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The aim of this study was to determine the influence of testosterone replacement therapy in elderly men on mood, bone mineral density, and lipids. We investigated thirty men (mean +/- SD; age 61.1 +/- 5.6 yr) with testosterone concentrations (mean +/- SEM) 2.1 +/- 0.2 ng/ml. Testosterone deficiency was replacement by intramuscular injections of testosterone enanthate 200 mg every second week from 1.5 to 6 yr. (mean +/- SD; 3.35 +/- 1.6 yr.). During the treatment serum testosterone increased reaching normal levels (mean +/- SEM; 6.6 +/- 0.2 ng/ml). This was associated with significant increase in positive mood parameters and a decrease in negative mood parameters. Also self assessment of libido, potence and dream were improved. Bone mineral density (BMD) of lumbar spine increased. We noticed significant decrease in total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol. Hematocrit was increase Prostate-specific antigen concentration statistically increased from 0.65 +/- 0.1 to 1.35 +/- 0.1 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM), but in the cases of its levels were in normal range. Patients with coronary heart disease demonstrated decreasing ing symptoms of angina pectoris and nitrate requirement. In summary, long-term testosterone replacement therapy in elderly men may have beneficial effects on well-being, libido, potence, dream, bone mineral density, lipids, blood cell count and body mass (BMI). This therapy appears to be safe and there is no adverse effection on prostate.