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2. Pre-School Opportunity and Sex Differences as Factors Affecting Educational Progress. Series in Education, Occasional Paper No. 2.
- Author
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Rhodesia Univ., Salisbury., Orbell, S. F. W., Orbell, S. F. W., and Rhodesia Univ., Salisbury.
- Abstract
This document is a collection of three papers originally prepared as part of a series of public lectures presented by the Faculty of Education at the University of Rhodesia. Each paper stresses the vital need to examine assumptions made about the pupil in school to see whether provisions made for him are really in accordance with his present and future needs. Titles of the three papers are: "The Early Years: The Vital Years of Childhood,""Sex Bias as a Variable in Primary Education," and "Sex Differences in Scientific and Mathematical Competence at Adolescence." (Author/JMB)
- Published
- 1973
3. IFLA General Conference, 1984. Libraries Serving the General Public Division. Section on Children's Libraries. Papers.
- Author
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International Federation of Library Associations, The Hague (Netherlands).
- Abstract
Papers on children's services presented at the 1984 IFLA general conference include: (1) "Children's Literature in Kenya: Staggering Problems, Limited Successes, and Some Signs of Hope" (Ellen Kitonga, Kenya), which identifies some basic problems with respect to children's literature in Africa and suggests possible courses of action; (2) "Public Libraries Are Fantastic: Promotion of Reading and Library Use in Cooperation with Authors, Unions, Schools, and Other Institutions" (Margareta Torngren, Sweden), which describes unconventional methods currently used in Sweden to reach new and inexperienced readers and suggests additional strategies; (3) "Promoting Children's Library Work and Reading Habits in Africa" (Gloria E. Dillsworth, Sierra Leone) which examines the library situation in many of the developing countries in Africa, identifies general problems, and discusses book exhibitions, seminars, and future plans; and (4) "Education and Training of Children's Librarians in Africa" (Virginia W. Dike, Nigeria) which surveys library services and types of personnel providing such services for children in Africa, and addresses the issue of education and training. (THC)
- Published
- 1984
4. Bibliometrics of Scientific Productivity on Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Down Syndrome
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Cossio Bolaños, Marco, Vidal Espinoza, Rubén, Pezoa-Fuentes, Paz, Cisterna More, Camila, Benavides Opazo, Angela, Espinoza Galdámez, Francisca, Urra Albornoz, Camilo, Sulla Torres, Jose, De la Torre Choque, Christian, and Gómez Campos, Rossana
- Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare bibliometric indicators of scientific productivity in physical activity (PA) in children and adolescents with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Down syndrome (DS) in the PubMed database. A bibliometric study was conducted for the last 5 years (2017 to 2021). The data collected for each article were: year of publication, language of publication, country, journal name, and type of paper. The results showed that there was higher scientific productivity in the population with DS (20 studies) relative to their counterparts with ASD (31 studies). The language of publication in both cases was English. There were 10 countries that published on PA in ASD and 14 countries that published on DS. Overall, the greatest interest in publishing on PA in children and adolescents with ASD was in North America (6 studies), followed by Asia (5 studies) and Europe (4 studies). In the DS population it was in Europe (13 studies), North America (9 studies) and South America (4 studies). Nineteen journals were identified that published in the ASD population and 29 journals in DS. Six experimental studies were identified in ASD and 7 in DS. There was a higher scientific productivity with original studies. There was a positive trend of increasing scientific productivity over the years in both populations. We suggest the need to promote research on PA in both populations, regardless of the type of study, as it is an indicator of overall health status.
- Published
- 2022
5. Months of Debate. Six Preparatory Meetings for the International Conference on Adult Education (5th, Hamburg, Germany, July 14-18, 1997).
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United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Hamburg (Germany). Inst. for Education.
- Abstract
This document contains information about and papers from meetings of educational practitioners and policymakers in the Asia-Pacific region, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Europe, and the Arab States and a collective consultation of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) on literacy and education for all. Contents (arranged by region) are as follows: "1996 Jomtien Declaration on Adult Education and Lifelong Learning"; "The Bank Has a Re-Think"; "Maoris: A Longtime Educative Tradition" (Nora Rameka); interviews and reports from parts of Asia; "Intellectual Responsibility in Development"; "Declaration on Adult Education and Lifelong Learning"; "Setting Up a Programme Is Not Enough" (Alice Tiendrebeogo); "A Book for Six Inhabitants" (Antonio da Silva); "Peace in the Land of Blue Plastic" (Uwizeyimana Adorata); "Unwanted Gifts" (Ousmane Faty Ndongo); "Backing the Commitment of African Intellectuals" (A. Niameogo); "South African Adult Education Post-1994" (Joe Samuels); interviews; "Education of Young People and Adults to Consolidate Democracy"; "Declaration and Recommendations of the Latin American and Caribbean Regional Preparatory Conference"; "Read the Word..." (Sergio Haddad); "We Also Count!" (Lola Cendales); "Calandria" (Rosa Maria Alfaro Moreno); interviews; "The Role of NGOs in the Transformation of Adult Education in Latin America" (Jorge Osorio Vargas); "'Everyone Has to Learn Everything'" (Ximena Machicao Barbery); "Adult Education, Society and the Strengthening of Democracy" (Jose Rivero); "We Learned..." (Ximena Eugenia Paniagua Padilla);"Defining Cultural Identities"; conference report; "Is Literacy Neglected?" (Serge Wagner); "Creative Protagonists: The Role of Environmental Pedagogy" (P. Orefice); "An Already Long State--Civil Society Dialogue" (Anne Depuydt); "Masks""Meeting with Mr. D. Lenarduzzi"; "The New Modern Concept of Adult Education in Russia" (V. Onushkin); "Adult Learners' Week" (Alan Tuckett); "A Strengthened Partnership"; "The Hamburg NGO Platform on Adult Learning for the 21st Century"; "Vocational Education and Training" (Ulf Fredriksson); "You Can't Tie Up a Bundle of Firewood with One Hand" (Mariam Kone Traore); "Turning the Disadvantaged into Free Decision-Makers" (Ton Redegeld); "Some of the Contributions of Non-Formal Teaching to Formal Teaching" (Max Cloupet); "Adult Education and the Changing World of the Workplace" (D. Kahler); "Growing Together through Partnership" (Adama Ouane); "Beyond Programmes: Commitment, Values and NGOs" (Clinton Robinson); "Constructing Society"; "Arab Declaration on Adult Education"; "Campaigning for All Rights" (Aicha Barki); "Adolescent Women and Civic Society in MENA (the Middle East and North Africa)" (Frank Dall); "Culture and Spirituality" (Bacher Bakri); "The Emergence of a Civil Society" (Kacem Bensalah); interviews; "A Society Which Includes Women" (Aicha Belarbi); "The Socio-political Dimension of Gender: A Tool for Fair Development" (Marcela Ballara); and "Using Modern Technology Is Almost a Second Nature" (Mark Tennant). (MN)
- Published
- 1997
6. Actes des Journees de linguistique (Proceedings of the Linguistics Conference) (8th, March 24-25, 1994).
- Author
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International Center for Research on Language Planning, Quebec (Quebec). and Belyazid, Fatima Zahra
- Abstract
Thirty-five papers, all but one in French, presented at the conference on research in linguistics are presented here. Topics include: verb tenses in English; computerized text analysis program; study of specialized terminology; court translation in Canada; subject-verb agreement in English; bilingual editing; swearing with religious words; language of news reporting; French-Brazilian Portuguese word borrowing; bilingual education; use of the term "OK" in Montreal French; attributive function of transitive verbs; language planning in Africa; terminology in translation; descriptive vs. prescriptive linguistics (in English); recording laughter and closure in a sociolinguistic interview; clitics; vowels in Quebec French; analyzing oral spontaneous discourse; French verb value; code-switching in Ontario; Acadian child and adolescent language; the cluster condition in Spanish; nasal vowels in Kinyarwanda; variability as a functional element in communication; the vocabulary of computer-assisted instruction; language rhythm in Quebec French; practical problems in linguistic research methodology; North American English borrowing from Canadian French. Most papers contain references. (MSE)
- Published
- 1994
7. Using the Post-Traumatic Growth Model to Explore Trauma Narratives in Group Work with African Refugee Youth
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Acquaye, Hannah E., John, Carol M., Bloomquist, Laurie A., and Milne, Nicole M.
- Abstract
African American youth and African refugee youth encounter systemic racism in similar yet different ways. Because of the inherent traumatic experiences encountered by refugee youth, the added discrimination during their acculturation processes elevates their trauma and stressor-related symptoms. This paper uses the Posttraumatic Growth Model to explore some steps in facilitating an 8-week group therapy for African refugee youth in the US school system. Culturally-sensitive recommendations are also provided.
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- 2020
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8. Performance of U.S. 15-Year-Old Students in Mathematics, Science, and Reading Literacy in an International Context. First Look at PISA 2012. NCES 2014-024
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Westat, Inc., National Center for Education Statistics (ED), Kelly, Dana, Nord, Christine Winquist, Jenkins, Frank, Chan, Jessica Ying, and Kastberg, David
- Abstract
The Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) is a system of international assessments that allows countries to compare outcomes of learning as students near the end of compulsory schooling. PISA core assessments measure the performance of 15-year-old students in mathematics, science, and reading literacy every 3 years. Coordinated by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), PISA was first implemented in 2000 in 32 countries. It has since grown to 65 education systems in 2012. PISA's goal is to assess students' preparation for the challenges of life as young adults. PISA assesses the application of knowledge in mathematics, science, and reading literacy to problems within a real-life context (OECD 1999). Mathematics was the major subject area in 2012, as it was in 2003, since each subject is a major subject area once every three cycles. In 2012, mathematics, science, and reading literacy were assessed primarily through a paper-and-pencil assessment, and problem solving was administered via a computer-based assessment. In addition to these core assessments, education systems could participate in optional paper-based financial literacy and computer-based mathematics and reading assessments. The United States participated in these optional assessments. This report presents performance on PISA 2012 in mathematics, science, and reading literacy from a U.S. perspective. Results are presented for the 65 education systems, including the United States, that participated in PISA 2012 and for the three U.S. states--Connecticut, Florida, and Massachusetts--that participated as separate education systems. These three states opted to have separate samples of public-schools and students included in PISA in order to obtain state-level results. In this report, results are presented in terms of average scale scores and the percentage of 15-year-old students reaching selected proficiency levels, comparing the United States with other participating education systems. For proficiency levels, results are reported in terms of the percentage reaching level 5 or above and the percentage below level 2. Higher proficiency levels represent the knowledge, skills, and capabilities needed to perform tasks of greater complexity. At levels 5 and 6, students demonstrate higher level skills and may be referred to as "top performers" in the subject. Conversely, students performing below level 2 are below what the OECD calls "a baseline level of proficiency, at which students begin to demonstrate the literacy competencies that will enable them to participate effectively and productively in life" (OECD 2010, p. 154). This report also presents U.S. trends over time in mathematics, science, and reading literacy, and overall results for the computer-based mathematics and reading assessments. Results for the problem-solving and financial literacy assessments will be released in 2014. Appended are: (1) Methodology and Technical Notes; and (2) International and U.S. Data Collection Results. (Contains 9 tables, 3 figures, 9 footnotes, and 3 exhibits.) [This report was prepared for the National Center for Education Statistics under Contract No. ED-IES-10-C-0047 with Westat.]
- Published
- 2013
9. Changing Patterns of Access to Education in Anglophone and Francophone Countries in Sub Saharan Africa: Is Education for All Pro-Poor? CREATE Pathways to Access. Research Monograph No. 52
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Consortium for Research on Educational Access, Transitions and Equity (CREATE), Lewin, Keith M., and Sabates, Ricardo
- Abstract
This paper explores patterns of growth in participation in six Anglophone and seven Francophone countries in SSA. The countries are Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Madagascar, Mali, Niger and Senegal. These countries all have large scale Universal Primary Education programmes and all have demographic and health survey (DHS) data sets collected at least ten years apart. These allow comparisons over time to see how participation has been changing. The results show that progress has been patchy and sometimes disappointing. Access remains strongly associated with household wealth despite commitments to pro-poor policies. The chances of the poorest being enrolled relative to the richest have generally not improved substantially, and in some cases have deteriorated. Reductions in numbers of out of school children have in some cases been accompanied by increases in the proportion over age. Poorer children and rural children are more likely to be over age and unlikely to complete schooling, especially if they are girls. The message is clear. Though there has been progress, it falls far short of the gains that were anticipated. Much more progress is needed to achieve universal access with equity and to close the gap between the poorer and richer households. (Contains 9 tables and 13 figures.)
- Published
- 2011
10. Capturing the Minds of a Lost and Lonely Generation
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Tungaraza, Frida and Sutherland, Margaret
- Abstract
UNICEF states that in 88 countries studied "more than 13 million children currently under the age of 15 have lost both parents to Aids, most of them in sub-Saharan Africa" (UNICEF 2002). The impact of this Aids pandemic cannot be overstated. Indeed the long-term impact of such statistics is scarcely imaginable and has not been experienced in the world to date. Sustainable, indigenous technology may be a way of providing a meaningful educational experience for such marginalised young people. However the concept of sustainable, indigenous technology is not always clearly defined. This paper seeks to discuss this concept in relation to education and in particular considers the impact of the HIV/AIDs pandemic in Tanzania. The paper will outline: (1) The impact of the Aids pandemic on children under 15; (2) The difficulties in engaging marginalised youth in education; (3) Sustainable indigenous technology education approaches; and (4) How sustainable indigenous technology education can reengage marginalised.
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- 2005
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11. Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mini Review.
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Groenewald, Candice, Isaacs, Nazeema, and Isaacs, Dane
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COVID-19 pandemic ,REPRODUCTIVE health ,LITERATURE reviews ,REPRODUCTIVE health services ,TEENAGE pregnancy - Abstract
This mini review explores the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescent sexual and reproductive health. We conducted a rapid review of the literature across three databases, with a particular focus on the African continent. Few studies have specifically focused on adolescents in Africa and this paper contributes to this paucity of research. Findings revealed the unintended consequences of the pandemic. Studies across several countries showed that the respective lockdownmeasures restricted adolescents' access to sexual and reproductive health services. The literature also showed increases in adolescent pregnancies during the lockdown, along with increases in reports of sexual violence against adolescents. We conclude this paper by offering recommendations to address these unintended consequences and potentially improve adolescent sexual and reproductive health in African communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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12. A Human Economy: A 'Third Way' for the Future of Young People in the Middle East and North Africa
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Zaalouk, Malak
- Abstract
This paper looks at the vulnerability of today's youth worldwide, with a particular focus on the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), where the proportion of citizens aged 12-24 is particularly high at one-third of the total population. Cursed with poor education and few work opportunities, the youth unemployment rate has risen to 50 per cent in this region. There is a consequent lack of participation at all levels, and a large number of youth are showing symptoms of low self-esteem, frustration, anger and unrest. After discussing the outcomes of years of an inhuman economic system on a global level, this article points to a more humane and empowering path. The author argues that, instead of continuing with profit-oriented capitalism or relying on the informal sector, the co-operative way represents a third alternative to existing economic sectors within the dominant contemporary economic system. The article analyses the many benefits of this path for the realisation of a humane economy. In so doing, it touches on issues of equity and social protection. Finally, the article outlines what needs to be done if this is to be a viable solution for a human economy. While giving many examples of successful co-operative enterprises worldwide, the author singles out the MENA region as one which could also benefit from the new trends outlined.
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- 2014
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13. Health Promoting Schools: Initiatives in Africa
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Macnab, Andrew J., Stewart, Donald, and Gagnon, Faith A.
- Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe the rationale for and potential of World Health Organization (WHO) health promoting schools (HPS) in Africa. Design/Methodology/Approach: Overview of the related literature and presentations at the 2011 Stellenbosch international colloquium on HPS relating to sub-Saharan Africa. Findings: Schools provide the most efficient and effective way to reach large portions of the population; however, no literature reporting evaluations of HPS from Africa existed ten years ago. The WHO now supports HPS strategies in over 32 African countries, recognizing that the burden of disease, disability and premature death is disproportionately high in the region, and that many of the causes are preventable. Novel applications of the WHO model are increasing; those applicable to Africa include: measures to address the widespread problem of poor oral health, hygiene and nutrition among children; a range of "entry point" activities to initiate HPS with validated evaluation methodology; initiatives centered on gardening relevant for sub-Saharan Africa; opportunities for cross-disciplinary learning opportunities generated by inter-sectoral collaborative HPS programs; and the use of social media and cell phone messaging to deliver health promotion to at-risk teen populations on the continent. Challenges include the need for multi-sectoral collaboration and Ministry leadership, paucity of human resources and stable funding and limited research and evaluation of best practices. Practical Implications: Africa faces significant challenges educating the next generation in the context of health. Strong political action, broad participation and sustained advocacy are required to capitalize on the proven potential of novel initiatives now available to disseminate "knowledge" and "healthy practices" through the WHO HPS model. Originality/Value: Use of HPS offers a flexible and inexpensive avenue of relevance where guidelines and process exist, and evidence of efficacy in Africa is accumulating.
- Published
- 2014
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14. New Media and Technology. New Directions for Youth Development, No. 128
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Bers, Marina Umaschi and Bers, Marina Umaschi
- Abstract
This volume contains the following papers: (1) Beyond Computer Literacy: Supporting Youth's Positive Development through Technology (Marina Umaschi Bers); (2) Educational Technology, Reimagined (Michael Eisenberg); (3) Children as Codesigners of New Technologies: Valuing the Imagination to Transform What Is Possible (Allison Druin); (4) Content Creation in Virtual Worlds to Support Adolescent Identity Development (Laura M. Beals); (5) Youth as Content Producers in a Niche Social Network Site (Christine Greenhow); (6) YouTube as a Participatory Culture (Clement Chau); (7) Making Projects, Making Friends: Online Community as Catalyst for Interactive Media Creation (Karen Brennan, Andres Monroy-Hernandez and Mitchel Resnick); (8) Augmenting Your Own Reality: Student Authoring of Sciencebased Augmented Reality Games (Eric Klopfer and Josh Sheldon); (9) Developing Technological Initiatives for Youth Participation and Local Community Engagement (Leo Burd); (10) "MXing It Up": How African Adolescents May Affect Social Change through Mobile Phone Use (Christopher M. Napolitano); and (11) El Silencio: A Rural Community of Learners and Media Creators (Claudia Urrea). An index is also included.
- Published
- 2011
15. History, Memory Cultures and Meaning in the Classroom
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Hawkey, Kate and Prior, Jayne
- Abstract
This article presents findings of small-scale in-depth qualitative research into the perspectives on history amongst adolescent children of minority ethnic backgrounds living in inner-cities in England. The research aimed to elicit, first, the narratives of British history that children from minority ethnic backgrounds hold; and, second, the relationship between the history children learn from home and that learned at school. In addressing these research questions, this paper contributes to wider discourses of what history should be taught in contemporary multi-ethnic settings, as well as how teachers in classrooms can navigate the tensions between history and memory cultures. Although the research was conducted in the English context, the issues it raises are pertinent elsewhere. (Contains 1 figure and 1 table.)
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- 2011
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16. Consolidate, conceptualize, contextualise: key learnings for future intervention acceptability research with young people in Africa.
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Casale, Marisa, Yates, Rachel, Gittings, Lesley, Haupt Ronnie, Genevieve, Somefun, Oluwaseyi, and Desmond, Chris
- Subjects
RESEARCH ,LEARNING - Abstract
Acceptability has become a key consideration in the development, evaluation and implementation of health and social interventions. This commentary paper advances key learnings and recommendations for future intervention acceptability research with young people in Africa, aimed at supporting the achievement of developmental goals. It relates findings of the adolescent acceptability work conducted within the Accelerate Hub, since mid 2020, to broader inter-disciplinary literatures and current regional health and social priorities. We argue that, in order to strengthen the quality and applied value of future acceptability work with young people, we need to do three things better. First, we need to consolidate prior findings on acceptability, within and across intervention types, to inform responses to current public health and social challenges and further the conceptual work in this area. Second, we need to better conceptualise acceptability research with young people, by developing stronger conceptual frameworks that define acceptability and its constructs, and predict its relationship with intervention engagement. Third, we need to better contextualise findings by considering acceptability data within a broader social and political context, which in turn can be supported by better conceptualisation. In this paper we describe contributions of our work to each of these three inter-connected objectives, and suggest ways in which they may be taken forward by researchers and practitioners. These include aggregating evidence from past interventions to highlight potential barriers and enablers to current responses in priority areas; involving key actors earlier and more meaningfully in acceptability research; further developing and testing behavioural models for youth acceptability; and working collaboratively across sectors towards programmatic guidance for better contextualisation of acceptability research. Progress in this field will require an inter-disciplinary approach that draws from various literatures such as socio-ecological theory, political economy analysis, health behaviour models and literature on participatory research approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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17. HIV/Aids in South Africa: A Review of Sexual Behavior among Adolescents
- Author
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Hartell, Cycil George
- Abstract
South Africa has a fast-growing HIV/AIDS rate, with the highest prevalence among young people (15 to 24 years), especially females. This paper is a comprehensive analytical review of available research concerning the sexual behavior of adolescents in South Africa. It offers insight into HIV infection among adolescents and provides an important base for educational interventions aimed at behavior change and reducing further transmission. The most important conclusion is that, despite the research (however limited) that has been done, there has been no significant change in the rate of infection among adolescents in South Africa. A new generation of behavioral interventions, involving both factual knowledge and life skills to promote behavioral risk reduction, is recommended.
- Published
- 2005
18. Travel Slides: The Forgotten Medium in Teaching English as a Second Language.
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Reiner, Anita
- Abstract
Travel slides, which many teachers have from their own travels, can provide material for excellent language lessons of high interest, even at beginning levels. Slides of Africa were used to develop five teaching units easily adapted to several language levels. Each unit included questions and information about the slides with related reading and writing exercises: an African folktale with related questions; a dialogue based on a slide; and an African cultural history exercise with reading, questions, and an audio-motor activity. Selected groups of slides were also used for specific drill on, for example, prepositions or rejoinders. These lessons were used with teenage and adult students of beginning to advanced levels. The slides were a means of including interesting content on African geography, history, and culture; they also served as a bridge to get students to talk about their own cultures. The slides helped to create a relaxed learning environment for both teaching and allowing communication. Finally, the slides involved the students in what was being taught and stimulated them to originate their own utterances. Teachers should consider their own travel slides as a basis for developing valuable language lessons. (Author)
- Published
- 1975
19. Urban Children: A Challenge and an Opportunity.
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Dallape, Fabio
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Proposes four categories of children in difficult circumstances: (1) abandoned or orphaned; (2) independent, maintaining family contact; (3) working, living with families; and (4) living with economically deprived families. Suggests that rapid urbanization, family environment, global economy, and educational deprivation contribute to difficulties. Recommends an action-oriented approach to social services, requiring retraining, social welfare reorganization, and community-based services. (KDFB)
- Published
- 1996
20. Adolescent Fertility: Selected, Annotated Resources for the International Community.
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Population Inst., Washington, DC. and Ogden, Celia
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This bibliography on adolescent fertility contains over 300 annotations of articles, audiovisual materials, books, charts, comic books, games, journals, papers, pamphlets, and packets. With a few exceptions entries were published from 1974 through 1978; they are categorized according to geographic section: World, Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, Oceania, and Northern America. Each section is sub-divided into categories such as demographics; sexuality education; adolescents and contraception; adolescent pregnancy and parenthood; materials written for educators, parents, or adolescents; and education and service programs for adolescents. An international list of contact addresses is included. (KC)
- Published
- 1978
21. Croissance et developpment de l'enfant: 25 ans d'activities internationales coordonnees. Growth and Development of the Child: 25 Years of Internationally Coordinated Activities.
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International Children's Centre, Paris (France).
- Abstract
This special issue of the "Courrier," a journal for professionals concerned with issues related to the physical and psychological development of children, provides (1) an overview of 25 years of internationally coordinated research, (2) a selection of papers published by the research teams, and (3) a description of the teams and their present status. The origin and international expansion of the program for longitudinal studies is described in the first article. The subsequent 15 articles cover a wide range of topics. Studies concerned with physical development focus on the skeletal maturation of the hand and wrist; growth in the density of normal infants' subcutaneous cellular tissue; age of onset of menarche and associated factors among Parisian girls; clinical transformations of puberty in young girls; international comparisons of infants' physical growth; development and maturation of young children in Dakar; Gessell tests on African children; parent-child correlations for body measurements of children between the ages of 1 month and 7 years; the somatic development of urban, Swedish children; and analysis of the adolescent growth spurt using smoothing spline functions. The one study focused solely on psychological development discusses intellectual development from birth to 18 years of age. Studies covering both psychological and physiological development examine bowel and bladder control during the day and at night in the first 6 years of life; trends in the development of abilities related to somatic growth; individual differences as seen in developmental and intelligence quotient curves from 6 months to 17 years; and a comparison of infant development in five western countries. (Author/RH)
- Published
- 1980
22. Psychosis in adolescents in Africa: A scoping review for current understanding and future directions.
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Adjorlolo, Samuel and Setordzi, Mawuko
- Subjects
- *
TEENAGERS , *PSYCHOSES , *HELP-seeking behavior , *CHILD abuse , *GREY literature - Abstract
Research into psychosis in adolescents is important in Africa in view of the high burden of mental disorders and prevalence of risk factors such as child maltreatment implicated in the etiology of mental health problems. In this paper, we synthesized the existing literature on psychosis in adolescents in Africa to understand current developments and chart a pathway for robust research agenda on psychosis. A search was conducted on electronic databases, including Africa Index Medicus and Scopus and selected journals for papers. Google, Google Scholar, reference list of papers selected for inclusion in the review and study authors were contacted for additional papers and grey literature. A total of 11 articles were included in this review and discussed under the following thematic areas:(1) assessment of psychosis; (2) prevalence of psychosis; (3) demographic/psychosocial correlates of psychosis; (4) clinical correlates of psychosis; (5) substance misuse and psychosis; and (6) psychosis literacy and help-seeking behavior. A pathway for research into psychosis centering on the representation of psychosis, risk and protective factors, management/treatment of psychosis and aforementioned thematic areas was proffered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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23. The burden and its determinants of mental health distress among adolescents dwelling in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
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Tinsae, Techilo, Shumet, Shegaye, Takelle, Girmaw Medfu, Rtbey, Gidey, Melkam, Mamaru, Andualem, Fantahun, Nakie, Girum, Segon, Tesfaye, Koye, Selam, Fentahun, Setegn, Alemu, Wondale Getinet, and Tadesse, Gebresilassie
- Subjects
MENTAL illness risk factors ,RISK assessment ,WORLD Wide Web ,PSYCHOLOGICAL distress ,ADOLESCENT health ,META-analysis ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,EMOTIONS ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,MEDLINE ,ODDS ratio ,ONLINE information services ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,PSYCHOLOGY information storage & retrieval systems ,ADOLESCENCE - Abstract
Background: Adolescent mental health issues are emerging as a significant public health concern across many low- and middle-income countries, particularly in Africa. This study aims to evaluate the aggregated prevalence and contributing risk factors of mental health distress among adolescents in Africa. Methodology: A comprehensive search of PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and HINARI databases was conducted to identify relevant articles on the prevalence and risk factors associated with mental health distress among African adolescents, published up to December 2023. The quality of the selected studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Heterogeneity among the studies was evaluated using the I² statistical test. Potential publication bias was assessed through a funnel plot and Egger's statistical test. This systematic review was registered with PROSPERO under reference number CRD42023494665. Results: Eighteen studies encompassing data from 37,016 adolescents were included in the analysis. The overall prevalence of mental health distress among adolescents in Africa was found to be 27.34% (95% CI: 23.18–31.50). The occurrence of mental health distress is observed in older adolescents at a prevalence of 29.44% (95% CI: 23.26–35.66) and in younger adolescents at 24.73% (95% CI: 11.96–37.51). Significant risk factors identified included bullying victimization, with an odds ratio (POR) of 1.30 (95% CI: 1.16, 1.46), and experiencing hunger, with an odds ratio (POR) of 2.10 (95% CI: 1.13, 3.91). Conclusion: The findings indicate a high prevalence of mental health distress among adolescents in Africa, highlighting the widespread impact on this demographic. These results underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions to prevent and address mental health distress among adolescents. Further research on a global scale is essential to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies tailored to this age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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24. Suicide attempts and correlates among in-school adolescents in Benin City, Nigeria.
- Author
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Jegede, T. O., Omoaregba, J. O., and Arigbede, O. O.
- Subjects
ATTEMPTED suicide ,BULLYING ,SUICIDE risk factors ,TEENAGERS ,BULLYING prevention ,SUICIDAL ideation - Abstract
We aim to add to the literature on suicidality in Africa by estimating the prevalence and exploring the behavioural correlates of suicide attempts among in-school adolescents in Benin City, Nigeria. Utilising a cross-sectional design, participants were a random, stratified sample of students who filled out questionnaires to identify various determinants of suicidal attempts among adolescents between the ages of 10 and 19. We used bivariate and multivariate analyses to determine associations between suicide attempts and other variables. A total of 725 adolescents completed the instruments. Over 13.5% reported suicidal ideation, and approximately 10.5% reported that they had attempted suicide in the last year. At the multivariate level, adolescents who attempted suicide had significantly greater odds of being anxious, lonely, or victims of bullying behaviour. Individuals experiencing persistently sad moods, suicidal thoughts and plans were significantly associated with suicide attempts. Suicidal ideation and attempts are prevalent among adolescents. Assessment of anxiety, loneliness, and persistently sad moods as risk factors for suicide attempts among adolescents is vital. Indicators of bullying appear to be particularly relevant to the risk of suicide attempts among adolescents and should be given attention as part of risk assessments. We suggest that bullying prevention programs and early identification of the risk factors be a vital part of strategies for initiating and maintaining public health interventions pitched toward suicide prevention in Nigeria and Africa. This study will, in addition, provide a baseline for future studies on suicidal behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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- View/download PDF
25. Research on African adolescents' sexual and reproductive health: Ethical practices and challenges.
- Author
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Aguessivognon, Togla Aymard
- Subjects
AFRICANS ,HEALTH policy ,WELL-being ,HUMAN sexuality ,PUBLIC health ,SOCIAL justice ,RESEARCH ethics ,SEXUAL health ,REPRODUCTIVE health - Abstract
Copyright of African Journal of Reproductive Health is the property of Women's Health & Action Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. “Sex Will Make Your Fingers Grow Thin and Then You Die”: The Interplay of Culture, Myths, and Taboos on African Immigrant Mothers’ Perceptions of Reproductive Health Education with Their Daughters Aged 10-14 Years.
- Author
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Agbemenu, Kafuli, Hannan, Margaret, Kitutu, Julius, Terry, Martha Ann, and Doswell, Willa
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CULTURE ,HEALTH attitudes ,SEXUAL health ,IMMIGRANTS ,METROPOLITAN areas ,MOTHER-child relationship ,REPRODUCTIVE health ,QUALITATIVE research ,ATTITUDES of mothers ,PATIENT autonomy - Abstract
This paper examines the convergence of culture, myths, and taboos surrounding reproductive health issues African immigrant women, living in the United States, learned during childhood in their countries of origin. We also discuss how mothers’ perceptions of reproductive health education (RHE) influenced the education of their own daughters aged 10-14 years. This was a qualitative descriptive study. Data were collected via interviews and demographic survey. The sample size was 20 African immigrant mothers living in a mid-sized city in the U.S. Interviews were transcribed verbatim. Qualitative data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Myths and taboos related to menstruation, sexual intercourse, pregnancy, and HIV/AIDS were reported by the women interviewed. Discussion of these issues was largely taboo, and most myths the mothers learned growing up pertained to sexual intercourse, pregnancy prevention, and pregnancy termination using non-hormonal ingested substances. Myths and taboos about sexual issues are widespread in Africa and are propagated to control sexual behavior, especially that of unmarried people, particularly women. By examining these myths and taboos, we are able to somewhat contextualize the mothers’ immigrant experience regarding RHE. Although myths were reported, the majority of mothers did not appear to believe them. The most significant taboo reported was sexual intercourse. This in turn led to mothers’ overemphasis on abstinence for their daughters. It is also noteworthy that this sample contained mainly African women who overall were highly educated, spoke English, and could adequately navigate life in the U.S. It is unclear what the results would be if we were to examine African immigrant women with less achievements in these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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- View/download PDF
27. Perceptions of community safety and social activity participation among youth in South Africa.
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De Wet, Nicole, Somefun, Oluwaseyi, and Rambau, Ndivhuwo
- Subjects
CRIME ,VIOLENCE ,SOCIAL advocacy ,YOUTH development ,COMMUNITY safety - Abstract
Background: Crime and violence causes massive disruptions to the health, survival and development of populations. In South Africa, incredibly high rates of crime and violence are noted. The country also has a very large youth population whose health, survival and development are key to economic growth. Among other efforts to encourage healthy youth development and the promotion of social activities such as sports, youth groups, choirs and so forth. This study examines the relationship between perceived community safety and the uptake of social activities among youth in South Africa. Data and methods: This paper uses data from the National Youth Lifestyle Survey (2008) with an unweighted sample of 4,391 youth (age12-22 years old). Using chi-square and logistic regression analysis the association between perceived community safety and social activity participation are tested. Findings: The results indicate that youth participation in social activities in South Africa is high (55% of males and 45% of females). Among males, the most prominent activity is sports (51.8%), while for females there is high participation in choir and singing groups (55.68%). More than 50% of males perceive their communities as risky while less than half of females feel the same. Male youth are more likely to participate in social activities if they perceive their communities as risky (OR = 1.04). Females (OR = 0.83), youth have a negative view of their future (OR = 0.43) are less likely to participate in social activities. Conclusions: There exists an association between youth’s perception of community safety and their participation in social activities. Whether sports and groups are protective or enabling environments for youth from unsafe communities is moot. More in-depth research is needed on why youth participate in these clubs and groups to truly understand the role of social activities in South African societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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- View/download PDF
28. Systematic review of cash plus or bundled interventions targeting adolescents in Africa to reduce HIV risk.
- Author
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Rogers, Kate, Le Kirkegaard, Rikke, Wamoyi, Joyce, Grooms, Kaley, Essajee, Shaffiq, and Palermo, Tia
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REPRODUCTIVE health services ,YOUNG adults ,HUMAN sexuality ,GENDER-based violence ,TEENAGERS ,HIV - Abstract
Background: HIV remains a leading cause of death for adolescents and young people aged 10–24 years. HIV prevention requires multisectoral approaches that target adolescents and young people, addressing HIV risk pathways (e.g., transactional sex, gender-based violence, and school attendance) through bundled interventions that combine economic strengthening, health capabilities, and gender equality education. However, best practices are unknown because evidence on multisectoral programming targeted to adolescents and combining these components has not been systematically reviewed. Methods: We conducted a systematic review to summarize the evidence on bundled interventions combining health and economic strengthening components for adolescents and young people and their effects on HIV/STI incidence and risk factors. We included studies from Africa published between 2005 and 2023, combining at least one economic strengthening and one health component, directed toward adolescents and young people aged 10–24 years. Included studies measured programmatic impacts on primary outcomes: HIV and STI incidence/prevalence; and mediators as secondary outcomes: sexual behaviours, sexual and reproductive health, school attendance, health-seeking behaviours, and violence. We conducted key word searches in PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science, imported titles/abstracts from the initial search, and reviewed them using the inclusion criteria. Full texts of selected articles were reviewed and information was extracted for analysis. Findings from the full texts identified were summarized. Results: We reviewed 58 studies, including 43 quantitative studies and 15 qualitative studies, evaluating 26 unique interventions. A majority of studies reviewed were conducted in Eastern and Southern Africa. Interventions reviewed showed a greater number of significant results in improving economic outcomes; mental health and psychosocial outcomes; sexual and reproductive health knowledge and services utilization; and HIV prevention knowledge and testing. They showed fewer significant results in improving outcomes related to HIV incidence/prevalence; sexual risk behaviours; gender-based violence; gender attitudes; education; STI incidence, prevalence and testing; and sexual debut. Conclusions: Our review demonstrated the potential for bundled, multisectoral interventions for preventing HIV and facilitating safe transitions to adulthood. Findings have implications for designing HIV sensitive programmes on a larger scale, including how interventions may need to address multiple strata of the social ecological model to achieve success in the prevention of HIV and related pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Trends in child marriage, sexual violence, early sexual intercourse and the challenges for policy interventions to meet the sustainable development goals.
- Author
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Cordova-Pozo, Kathya Lorena, Anishettar, Sujata Santosh, Kumar, Manish, and Chokhandre, Praveen Kailash
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HEALTH policy ,MARRIAGE ,MIDDLE-income countries ,SEXUAL intercourse ,VIOLENCE ,PUBLIC health ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,SEX crimes ,LOW-income countries ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,EMPLOYMENT ,DISEASE prevalence ,EDUCATIONAL attainment ,GENDER inequality ,CHILDREN - Abstract
Introduction: Child marriage remains a prevalent issue in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) despite global declines. Girls are disproportionately affected, facing health risks, limited education, and restricted decision-making power. We aim to provide insights for child marriage prevalence across LMIC from 1990 to 2020, with a focus on sexual violence and early sexual intercourse for public health policy interventions. Methods: This study used World Bank datasets to assess progress in addressing child marriage in LMIC countries. Statistical analyses, including trend analysis and compound annual growth rate (CAGR), were conducted to evaluate indicators of first marriage, sexual violence, and sexual intercourse. Countries with sufficient data were categorized based on prevalence rates and trends, and detailed analysis focused on significant indicators. Results: While significant reductions were observed in the prevalence of child marriage before the age of 15 and 18 and early sexual intercourse in most countries, few countries show increasing trends, and others could not demonstrate statistical trends due to data limitations, such as scarcity of data for boys. Overall, many countries showed a decline in sexual violence and early sexual intercourse before the age of 15, but some exhibited increasing trends. For instance, Zambia and Senegal showed a decreasing trend of sexual violence, while Nigeria exhibited an increasing trend. Notably, Uganda, Cameroon, and Sierra Leone for women, and Namibia, Zambia, and Kenya for men, experienced substantial decline in early sexual intercourse. Conclusion: There is a decline in child marriage, sexual violence, and early sexual intercourse in most countries independent from the income group. Only a few countries show slight increasing trends. The improvements confirm that policies that address education, employment, and deep-rooted gender inequality at the societal level seem to be effective and help reach the SDG. However, better data are needed to enhance the understanding of the development of child marriage in these countries to improve the effectiveness of policy intervention. Therefore, we recommend that policymakers not only include existing evidence that continues progress but also increase and improve the monitoring of relevant indicators. Plain Language Summary: Child marriage remains a prevalent issue despite global declines, particularly affecting girls who suffer from health risks, lower education, and restricted decision-making power. However, little is known about boys in this context. This study aims to examine We aim to provide insights for child marriage prevalence across LMIC from 1990 to 2020, with a focus on sexual violence and early sexual intercourse for public health policy interventions. To achieve this, we assessed progress in addressing child marriage in LMIC countries using World Bank datasets. Through statistical analyses, including trend analysis and linear regression, we evaluated various indicators. Countries with sufficient data were categorized based on prevalence and trends. The results revealed significant reductions in all indicators, few countries show increasing trends, and others could not demonstrate statistical trends due to data limitations, such as scarcity of data for boys. The Central African Republic experienced an increase in child marriage prevalence. Overall, many countries showed a decline in sexual violence and intercourse before the age of 15, but some exhibited increasing trends. For instance, Zambia and Senegal showed a decreasing trend of sexual violence, while Nigeria exhibits an increasing trend. Notably, Uganda, Cameroon, and Sierra Leone experienced substantial declines in early sexual intercourse for women, and Namibia, Zambia, and Kenya for men. There is a decline in child marriage, sexual violence, and early sexual intercourse in most countries independent of the income group. Only a few countries show slight increasing trends. The improvements confirm that policies that address education, employment, and deep-rooted gender inequality at societal level seem to be effective and help reach the SDG. However, better data are needed to enhance the understanding of the development of child marriage in these countries to improve the effectiveness of policy intervention. Therefore, we recommend that policymakers not only include existing evidence that continues progress but also increase and improve the monitoring of relevant indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Participant views on practical considerations for feedback of individual genetic research results: a case study from Botswana.
- Author
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Ralefala, Dimpho, Kasule, Mary, Matshabane, Olivia P., Wonkam, Ambroise, Matshaba, Mogomotsi, and de Vries, Jantina
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PSYCHOLOGICAL feedback ,MIDDLE-income countries ,RESEARCH personnel ,TEENAGERS ,TEENAGE parents - Abstract
Key to discussions around feedback of individual results from genomics research are practical questions on how such results should be fed back, by who and when. However, there has been virtually no work investigating these practical considerations for feedback of individual genetic results in the context of low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), especially in Africa. Consequently, we conducted deliberative focus group discussions with 6 groups of adolescents (n = 44) who previously participated in a genomics study in Botswana as well as 6 groups of parents and caregivers (n = 49) of children who participated in the same study. We also conducted in-depth interviews with 6 adolescents and 6 parents or caregivers. Our findings revealed that both adolescents and parents would prefer to receive their individual genetic results in person, with adolescents preferring researchers to provide feedback, while parents preferred doctors who are associated with the study. Both adolescents and parents further expressed that feedback should be supported by counselling but differed on the timing of feedback, with preferences ranging from feedback as quickly as possible to feedback at project end. In conclusion, decisions on practicalities for feedback of results should be done in account of participants' context and considerations of participants' preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. "They test my blood to know how much blood is in my body": the untapped potential of promoting viral load literacy to support adherence and viral suppression among adolescents living with HIV.
- Author
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Bernays, Sarah, Lariat, Joni, Cowan, Frances, Senzanje, Beula, Willis, Nicola, and Nenguke, Zivai Mupambireyi
- Subjects
HIV-positive teenagers ,VIRAL load ,YOUNG adults ,BLOOD testing ,MEDICAL disclosure - Abstract
Introduction: Achieving sustained HIV viral suppression is a key strategy to optimize the health and wellbeing of those living with HIV. Sub‐optimal adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in adolescents and young people living with HIV (AYPLHIV) in Southern Africa, due to a range of social and contextual factors, including poor mental health, has presented a substantial challenge to meeting targets aimed towards improving treatment outcomes and reducing transmission. With the increasing availability of viral load (VL) testing in Southern Africa, there is an opportunity to better understand the relationship between VL literacy, wellbeing and adherence among adolescents. Methods: We conducted qualitative interviews with 45 AYPLHIV aged 10–24 years in three districts (urban, peri‐urban and rural) in Zimbabwe between March and August 2021. The sample was purposively selected to represent a range of experiences related to HIV status disclosure, gender, marital status and treatment experience. Separate workshops were conducted with 18 healthcare workers (HCWs) and 20 caregivers to better understand existing support mechanisms to AYPLHIV accessing ART. We used thematic analysis to examine adolescent VL literacy, treatment support networks, experiences of clinic interactions, VL testing procedures and barriers to adherence. Results: VL literacy was consistently under‐developed among participants. Comprehension of phrases commonly heard during clinic visits, such as TND (target not detected) and "high" and "low" VL, were better understood by older participants. VL testing was predominantly understood as a clinical procedure that enables HCWs to monitor treatment adherence. Absent throughout the interviews were descriptions of how viral suppression improves health and quality of life, likely fosters wellbeing and enhances self‐esteem, enables participation in education and social activities, and eliminates the risk of onward transmission. Conclusions: It is imperative that we reconsider how routine VL monitoring is communicated to and understood by AYPLHIV. Reframing ART, including VL test results, in terms of the psychosocial benefits that viral suppression can generate is likely to be crucial to motivating AYPLHIV to maintain optimal treatment engagement and develop self‐management approaches as they move into adulthood. Access to accurate information tailored to individual concerns and circumstances can support AYPLHIV to achieve wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. ‘Children will always be children’: Exploring perceptions and experiences of HIV-positive children who may not take their treatment and why they may not tell.
- Author
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Kawuma, Rachel, Bernays, Sarah, Siu, Godfrey, Rhodes, Tim, and Seeley, Janet
- Subjects
CLINICAL drug trials ,PSYCHOLOGY of the sick ,DIAGNOSIS of HIV infections ,EMPATHY ,INTERVIEWING ,PATIENT compliance ,RESEARCH funding ,JUDGMENT sampling ,THEMATIC analysis ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,CHILDREN - Abstract
HIV-positive children and young people may face substantial social barriers to maintaining appropriate levels of adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) during childhood and adolescence. In this paper, we focus on these children's voices and the challenges they face growing up living with HIV in Uganda. Drawing on retrospective self-reports of 26 children living with HIV, taking ART and attending a clinic in central Uganda, we examine the reasons for non-adherence to ART among children and why they may not report when they miss their treatment. The reasons why children may not take their treatment are socially complex and similar to adult experiences and the struggles people face in adhering to life-long treatment of a condition that is stigmatised. Children are aware of the stigma that surrounds their condition and respond to adults who stress the importance of keeping their condition secret. The causes of non-adherence are not necessarily due to forgetting, but because of concerns about secrecy and children deliberately avoiding being seen taking their treatment, for example, to avoid identification. Children's desire to maintain and protect relationships explains non-adherence as well as their failure to report it to adults. The clinical focus on exemplary adherence makes it more difficult for healthcare workers to discuss with children the social challenges that they may experience in taking treatment every day. If adults could approach non-adherence with greater empathy, recognising that children too are juggling treatment taking and social concerns then children may feel more willing to tell them about missed doses. Their poor adherence is not an inevitable element of the experience of being a child, but rather, like many adults, a substantial challenge if they are to manage their life-long treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Santé reproductive des adolescents en Afrique : pour une approche globale.
- Author
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Yakam, Josiane Carine Tantchou
- Subjects
- *
REPRODUCTIVE health , *HUMAN reproduction , *CHILDREN'S sexual behavior , *YOUTH health - Abstract
The paper reviews literature on adolescent reproductive health in Africa. It airs to highlight the structural factors which shape their sexual behaviour. The literature was collectçd using IESTOR and Medline databases. We first entered the words "reproductive health" to get an overall idea of existing literature. The field was then narrowed by entering: "reproductive health, youth", "reproductive F~ealth, youth, Africa", "youth, sexuality, Africa". We looked into the references provided in the articles. The paper is structured in three parts. The first presents the major problems associated with young people's sexual behaviour. The second deals with solutions used to tackle these problems. The third concerns the structural factors which shape young people's sexual behaviour. It focuses especially on economic factors, gender inequalities and sexual violence. We conclude that: studies undertaken on reproductive health of a~olescents especially highlight the vulnerability of girls; adolescents' sexual behaviour cannot be separated from their social, cultural, political and economic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Is Poverty a Driver for Risky Sexual Behaviour? Evidence from National Surveys of Adolescents in four African Countries.
- Author
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Madise, Nyovani, Zulu, Eliya, and Ciera, James
- Subjects
POVERTY ,WEALTH ,CONDOM use ,TEENAGE girls ,FIRST sexual experiences ,TEENAGERS' sexual behavior - Abstract
Copyright of African Journal of Reproductive Health is the property of Women's Health & Action Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. School-Based Interventions on Human Papillomavirus in Africa: A Systematic Scoping Review.
- Author
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Amzat, Jimoh, Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem, Aminu, Kafayat, and Egbedina, Eyinade Adeduntan
- Subjects
HUMAN papillomavirus ,ADOLESCENT psychology ,YOUTHS' attitudes ,SEXUAL health - Abstract
School-age youth constitute a neglected but highly vulnerable group concerning sexual health risks in low-resource countries. Robust evidence concerning the research landscape of school-based interventions on human papillomavirus in Africa is currently lacking. Therefore, this systematic scoping review (SSR) aims to map evidence about school-based HPV interventions and identify emerging themes, gaps and lessons learned in Africa. This review was guided by Joanna Brigg's Institute's guidelines for SSRs and reported based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Metanalysis for Scoping Reviews. Five databases—PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, and Allied and Complementary Medicine—were searched for relevant literature using appropriate search terms and Boolean operators. The retrieved literature was extracted, deduplicated and screened using the Rayyan software. Only those articles which met the eligibility criteria were included for data charting, collation, and summarization. Ten articles were included in this review. The articles demonstrate that a life-course approach is significant in health intervention. School-based health interventions help reach adolescents in a dynamic life stage, affecting their vulnerability to sexual health risks. The school-based interventions serve as an ideal platform to offer HPV peer education, improving their HPV knowledge and subsequent testing services and enhancing their acceptability for screening and vaccination. Cervical cancer education and screening can be effectively combined in HPV health services for women. While the studies are geographically diverse, such effective interventions, which help reduce bottlenecks in accessing HPV screening and vaccination, are very few in Africa. In conclusion, school-based intervention is a viable strategy that can be adopted for adolescent protection from HPV-induced diseases. However, the current evidence on the impact of these interventions, particularly HPV vaccination, is inadequate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Cash plus: exploring the mechanisms through which a cash transfer plus financial education programme in Tanzania reduced HIV risk for adolescent girls and young women.
- Author
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Pettifor, Audrey, Wamoyi, Joyce, Balvanz, Peter, Gichane, Margaret W, and Maman, Suzanne
- Subjects
TEENAGE girls ,SEX education ,YOUNG women ,TRANSACTIONAL sex ,SEXUAL partners ,BUSINESS development - Abstract
Introduction: Cash transfers have been promoted as a means to reduce HIV risk for adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in sub‐Saharan Africa. One of the main mechanisms whereby they are hypothesized to reduce risk is by deterring transactional sex. In this paper, we use qualitative methods to explore participant experiences, perspectives and reported behaviours of a cash transfer plus financial education programme among out of school, 15‐ to 23‐year‐old AGYWs in rural Tanzania with a focus on partner choice and transactional sex. Methods: We conducted 60 in‐depth interviews (IDIs) and 20 narrative timeline interviews with participants of the PEPFAR DREAMS Sauti/WORTH+ cash transfer programme between June 2017 and July 2018. Interviews were taped, transcribed and translated from Kiswahili to English. Transcripts were coded and analysed for key themes. Results: We found that participants in a cash transfer plus programme discussed behaviours that could reduce HIV risk through decreasing their dependence on male sex partners. There appeared to be two main mechanisms for this. One, young women discussed the cash transfer providing for basic needs (e.g. food, toiletries) which appeared to reduce their dependence on male sex partners who previously provided these goods (e.g. transactional sex). This experience was more pronounced among the poorest participants. Two, young women discussed how the financial education/business development aspect of the programme empowered them to refuse some sex partners; unmarried women discussed these experiences more than married women. Social support from family and programme mentors appeared to strengthen young women's ability to successful start businesses, produce income and thus be less dependent on partners. Conclusions: The cash transfer programme may have reduced AGYW engagement in transactional sex that occurred to meet basic needs (one form of transactional sex). The financial education/business development and mentorship elements of the programme appeared important in building AGYW agency, self‐esteem and future orientation which may support AGYWs in refusing unwanted sex partners. Future cash plus programmes should consider adding or strengthening financial education and job skills training, mentorship and future orientation to see stronger and perhaps sustainable outcomes for HIV prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. The epidemic of obesity in children and adolescents in the world.
- Author
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Kosti, Rena I. and Panagiotakos, Demosthenes B.
- Subjects
- *
OBESITY , *SOCIOECONOMICS , *CHILDHOOD obesity , *BODY weight - Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has reached alarming levels, affecting virtually both developed and developing countries of all socio-economic groups, irrespective of age, sex or ethnicity. Concerning childhood obesity, it has been estimated that worldwide over 22 million children under the age of 5 are severely overweight, and one in 10 children are overweight. This global average reflects a wide range of prevalence levels, with the prevalence of overweight in Africa and Asia averaging well below 10% and in the Americas and Europe above 20%. The proportion of school-age children affected will almost double by 2010 compared with the most recently available surveys from the late 1990s up to 2003. In the European Union, the number of children who are overweight is expected to rise by 1.3 million children per year, with more than 300,000 of them becoming obese each year without urgent action to counteract the trend. By 2010 it is estimated that 26 million children in E.U. countries will be overweight, including 6.4 million who will be obese. Moreover, in the U.S.A. the prevalence of obesity in adolescents has increased dramatically from 5% to 13% in boys and from 5% to 9% in girls between 1966-70 and 1988-91. In this review paper we present the epidemiology of obesity in children and adolescents, including prevalence rates, trends, and risk factors associated with this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Adolescent alcohol consumption: protocol for a scoping review of screening and assessment tools used in Africa.
- Author
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Briegal, Eleanor, Biggane, Alice M., and Obasi, Angela I.
- Subjects
ALCOHOL drinking ,TEENAGERS ,GREY literature ,HEALTH policy - Abstract
Background: Alcohol consumption is a key public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, which has the highest burden of alcohol attributable injury and disease of any region. Excess alcohol use is particularly harmful for adolescents and has been associated with neurocognitive defects and social and emotional problems. Effective screening and assessment tools are necessary to implement, evaluate and monitor interventions to prevent and decrease adolescent alcohol use. Most of these tools have been used among adolescent groups in high income settings; data on their effectiveness in Africa, where much alcohol use is unregulated, is limited. This scoping review will examine and map the range of tools in use and create an evidence base for future research in adolescent alcohol prevention and control in Africa. Methods: The review will include all relevant study designs and grey literature. Inclusion and exclusion criteria have been designed using the Population – Concept – Context framework, and two reviewers will independently screen titles, abstracts and then full text to determine eligibility of articles. The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, CINAHL and Global Health data bases will be searched for peer reviewed publications. The search strategy for grey literature will include Google searches and searches in websites of pertinent professional bodies and charities. The methodological framework proposed by Arksey and O'Malley and adaptations by the Joanna Briggs Institute and Levac et al. will be used. An iterative approach to charting, collating, summarising and reporting the data will be taken, with the development of charting forms and the final presentation of results led by the extracted data. Results: This scoping review protocol describes a secondary analysis of data already collected to explore and map alcohol consumption measurement tools in adolescents in Africa. Conclusions: It is anticipated that our findings will provide an evidence base surrounding tools used to measure adolescent alcohol consumption in Africa. These findings are likely to be useful in informing future research, policy and public health strategies. Findings will be disseminated widely through peer-reviewed publication and in various media, for example, conferences, congresses or symposia. Systematic review registration: Scoping Review Registration: Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/bjhgw/) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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- View/download PDF
39. Interventions for adolescent alcohol consumption in Africa: protocol for a scoping review including an overview of reviews.
- Author
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Biggane, Alice M., Briegal, Eleanor, and Obasi, Angela
- Subjects
ALCOHOL drinking ,TEENAGERS ,HEALTH policy ,HIGH-income countries ,GREY literature - Abstract
Background: Harmful alcohol use is a leading risk to the health of populations worldwide. Within Africa, where most consumers are adolescents, alcohol use represents a key public health challenge. Interventions to prevent or substantially delay alcohol uptake and decrease alcohol consumption in adolescence could significantly decrease morbidity and mortality, through both immediate effects and future improved adult outcomes. In Africa, these interventions are urgently needed; however, key data necessary to develop them are lacking as most evidence to date relates to high-income countries. The purpose of this review is to examine and map the range of interventions in use and create an evidence base for future research in this area. Methods: In the first instance, we will conduct a review of systematic reviews relevant to global adolescent alcohol interventions. We will search the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, MEDLINE (Ovid), CINAHL, Web of Science, Global Health and PubMed using a broad search. In the second instance we will conduct a scoping review by drawing on the methodological framework proposed by Arksey and O'Malley. We will search for all study designs and grey literature using the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, MEDLINE (Ovid), CINAHL, Web of Science and Global Health, Google searches and searches in websites of relevant professional bodies and charities. An iterative approach to charting, collating, summarising and reporting the data will be taken, with the development of charting forms and the final presentation of results led by the extracted data. In both instances, the inclusion and exclusion criteria have been pre-defined, and two reviewers will independently screen abstracts and full text to determine eligibility of articles. Discussion: It is anticipated that our findings will map intervention strategies aiming to reduce adolescent alcohol consumption in Africa. These findings are likely to be useful in informing future research, policy and public health strategies. Findings will be disseminated widely through peer-reviewed publication and in various media, for example, conferences, congresses or symposia. Protocol Registration: This protocol was submitted to the Open Science Framework on May 03, 2021. www.osf.io/qnvba [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Differential patterns of disease and injury in Mozambique: New perspectives from a pragmatic, multicenter, surveillance study of 7809 emergency presentations.
- Author
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Mocumbi, Ana O., Cebola, Bonifácio, Muloliwa, Artur, Sebastião, Frederico, Sitefane, Samuel J., Manafe, Naisa, Dobe, Igor, Lumbandali, Norberto, Keates, Ashley, Stickland, Nerolie, Chan, Yih-Kai, and Stewart, Simon
- Subjects
COMMUNICABLE diseases ,ADOLESCENCE ,CANDIDATUS diseases ,NON-communicable diseases ,WOUNDS & injuries ,HOSPITAL emergency services - Abstract
Background: There is a paucity of primary data to understand the overall pattern of disease and injuries as well as related health-service utilization in resource-poor countries in Africa. Objective: To generate reliable and robust data describing the pattern of emergency presentations attributable to communicable disease (CD), non-communicable disease (NCD) and injuries in three different regions of Mozambique. Methods: We undertook a pragmatic, prospective, multicentre surveillance study of individuals (all ages) presenting to the emergency departments of three hospitals in Southern (Maputo), Central (Beira) and Northern (Nampula) Mozambique. During 24-hour surveillance in the seasonally distinct months of April and October 2016/2017, we recorded data on 7,809 participants randomly selected from 39,124 emergency presentations to the three participating hospitals. Applying a pragmatic surveillance protocol, data were prospectively collected on the demography, clinical history, medical profile and treatment of study participants. Findings: A total of 4,021 males and 3,788 (48.5%) females comprising 630 infants (8.1%), 2,070 children (26.5%), 1,009 adolescents (12.9%) and, 4,100 adults (52.5%) were studied. CD was the most common presentation (3,914 cases/50.1%) followed by NCD (1,963/25.1%) and injuries (1,932/24.7%). On an adjusted basis, CD was more prevalent in younger individuals (17.9±17.7 versus 26.6±19.2 years;p<0.001), females (51.7% versus 48.7%—OR 1.137, 95%CI 1.036–1.247;p = 0.007), the capital city of Maputo (59.6%) versus the more remote cities of Beira (42.8%—OR 0.532, 95%CI 0.476–0.594) and Nampula (45.8%—OR 0.538, 95%CI 0.480–0.603) and, during April (51.1% versus 49.3% for October—OR 1.142, 95%CI 1.041–1.253;p = 0.005). Conversely, NCD was progressively more prevalent in older individuals, females and in the regional city of Beira, whilst injuries were more prevalent in males (particularly adolescent/young men) and the northern city of Nampula. On a 24-hour basis, presentation patterns were unique to each hospital. Interpretation: Applying highly pragmatic surveillance methods suited to the low-resource setting of Mozambique, these unique data provide critical insights into the differential pattern of CD, NCD and injury. Consequently, they highlight specific health priorities across different regions and seasons in Southern Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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41. Impact of the adolescent and youth sexual and reproductive health strategy on service utilisation and health outcomes in Zimbabwe.
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Muchabaiwa, Lazarus and Mbonigaba, Josue
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REPRODUCTIVE health ,REPRODUCTIVE health services ,SEXUAL health ,SEXUALLY transmitted diseases ,MEDICAL care ,YOUTH - Abstract
Poor reproductive health among youth and adolescents threatens their future health and economic wellbeing in Zimbabwe amidst a high HIV/AIDS prevalence. This study evaluates the impact of a multi-pronged adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) strategy implemented by government of Zimbabwe between 2010 and 2015 to improve ASRH in terms of the uptake of condoms and HIV testing as well as outcomes in terms of sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevalence and HIV prevalence. We combine the difference in difference and propensity score matching methods to analyse repeated Zimbabwe demographic health survey cross-sectional datasets. Young people aged 15–19 years at baseline in 2010, who were exposed for the entire five-year strategy are designated as the treatment group and young adults aged 25–29 at baseline as the control. We find that the ASRH strategy increased HIV testing amongst youth by 36.6 percent, whilst treatment of STIs also increased by 30.4 percent. We also find that the HIV prevalence trajectory was reduced by 0.7 percent. We do not find evidence of impact on condom use and STI prevalence. The findings also suggest that although HIV testing increased for all socio-economic groups that were investigated, the effect was not the same. Lastly, we do not find evidence supporting that more resources translate to better ASRH outcomes. We recommend designing future ASRH strategies in a way that differentiates service delivery for youths in HIV hotspots, rural areas and out of school. We also recommend improving the strategy’s coordination and monitoring, as well as aligning and enforcing government policies that promote sexual and reproductive health rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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42. Being HIV positive and staying on antiretroviral therapy in Africa: A qualitative systematic review and theoretical model.
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Eshun-Wilson, Ingrid, Rohwer, Anke, Hendricks, Lynn, Oliver, Sandy, and Garner, Paul
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ANTIRETROVIRAL agents ,HIV infections ,SEXUALLY transmitted disease treatment ,MEDICAL decision making ,HEALTH policy - Abstract
Background: Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and long-term uninterrupted engagement in HIV care is difficult for HIV-positive people, and randomized trials of specific techniques to promote adherence often show small or negligible effects. Understanding what influences decision-making in HIV-positive people in Africa may help researchers and policy makers in the development of broader, more effective interventions and policies. Methods: We used thematic synthesis and a grounded theory approach to generate a detailed narrative and theoretical model reflecting life with HIV in Africa, and how this influences ART adherence and engagement decisions. We included qualitative primary studies that explored perspectives, perceptions and experiences of HIV-positive people, caregivers and healthcare service providers. We searched databases from 1 January 2013 to 9 December 2016, screened all studies, and selected those for inclusion using purposeful sampling methods. Included studies were coded with Atlas.ti, and we assessed methodological quality across five domains. Results: We included 59 studies from Africa in the synthesis. Nine themes emerged which we grouped under three main headings. First, people who are HIV-positive live in a complicated world where they must navigate the challenges presented by poverty, competing priorities, unpredictable life events, social identity, gender norms, stigma, and medical pluralism—these influences can make initiating and maintaining ART difficult. Second, the health system is generally seen as punishing and uninviting and this can drive HIV-positive people out of care. Third, long-term engagement and adherence requires adaptation and incorporation of ART into daily life, a process which is facilitated by: inherent self-efficacy, social responsibilities, previous HIV-related illnesses and emotional, practical or financial support. These factors together can lead to a “tipping point”, a point in time when patients choose to either engage or disengage from care. HIV-positive people may cycle in and out of these care states in response to fluctuations in influences over time. Conclusion: This analysis provides a practical theory, arising from thematic synthesis of research, to help understand the dynamics of adherence to ART and engagement in HIV care. This can contribute to the design of service delivery approaches, and informed thinking and action on the part of policy makers, providers, and society: to understand what it is to be HIV-positive in Africa and how attitudes and the health service need to shift to help those with HIV lead ‘normal’ lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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43. The no-go zone: a qualitative study of access to sexual and reproductive health services for sexual and gender minority adolescents in Southern Africa.
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Müller, Alex, Spencer, Sarah, Meer, Talia, and Daskilewicz, Kristen
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HOMOSEXUALITY ,LAW ,REPRODUCTIVE health laws ,LGBTQ+ people ,MINORITIES ,SEXUAL health ,INTERVIEWING ,SOCIAL skills ,FAMILY planning ,SOCIETIES - Abstract
Copyright of Reproductive Health is the property of BioMed Central and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Gender inequality and adolescent suicide ideation across Africa, Asia, the South Pacific and Latin America – a cross-sectional study based on the Global School Health Survey (GSHS).
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Assarsson, Rebecka, Petersen, Solveig, Högberg, Björn, Strandh, Mattias, and Johansson, Klara
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HIGH school students ,RISK assessment ,SELF-evaluation ,SEX distribution ,WORLD health ,MULTIPLE regression analysis ,SCHOOL admission ,SUICIDAL ideation ,CROSS-sectional method ,MIDDLE-income countries ,LOW-income countries ,ODDS ratio ,ADOLESCENCE - Abstract
Background: Suicide ideation is a health issue affecting adolescents worldwide. There are significant variations in suicide ideation between countries and genders, which have not been fully explained. Research is especially lacking in countries outside Europe and North America. Gender equality has been shown to matter in other aspects of adolescent mental health, such as life satisfaction, but has not been researched in relation to suicide ideation at national level. Objective: To investigate how national gender inequality is related to self-reported suicide ideation among adolescents, and whether this association differs between boys and girls. Methods: This is a cross-national, cross-sectional study using individual survey data from the Global School-based Student Health Survey, a survey in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the South Pacific, developed and supported by among others the WHO and the CDC; connecting this to national data: the gender inequality index from the UNDP; controlling for GDP per capita and secondary school enrolment. The data was analysed using a multilevel logistic regression method and included 149,306 students from 37 countries. Results: Higher national gender inequality, as measured by the gender inequality index, was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of suicide ideation in both girls and boys (odds ratio: 1.38 p-value: 0.015), but for girls and both sexes this was only after adjusting for selection bias due to secondary school enrolment (as well as GDP/capita). Interaction models showed that this association was stronger in boys than in girls. Conclusions: National gender inequality seems to be associated with higher levels of suicide ideation among adolescents in mainly low- and middle-income countries, especially among boys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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45. Soccer-based promotion of voluntary medical male circumcision: A mixed-methods feasibility study with secondary students in Uganda.
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Miiro, George, DeCelles, Jeff, Rutakumwa, Rwamahe, Nakiyingi-Miiro, Jessica, Muzira, Philip, Ssembajjwe, Wilber, Musoke, Saidat, Gibson, Lorna J., Hershow, Rebecca B., Francis, Suzanna, Torondel, Belen, Ross, David A., Weiss, Helen A., and null, null
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CIRCUMCISION ,HIV prevention ,MEDICAL care ,SCHOOLBOYS ,CROSS-sectional method ,HEALTH - Abstract
The Ugandan government is committed to scaling-up proven HIV prevention strategies including safe male circumcision, and innovative strategies are needed to increase circumcision uptake. The aim of this study was to assess the acceptability and feasibility of implementing a soccer-based intervention (“Make The Cut”) among schoolboys in a peri-urban district of Uganda. The intervention was led by trained, recently circumcised “coaches” who facilitated a 60-minute session delivered in schools, including an interactive penalty shoot-out game using metaphors for HIV prevention, sharing of the coaches’ circumcision story, group discussion and ongoing engagement from the coach to facilitate linkage to male circumcision. The study took place in four secondary schools in Entebbe sub-district, Uganda. Acceptability of safe male circumcision was assessed through a cross-sectional quantitative survey. The feasibility of implementing the intervention was assessed by piloting the intervention in one school, modifying it, and implementing the modified version in a second school. Perceptions of the intervention were assessed with in-depth interviews with participants. Of the 210 boys in the cross-sectional survey, 59% reported being circumcised. Findings showed high levels of knowledge and generally favourable perceptions of circumcision. The initial implementation of Make The Cut resulted in 6/58 uncircumcised boys (10.3%) becoming circumcised. Changes made included increasing engagement with parents and improved liaison with schools regarding the timing of the intervention. Following this, uptake improved to 18/69 (26.1%) in the second school. In-depth interviews highlighted the important role of family and peer support and the coach in facilitating the decision to circumcise. This study showed that the modified Make The Cut intervention may be effective to increase uptake of safe male circumcision in this population. However, the intervention is time-intensive, and further work is needed to assess the cost-effectiveness of the intervention conducted at scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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46. Social Cognition Variables and Victimization as Predictors of Sexual Debut Among Adolescents in South Africa and Tanzania: A Multi-group SEM Analysis.
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Wubs, Annegreet, Aarø, Leif, Kaaya, Sylvia, Onya, Hans, and Mathews, Catherine
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AGE distribution ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,CHI-squared test ,COGNITION ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,STATISTICAL correlation ,SEXUAL health ,INTENTION ,PEDIATRICS ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,RESEARCH funding ,SELF-efficacy ,HUMAN sexuality ,SOCIAL norms ,VICTIMS ,STRUCTURAL equation modeling ,INTIMATE partner violence ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Early sexual debut is common in South Africa and Tanzania, with potentially negative reproductive health outcomes. The role of violence as a predictor of sexual debut was studied, in a context of predictors borrowed from social cognition models. Data were taken from cluster-randomized trials of school-based HIV prevention interventions in three sites in South Africa and Tanzania. Analyses consisted of descriptive statistics and multi-group structural equation modelling. The basic model functioned fairly well for Cape Town, but less well for Mankweng and Dar es Salaam (low R values). Attitudes were the strongest predictor of intention. Adding socio-demographic variables to the model did not reduce the associations much and neither did subsequent inclusion of violence. Sexual debut was strongly associated with victimization; adding violence also substantially increased R for sexual debut. Besides social cognition factors, intimate partner violence should be addressed in future research on reproductive health interventions for adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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47. Adolescents' Communication with Parents, Other Adult Family Members and Teachers on Sexuality: Effects of School-Based Interventions in South Africa and Tanzania.
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Namisi, Francis, Aarø, Leif, Kaaya, Sylvia, Kajula, Lusajo, Kilonzo, Gad., Onya, Hans, Wubs, Annegreet, and Mathews, Catherine
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HIV prevention ,COMMUNICATION ,FAMILIES ,HEALTH promotion ,INTERGENERATIONAL relations ,PARENTS ,PEDIATRICS ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,RESEARCH funding ,HUMAN sexuality ,STUDENT assistance programs ,TEACHERS ,DISCLOSURE ,MULTIPLE regression analysis ,RANDOMIZED controlled trials ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ODDS ratio - Abstract
Cluster-randomized controlled trials were carried out to examine effects on sexual practices of school-based interventions among adolescents in three sites in sub-Saharan Africa. In this publication, effects on communication about sexuality with significant adults (including parents) and such communication as a mediator of other outcomes were examined. Belonging to the intervention group was significantly associated with fewer reported sexual debuts in Dar es Salaam only (OR 0.648). Effects on communication with adults about sexuality issues were stronger for Dar es Salaam than for the other sites. In Dar, increase in communication with adults proved to partially mediate associations between intervention and a number of social cognition outcomes. The hypothesized mediational effect of communication on sexual debut was not confirmed. Promoting intergenerational communication on sexuality issues is associated with several positive outcomes and therefore important. Future research should search for mediating factors influencing behavior beyond those examined in the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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48. Future challenges for pediatric diabetes management in developing countries: lessons from Africa.
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Steyn, Nelia P, Mchiza, Zandile June-Rose, and Kengne, Andre-Pascal
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DIABETES in children ,TYPE 2 diabetes treatment ,MEDICAL care ,DISEASE prevalence ,ISLANDS of Langerhans ,DEVELOPING countries ,PREVENTION - Abstract
In this review, we describe the epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents in Africa, noting that there is a paucity of data with regard to the burden of disease, prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes, healthcare and acute and chronic complications. Furthermore, access to care remains an issue of great concern. Our view is that in the next 5 years, more research will be undertaken on the burden of the disease and on interventions to provide better access to care. While the majority of African countries still have a low incidence of diabetes in children, it is predicted that the incidence will increase and it is therefore essential that governments develop sustainable policies to deal with such increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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49. The shape of things to come? household dependency ratio and adolescent nutritional status in rural and urban Ethiopia.
- Author
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Hadley, Craig, Belachew, Tefera, Lindstrom, David, and Tessema, Fasil
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DEPENDENCY ratio ,TEENAGERS ,NUTRITIONAL assessment ,HUMAN capital ,DEMOGRAPHIC transition - Abstract
Several related demographic trends are occurring in developing countries: youth comprise a large portion of populations, fertility rates are declining, and urban dwellers are increasing. As fertility rates decline and populations age, the decline in the ratio of young dependents to working age adults is expected to free up household resources, which can be invested in human capital, including youth nutritional wellbeing. We test this hypothesis in a sample of youth ( n = 1,934) in Southwestern Ethiopia. Multiple measures of achieved growth and nutritional status are explored (weight, height, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), body mass index (BMI) and body mass index for age z-score (BMIZ), weight for age z-score (WAZ), and height for age z-score (HAZ)). In multivariable models controlling for the effects of income, age, gender, and youth workloads, youth living in rural settings had significantly lower weight (1.24 kg lighter), MUAC (0.67 cm lower), BMI (0.45 BMI lower), BMIZ (0.27 lower), HAZ (0.14 HAZ lower), and WAZ (0.3 WAZ lower) than urban youth (all P < 0.01). Compared with youth in the lowest dependency ratio households, results show that youth in households with the highest dependency ratios were estimated to be 1.3 kg lighter, have 0.67 cm smaller MUAC, and BMI that was 0.59 lower (all P<0.01). Similar results were found for WAZ (0.21 lower) and BMIZ (0.36 lower). Youth height and HAZ were not associated with household dependency. These results may point toward increasing levels of human capital investments in Ethiopian youth as fertility levels decline and populations urbanize. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2011
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50. Prevalence and meanings of exchange of money or gifts for sex in unmarried adolescent sexual relationships in sub-Saharan Africa.
- Author
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Moore, Ann M., Biddlecom, Ann E., and Zulu, Eliya M.
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MONEY ,TEENAGERS' sexual behavior ,CONDOM use ,FOCUS groups ,SOCIOECONOMICS - Abstract
Copyright of African Journal of Reproductive Health is the property of Women's Health & Action Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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