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Cities can have a considerable variety of plants, and such biodiversity ensures numerous ecosystem services: cultural, provision, regulation, and support. One of the essential services is food production, which is in line with national sustainable development goals. This study aimed to present a diagnosis of food plants and plants with potential use in the human diet that are employed in urban afforestation projects in municipalities of the Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. We compiled and updated a list of 102 species used in urban afforestation in 11 municipalities and classified these species concerning their use or potential use in terms of diet. The state capital, Campo Grande, had the most outstanding richness of food plants (67 species), and the municipality of Coxim had the highest percentage of food plants in afforestation (65%). The food plants were distributed among 36 families, particularly Fabaceae (13 species), Arecaceae (9), Anacardiaceae (8), and Myrtaceae (8). The oiti (Moquilea tomentosa), munguba (Pachira aquatica), and mango (Mangifera indica) trees were the most frequently used species in street afforestation. The parts most used in the human diet were fruits (77 species), followed by seeds (37) and flowers (21). Our suggestions to public administrators for the species selection for urban afforestation are those with edible parts and potential for inclusion in the human diet once all other technical criteria for this choice are ensured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]