defining the central obesity among Chinese elderly and tall adults.Data from the 2002 National Nutrition and Health Survey was used to analyze the characteristics of WC distribution among subjects aged 45 and above and their height beyond the P85 percentile of Chinese adults. Kappa test was used to estimate the consistency of different cut-offs for WC with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 24 in defining obesity. The odds ratios of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in different cut-offs on WC were calculated by multiple logistic regression. ROC curves analysis was used to determine the cut-offs.The means of WC were: 80.8 cm in male elderly, 79.4 cm in female elderly, 84.1 cm in tall male and 77.9 cm in tall female, respectively. The WC at 85 cm for male and 80 cm for female elderly had the best consistency with BMI at 24, and the distance of ROC curve was the shortest. The odds ratios for diabetes significantly increased from WC categories of 85-cm (OR = 2.1, 95%CI: 1.6 - 2.8), 90-cm (OR = 3.0, 95%CI: 2.3 - 4.0), and 95-cm (OR = 4.5, 95%CI: 3.4 - 5.8) in male elderly, and 80-cm (OR = 1.9, 95%CI: 1.4 - 2.6), 85-cm (OR = 3.2, 95%CI: 2.4 - 4.3), and 90-cm (OR = 4.8, 95%CI: 3.7 - 6.1) in female elderly (P0.01). The odds ratios for impaired fasting glucose also significantly increased from WC categories of 85-cm (OR = 1.6, 95%CI: 1.2 - 2.2), 90-cm (OR = 2.6, 95%CI: 1.9 - 3.5), and 95-cm (OR = 3.5, 95%CI: 2.6 - 4.6) in male elderly, and 80-cm (OR = 2.5, 95%CI: 1.8 - 3.4), 85-cm (OR = 3.2, 95%CI: 2.4 - 4.4), and 90-cm (OR = 4.2, 95%CI: 3.2 - 5.6) in female elderly (P0.01). The odds ratios for diabetes (OR = 3.6, 95%CI: 2.1 - 6.4) and impaired fasting glucose (OR = 5.5, 95%CI: 3.0 - 10.1) significantly increased from WC ≥ 95 cm in tall males. The odds ratios for diabetes significantly increased from WC categories of 85-cm (OR = 5.0, 95%CI: 2.7 - 9.4) and 90-cm (OR = 8.0, 95%CI: 4.6 - 14.1), and odds ratio for impaired fasting glucose of WC ≥ 90 cm was 3.7 (95%CI: 2.0 - 6.9) in tall females.The recommended cut-off points of WC were 85 cm for elderly males and 80 cm for elderly females. The cut-offs of WC were also effective predictors for impaired fasting glucose among tall adults. The cut-offs of WC in the Guidelines for Overweight and Obesity Prevention and Control for Chinese Adults were verified and should be applied as preventive indicators.

To investigate the plasma lipid levels in a national representative sample of subjects and to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia in the Chinese population.Plasma lipid profile was analyzed using the data obtained during the Chinese national nutrition and health survey (CNHS) in 2002 which involved 14 252 participants at the age of 18 years or older.The mean levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in the participants were 3.81 mmol/L, 1.10 mmol/L, and 1.30 mmol/L, respectively. In the groups of participants at the age of 18-44 years, 45-59 years, and over 60 years the mean TC level was 3.70 mmol/L, 4.09 mmol/L and 4.21 mmol/L, respectively, and the mean TG level was 07 mmol/L, 1.21 mmol/L, 1.20 mmol/L, 1.29 mmol/L, 1.33 mmol/L, and 1.33 mmol/L, respectively. The prevalence of dyslipidemia in Chinese adults was 18.6% and 22.2% in males and 15.9% in females. Dyslipidemia prevalence was higher in urban districts than in rural areas (21.0% vs. 17.7%). The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL cholesterol was 2.9%, 11.9%, and 7.4% respectively among the participants.Dyslipidemia has become one of the important health risk factors in the Chinese population. There is no significantly difference in the prevalence of dyslipidemia between the groups of participants at the age of 45-59 years and over 60 years. This study provides important lipid profile data for policy making and guideline development for the prevention of dyslipidemia in the Chinese population.

To study the effect of maternal nutrition status on child growth in China.The study was performed using data from 2002 China Nutrition Health Survey in which data were collected through stratified multi-stage cluster samples in 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities. Accroding to the height of women aged 18-44 y was 156.4 cm, the data on mother and children' weight and height/length (n = 1380) were analyzed.The findings suggest child's length (age 2) were significantly correlated with maternal heights (P0.0001). The mean length in children born to mothers with a height below 156.4 cm was 2.4 cm less than those in children born to mothers with a height above 156.4 cm. The prevalence of stunting in children at age 2 born to mothers with a height below 156 cm was 2.07 times of that in children born to mothers with a height above 156 cm. Therefore, the risk for stunting in children at 2 is lower in children born to mothers with greater height.The maternal nutrition status could have a significant influence on children physical development.

To estimate the relative risks of dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndromes among overweight and obese Chinese children compared with their normal weight counterparts.Overweight and obesity were defined by age- and sex-specific BMI classification reference for Chinese children and adolescents. Pediatric metabolic syndrome (MetS) and each risk factor for MetS were defined using the criteria for US adolescents. Definition of hyper-TC, LDL, and dyslipidemia for adults was applied as well. General linear model factor analysis and chi-square test were used to compare the difference in metabolic indicators among normal weight, overweight, and obese groups. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the odds ratio of metabolic abnormalities between obesity, overweight, and normal weight children, after adjustment for living area, family economic level, age, sex, and daily exercise time and TV watching time, as well as different dietary indices in the model.Significant increases in blood lipids, glucose, and blood pressure were found among overweight and obese children as compared with their counterparts with normal weight. By applying WGOC-recommended BMI classification, the risks for hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL and dyslipidemia among overweight children were 1.9, 1.4, and 1.5 times, and was 3.3, 1.5, and 1.8 times among obese groups compared to their counterparts with normal weight after adjustment for age, sex, region, socioeconomic status, physical activity, and dietary intakes. The overweight and obese children (15-17.9 years) had a high-risk of developing hypertension, which was 2.3 and 2.9 times higher than their counterparts with normal weight. Above 90% obese adolescents had abdominal obesity, while less than 1% normal weight ones had abdominal obesity. No obese adolescents were free from any risk factors for MetS, while 36.9% of normal weight adolescents were from the risk factors. 83.3% obese boys and all obese girls had metabolic syndrome, while only 15.5% normal weight boys and 18.8% normal weight girls had metabolic syndrome. Four risk factors for metabolic syndrome were found in 8.3% obese boys while none in normal weight boys and girls. The prevalence of MetS among normal weight, overweight, and obesity groups was 1.5%, 18.3%, and 38.1% respectively.The cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors are clustered in obese Chinese children. Our observations strongly suggest that efforts should be made to prevent the onset of overweight and its associated diseases during early childhood.