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This research targets to adsorb the organic dye (methylene blue, MB) from aqueous media using natural Iraqi bentonite clay (NIBC). Several analytical methods (e.g., XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX, XRF, pH pzc , and BET) analysis were conducted to inspect the physicochemical characteristics of the NIBC. Adsorption key variables, including dosage of adsorbent (0.02–0.1 g), pH (2–10), and initial concentrations (10–150 mg/L) were inspected for determining their impacts on MB dye removal. The Redlich-Peterson isotherm demonstrated the best account for the equilibrium adsorption of MB. The NIBC's highest adsorption capacity (q max) for MB was 256 mg/g. The kinetics of the adsorption of MB by NIBC matched the pseudo-second-order model. This study demonstrates that the NIBC could be utilized to successfully remove MB from aqueous environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reported a facile method to synthesize mangosteen peels activated carbon (MSPAC) from an abundant Malaysian biomass waste (mangosteen peels) via microwave-assisted H 3 PO 4 activation. The process resulted in high carbon content and mesoporous structure with a high surface area (681.41 m2/g). MSPAC was applied as an adsorbent for methylene blue (MB) dye removal from aqueous solutions. The response surface methodology approach was established via Box-Behnken Design (BBD) to optimize a series of adsorption conditions: MSPAC dose (0.02–0.06 g), solution pH (3–9), and time (5–20) for MB adsorption. The BBD method indicated that the best adsorption parameters for maximum MB removal are an MSPAC dose of 0.06 g, an MB solution pH of 6, and a time of 20 min. The result showed that the PSO kinetic model best represented the adsorption kinetics, whereas the Langmuir model best characterized the equilibrium results, with the maximal monolayer adsorption capability of 163.6 mg/g for the MB dye adsorption onto MSPAC. Thermodynamic findings demonstrated that MB uptake onto MSPAC was a spontaneous and endothermic process. The results of this work show that quite rapidly manufactured MSPAC is an excellent environmentally friendly adsorbent for removal of cationic synthetic dyes from polluted water. [Display omitted] • Activated carbon from mangosteen peels (MSPAC) was developed. • The microwave-assisted H 3 PO 4 activation process was applied for MSPAC preparation. • MSPA has mesoporous structure with surface area (681.41 m2/g). • MSPAC was applied as an adsorbent for methylene blue (MB) dye removal. • The maximum adsorption capacity of 163.6 mg/g towards MB dye onto MSPAC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]