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This paper shifts discussion on social diversity from ethnic diversity to broader social diversity. We explore spatial social diversity and assess opportunities to encounter diversity in an urban context. In doing so, we prepared a description of diversity in the residential communities of two cities, Leeds and Warsaw, using census data for small areas (UK 2001, Poland 2002). Selected variables were used to represent the key social dimensions of difference: demographic, socioeconomic, ethnic, and disability. A cluster analysis using a k-means algorithm was implemented for each city separately and for the two cities combined using harmonized indicators. We selected eight cluster solutions for each city which had diff erent profiles and spatial distributions. A combined cluster analysis showed that there was little overlap in community types across the two cities. The paper illustrates that Leeds and Warsaw residents experience very different opportunities to encounter difference which need to be taken into account when local diversity policies are implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: As an input to projections of sub-national populations by ethnicity, this paper develops the first estimates of the mortality risks experienced by the UK ethnic groups. Two estimates were developed using alternative methods. In the first, UK 2001 Census data on limiting long-term illness to predict mortality levels and regression equations between local Standardized Illness and Mortality Ratios for all ethnicities are assumed to apply to individual ethnic groups. In the second, the geographical distribution of ethnic groups by local areas is combined with local mortality for all ethnicities to estimate national mortality rates by ethnicity, which are then employed to estimate local ethnic mortality. A comparison of the two estimates indicates that the method based on illness rates produces more plausible outcomes. The local SMRs produced for each ethnic group were used to generate ethnic group life tables for 432 UK local authority areas in 2001, which included estimates of survivorship probabilities by single year of age, gender and ethnic group for each local area for use in a projection model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]