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The African continent has made great strides in reducing the number of violent conflicts since the end of the Cold War. Simultaneously, however, the nature of security threats has substantially changed. This requires new regional and international responses to strengthening the security of African citizens. Insecurity is increasingly driven by the reoccurrence of conflicts in some countries rather than by the emergence of "new" ones. Decentralised forms of violence like terrorism, urban riots, and small insurgencies in state peripheries have been on the rise. Conflicts with strong regional and international involvement have increased. These changes have been driven by (a), most notably, substantial but highly unequal economic growth in many African countries, (b) (incomplete) democratisation which is often coupled with weak state capacity and bad governance, and (c) various demographic factors, such as strong population growth, rapid urbanisation, and an increasing share of economically and socially deprived youth. Taken together, these factors have created grievances and opportunities for violence that have changed the nature of security threats in Africa. African and international responses to these security challenges have been hampered by a predominant focus on dealing with ongoing violent conflicts rather than on their prevention and, even more so, post-conflict peacebuilding. Also, conflict management has mainly relied on military means at the expense of broader economic and political approaches that would address the underlying socio-economic and political drivers. The changed security conditions require an adapted response by both African and international actors. The international community could enhance its contribution by promoting comprehensive peacebuilding strategies, clearly defining the roles and responsibilities of different actors, and strengthening the development-security nexus. Such a reorientation would make African approaches and international support more effective in addressing the structural causes of insecurity on the African continent. more...

Given the widespread focus on socioeconomic factors, it comes as no surprise that religion is neglected in most theoretical explanations of African civil conflicts. While scholarly interest is increasing in light of the civil wars in Sudan, Nigeria, and northern Uganda, no systematic empirical analysis has been undertaken to date. Hence, this paper aims to provide a preliminary assessment of the role of religions in sub-Saharan civil conflicts. Quantitative and qualitative analysis based on a newly compiled database including 28 violent conflicts show that religion plays a role more frequently than is usually assumed and that the effects of religions are principally ambiguous. Religious actors and institutions have escalating effects in many cases, yet more often they become active for peace. Religious identities and ideas seem to have a particular impact on conflict. Even though religion seems secondary when compared to classical 'risk factors', the findings demonstrate that religious factors have to be taken seriously when analyzing civil conflicts in Africa. Der Fokus auf sozioökonomischen Faktoren lässt in den meisten Erklärungsansätzen afrikanischer Gewaltkonflikte keinen Raum für den Faktor Religion. Wenngleich das Interesse an seiner Wirkung angesichts der Bürgerkriege im Sudan, in Norduganda und Nigeria gestiegen ist, bleiben systematische Analysen bislang weitestgehend aus. Zur Schließung dieser Lücke versucht das vorliegende Working Paper beizutragen, indem es eine erste, vorläufige Einschätzung der Rolle von Religionen in Gewaltkonflikten im subsaharischen Afrika vornimmt. Quantitative und qualitative Analysen unter Nutzung einer neu erstellten Datenbasis, die bislang 28 Gewaltkonflikte in Afrika umfasst, zeigen, dass Religionen und religiöse Unterschiede in weitaus mehr Fällen eine bedeutende Rolle spielen als gemeinhin angenommen. Der Einfluss religiöser Faktoren ist grundsätzlich ambivalent: In vielen Konflikten tragen religiöse Akteure und Organisationen zur Eskalation der Auseinandersetzung bei; noch häufiger jedoch versuchen sie, sich für eine friedliche Lösung einzusetzen. Dabei scheinen sich vor allem religiöse Identitäten und Inhalte auf die Ausprägung verschiedener Konfliktvariablen auszuwirken. Wenngleich die Wirkung dieser religiösen Faktoren im Vergleich zu klassischen Risikofaktoren sekundär scheint, verdeutlichen die Befunde die Notwendigkeit, den Faktor Religion bei der Analyse afrikanischer Bürgerkriege ernst zu nehmen. more...