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To assess the prevalence and associated factors of glaucoma in a Russian population. The population-based Ural Eye and Medical Study included 5899 (mean age 59.0 ± 10.7 years; range 40–94 years). Glaucomatous optic neuropathy was diagnosed using International Society of Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology (ISGEO) criteria. Among 5545 participants with assessable optic disc photographs, 246 individuals [4.4%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.9, 5.0] had glaucoma, with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in 177 individuals (3.2%; 95% CI 2.7, 3.7) and angle-closure glaucoma (ACG) in 69 individuals (1.2; 95% CI 1.0, 1.5), with IOP > 21 mmHg in 79 (32.1%) patients, and with 80 (32.5%) patients on glaucoma therapy. Glaucoma prevalence increased from 3/485 (0.6%; 95% CI 0.0, 1.3) in the age group of 40–45 years to 33/165 (20.0%; 95% CI 13.8, 26.2) in the group aged 80 + years. Higher OAG prevalence correlated with older age [odds ratio (OR) 1.07; 95% CI 1.04, 1.09; P P P P = 0.004) and lower diastolic blood pressure (OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.96, 0.99; P = 0.035). Higher ACG prevalence correlated with older age (OR 1.07; 95% CI 1.03, 1.11; P P P

To assess the prevalence of dry eye disease (DED) and Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) in a population in Russia. The population-based Ural Eye and Medical Study was conducted in an urban and rural region in Bashkortostan/Russia and included 5899 (80.5%) out of 7328 eligible persons, aged 40 + years. DED and MGD were assessed by Schirmer´s test, slit-lamp based examination of the Meibomian glands, and an interview with DED-related questions. The study included 5153 (87.4%) individuals with DED and MGD assessments (mean age: 58.5 ± 10.5 years). The mean Schirmer´s test result was 11.8 ± 6.8 mm and 12.5 ± 7.1 mm for the right/left eye, with a result of ≤ 5 mm measured in 1098 (21.3%; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 20.2, 22.4) of the worse eyes. The mean subjective dry eye symptoms score was 1.37 ± 1.82. MGD grade 1 (telangiectasia at the lid margin), 2, 3, 4 or any grade in the worse eye was diagnosed in 901 (21.1%), 1161 (27.1%), 158 (3.7%), 32 (0.7%), and 2252 (52.6%; 95% CI 51.1, 54.1) eyes respectively. The prevalence of DED diagnosis #1, #2 and #3 (Schirmer´s test ≤ 5 mm, and dry eye score ≥ 1, ≥ 2, and ≥ 3, respectively), #4 (dry eye score ≥ 1, Schirmer test ≤ 5 mm, MGD grade 1 +), and #5 (dry eye score ≥ 1, Schirmer test ≤ 5 mm, MGD grade 2 +) were 598/5142 (11.6%), 426/5153 (8.3%), 273/5142 (5.3%), 335/5142 (6.5%), and 186/5142 (3.6%), respectively. Mean depression score as applied was 5.1 ± 3.8. Higher DED prevalence (definition #4) was associated (multivariable analysis) with female sex (odds ratio (OR) 1.71; 95% CI 1.31, 2.22; P P = 0.009), and higher prevalence of thyroid disease history (OR 1.63; 95% CI 1.19, 2.24; P = 0.006). DED and MGD were common in this rural and urban population, and their prevalence was associated with female sex, thyroid disease, and depression.

To assess the prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a Russian population.Population-based prevalence assessment.The Ural Eye and Medical Study was conducted in a rural and urban area in the Russian republic of Bashkortostan. The study included 5,899 participants aged 40+ years old. AMD, defined according to the Beckman Initiative for Macular Research, was assessed by fundus photographs and optical coherence tomographic images of 4,932 (83.6%) participants.The prevalence of any AMD, early AMD, intermediate AMD, or late AMD, geographic atrophy, and neovascular AMD were 18.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 16.8-19.6), 11.6% (95% CI, 10.4-12.8), 5.0% (95% CI, 4.2-5.8), 1.6% (95% CI, 1.1-2.0), 0.7% (95% CI, 0.4-1.0) and 0.9% (95% CI, 0.6-1.3), respectively, for individuals55 years old. Applying an age limit of 40+ years for the AMD definition, prevalence of any AMD, early AMD, intermediate AMD, late AMD, geographic atrophy and neovascular AMD were 14.1% (95% CI, 13.1-15.1), 9.4% (95% CI, 8.6-10.2), 3.8% (95% CI, 3.2-4.3), 1.0% (95% CI, 0.7-1.2), 0.4% (95% CI, 0.2-0.6) and 0.5% (95% CI, 0.3-0.7), respectively, for individuals aged 40+ years. Higher AMD prevalence was correlated with older age (odds ratio [OR], 1.15; 95% CI, 1.13-1.16; P0.001), rural region (OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.32-2.17; P0.001), lower diabetes prevalence (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.38-0.82; P = 0.003), and shorter axial length (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.79-0.99; P = 0.04). AMD prevalence was not significantly (all P ≥ 0.20) correlated with any systemic parameter examined, except for lower prevalence of diabetes.In this typical, ethnically mixed, urban and rural population from Russia, a higher prevalence for AMD was associated mainly with older age, rural region of habitation, shorter axial length, and lower prevalence of diabetes mellitus. The AMD prevalence was lower than in Europeans and higher than in East Asians.

To assess the prevalence of cataract and cataract surgery in a population from Russia, we conducted the population-based Ural Eye and Medical Study with 5899 participants (80.5% out of 7328 eligible individuals), with an age of 40 + years as the eligibility criterion. In the phakic population, the prevalence of nuclear, cortical, subcapsular cataract and any cataract was 38.0% [95% confidence interval (CI) 36.6, 39.3], 14.5% (95% CI 13.5, 15.5), 0.6% (95% CI 0.4, 0.8) and 44.6% (95% CI 43.2, 46.0), respectively. A higher prevalence of nuclear cataract was associated with older age [odds ratio (OR) 1.10; 95% CI 1.10, 1.11], the female sex (OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.08, 1.50), urban region (OR 2.00; 95% CI 1.71, 2.33), a low educational level (OR 0.93; 95% CI 0.88, 0.98), a high diastolic blood pressure (OR 1.01; 95% CI 1.001, 1.02), a low serum concentration of high-density lipoproteins (OR 0.91; 95% CI 0.84, 0.98), more smoking package years (OR 1.01; 95% CI 1.01, 1.02), chronic kidney disease (OR 1.02; 95% CI 1.10, 1.03), a short axial length (OR 0.93; 95% CI 0.86, 0.99), and a low prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (OR 0.72; 95% CI 0.57, 0.92). The prevalence of previous cataract surgery conducted in 354/5885 individuals (6.0%; 95% CI 5.4, 6.6) increased from 0.4% (95% CI 0.0, 1.0) in the age group of 40–45 years to 37.6% (95% CI 30.9, 44.4) in the age group of 80 + years. Cataract was the cause of moderate-to-severe vision impairment in 109 (1.8%) individuals and of blindness in three (0.05%) individuals. The prevalence of cataract and cataract-related MSVI and blindness were relatively high; subsequently, the prevalence of previous cataract surgery was relatively low in this population from Russia.

To assess prevalence of mild vision impairment (MVI; best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) P P P P P = 0.006; OR 1.67; 95% CI 1.08, 2.56) and axial length (P

Background Back pain and neck pain are leading causes of the burden of disease worldwide, while information about their prevalence in Russia is missing. Methods The population-based Ural Eye and Medical Study was conducted in a rural and urban region in Bashkortostan/Russia. As part of a detailed systematic examination, we assessed the prevalence of low back pain, thoracic spine pain and neck pain in an interview with standardized questions in 5397 study participants (mean age:58.6 ± 10.6 years;range:40–94 years). Results The mean prevalence of low back pain, thoracic spine pain and neck pain was 2912/5397 (54.0%;95% confidence interval (CI):52.6,55.3), 1271/5397 (23.6%;95%CI:22.4,24.7), and 1570/5397 (29.1%;95%CI:27.9,30.3), respectively. A higher prevalence of low back pain was associated with females (P = 0.04;odds ratio (OR):1.14;95%CI:1.004,1.30), younger age (P

To assess the prevalence of pseudoexfoliation (PEX) and its associations in a Russian population.Population-based cross-sectional study.Setting: Ufa capital of Bashkortostan, Russia and a rural region in Bashkortostan.the Ural Eye and Medical Study included 5,899 (80.5%) of 7,328 eligible individuals (mean age, 59.0 ± 10.7 years old; range, 40-94 years).as part of an ophthalmological and general examination, presence and degree of PEX was assessed using slit-lamp biomicroscopy after medical pupillary dilation.PEX prevalence.After excluding pseudophakic and aphakic individuals, the study included 5,451 (92.4%) participants. PEX prevalence (3.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI]:3.1-4.1), increased from 0.5% (95% CI, 0.1-0.9) in individuals 40 to50 years old to 10.4% (95% CI, 5.0-15.8) in individuals aged 80+ years. Higher PEX prevalence was associated (multivariate analysis) with older age (odds ratio [OR], 1.09; 95% CI, 1.07-1.11; P0.001), Russian ethnicity (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 2.09-1.11;P = 0.02), higher prevalence of open-angle glaucoma (OR, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.36-4.23;P = 0.003), and higher intraocular pressure (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.02-1.09;P = 0.001). PEX prevalence was not significantly associated with gender (P = 0.49), region of habitation (P = 0.11), body mass index (P = 0.68), level of education (P = 0.26), smoking (P = 0.11), alcohol consumption (P = 0.52), history of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease (P = 0.94) and dementia (P = 0.77), prevalence of diabetes mellitus (P = 0.16), arterial hypertension (P = 0.45), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P = 0.73), chronic kidney disease (P = 0.09), and hearing loss (P = 0.31).In this typical, ethnically mixed, population from Russia with an age of 40+ years, PEX prevalence (3.6%; 95% CI, 3.1-4.1) was associated with older age, Russian ethnicity, higher intraocular pressure and open-angle glaucoma. It was independent of any systemic parameter including diabetes, arterial hypertension, previous cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and dementia.

Objective With data on frequency of hearing loss in Russia and Eastern Europe generally lacking, we assessed the prevalence of hearing loss in a Russian population. Setting The population-based Ural Eye and Medical Study was conducted in the rural and urban regions of Bashkortostan, Russia. Participants With an inclusion criterion of age 40+ years, the study included 5899 (80.5%) out of 7328 eligible individuals (mean age: 59.0±10.7 years; range: 40–94 years). Primary and secondary outcome measures Hearing loss was examined in 5397 (91.5%) study participants, assessed using a standardised interview with questions from the ‘Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly Screening Version (HHIE-S)’. Results The prevalence of self-reported hearing loss (26.1%, 95% CI 24.2 to 27.2) increased from 10.9% (95% CI 8.0 to 13.7) in participants aged 40–45 years old to 59.0% (95% CI 51.6 to 66.4) in those aged 80+ years old. It was higher for men than for women in the 60–80 years age group (38.93%, 95% CI 35.8 to 42.1, vs 32.8%, 95% CI 30.2 to 35.3; p=0.003). On multivariable analysis, higher prevalence of hearing loss was associated with older age (p

Background: Although anemia is one of the leading causes of the global burden of disease, information about its prevalence in Russia is mostly missing. We therefore assessed its prevalence and associated factors in a Russian population. Methods: The population-based Ural Eye and Medical Study included 5899 (80.5%) out of 7328 eligible individuals (mean age:59.0 ± 10.7 years;range:40–94 years) who underwent a standardized interview and detailed general examination. The definition of anemia was based on the hemoglobin concentration (definition #1:hemoglobin concentration

Key Points Question What is the prevalence of myopic maculopathy in a Russian population? Findings In this case-control study of 5794 individuals, the prevalence of any myopic maculopathy was 1.3%; stage 2, 0.8%; stage 3, 0.2%; and stage 4, 0.2%. A higher prevalence of myopic maculopathy was associated with longer axial length, older age, and thinner peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, but not with any major internal medical disease, level of education, ethnicity, or sex. Meaning In this population from Russia, myopic maculopathy prevalence was independent of educational level and major internal medical diseases, but it may be associated with nonglaucomatous optic neuropathy., Importance Although myopic maculopathy has become a major cause of vision impairment worldwide, few data from Russia and Central Asia on the prevalence of myopic maculopathy have been available. Objective To assess the prevalence of myopic maculopathy and its associations with ocular and systemic parameters in a population in Russia. Design, Setting, and Participants The Ural Eye and Medical Study, a population-based case-control study, was conducted in rural and urban areas in Bashkortostan, Russia, from October 26, 2015, to July 4, 2017. Data analysis was performed from September 13 to September 15, 2019. The Ural Eye and Medical Study included 5899 of 7328 eligible individuals (80.5%) aged 40 years or older. Exposures A detailed ocular and systemic examination included fundus photography and optic coherence tomography for the assessment of myopic maculopathy. Main Outcomes and Measures Prevalence of myopic maculopathy. Results The present investigation included 5794 of the 5899 eligible individuals (98.2%; 3277 [56.6%] women; mean [SD] age, 58.9 [10.7] years) with available information about myopic maculopathy. Mean (SD) axial length was 23.3 (1.1) mm (range, 19.78-32.87 mm). Prevalence of any myopic maculopathy was 1.3% (95% CI, 1.0%-1.6%); myopic maculopathy stage 2, 0.8% (95% CI, 0.6%-10.0%); stage 3, 0.2% (95% CI, 0.1%-0.4%); and stage 4, 0.2% (95% CI, 0.1%-0.4%). The prevalence of moderate to severe vision impairment and blindness was 29.8% (14 of 47 participants; 95% CI, 16.2%-43.3%) in stage 2 myopic maculopathy, 57.1% (8 of 14 participants; 95% CI, 27.5%-86.8%) in stage 3, and 100% (13 of 13 participants; 95% CI, 100%-100%) in stage 4. In multivariable analysis, a higher myopic maculopathy prevalence was associated with longer axial length (odds ratio [OR], 4.54; 95% CI, 3.48-5.92; P, This case-control study examines the prevalence of myopic maculopathy among individuals aged 40 years or older in rural and urban areas in Russia.

To assess the normal distribution of intraocular pressure (IOP) and its associations with ocular, medical, and socioeconomic factors in a Russian population.Population-based cross-sectional study.The Ural Eye and Medical Study conducted in a rural and urban area in Ufa/Bashkortostan included 5899 (80.5%) participants out of 7328 eligible individuals aged 40+ years. IOP was measured by noncontact tonometry.After exclusion of individuals after glaucoma surgery or with antiglaucomatous therapy, mean IOP was 13.6 ± 3.8 mm Hg (median: 13 mm Hg; range: 3-49 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 8-23 mm Hg). The IOP range within the mean ± 2 standard deviations was 6.0-21.2 mm Hg. In multivariable analysis higher IOP was associated (regression coefficient r: 0.40) with the systemic parameters of female sex (nonstandardized regression coefficient B: 0.44; 95%CI: 0.22, 0.66; standardized regression coefficient beta: 0.06; P.001), urban region of habitation (B: -0.27; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.03; beta: 0.03; P = .03), Russian ethnicity (B: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.20, 0.74; beta: 0.05; P = .001), higher body mass index (B: 0.06; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.08; beta: 0.08; P.001), lower physical activity score (B: -0.02; 95% CI: -0.03, -0.002; beta: -0.03; P = .02), higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (B: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.08, 0.76; beta: 0.03; P = .02), higher systolic blood pressure (B: 0.01; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.02; beta: 0.08; P.001), fewer days with intake of fruits (B: -0.07; 95% CI: -0.12, -0.01; beta: 0.03; P = .01), lower blood concentration of bilirubin (B: -0.01; 95% CI: -0.02, -0.003; beta: -0.04; P = .008) and urea (B: -0.11; 95% CI: -0.17, -0.04; beta: -0.04; P = .003), worse best-corrected visual acuity (B: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.38, 0.90; beta: 0.13; P .001), thicker central corneal thickness (B: 0.036; 95% CI: 0.033, 0.039; beta: 0.32; P .001), higher anterior corneal refractive power (B: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.18; beta: 0.05; P = .003), lower anterior chamber depth (B: -0.57; 95% CI: -0.83, -0.30; beta: -0.07; P.001) (or lower prevalence of cataract surgery [B: -0.78; 95% CI: -1.44, -0.13; beta: -0.03; P = .02]), longer axial length (B: 0.30; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.42; beta: 0.07; P .001), and higher prevalence of pseudoexfoliation (B: 1.08; 95% CI: 0.52, 1.63; beta: 1.01; P .001). Measured IOP decreased by 0.36 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.33, 0.39) for each increase in central corneal thickness by 10 μm.IOP was associated with a multitude of systemic and ocular parameters, the associations of which may be considered in defining the normal range of IOP.

To assess the prevalence of pterygia and its associations in a population in Russia.Population-based cross-sectional study.The Ural Eye and Medical Study was performed in a rural and urban area in Ufa/Bashkortostan 1300 km east of Moscow. Out of 7328 eligible individuals aged 40+ years, 5899 (80.5%) individuals participated and underwent an ocular and systemic examination. Pterygia, defined as conjunctival extensions onto the clear cornea, were diagnosed upon slit-lamp examination and on corneal photographs.Mean pterygium prevalence (per individual) was 138/5888 (2.3%; 95% confidence intervals [CI]:2.0, 2.7), with bilateral occurrence in 45 individuals (32.6% of patients with pterygium; 0.8% of study population). Pterygium prevalence increased from 0.8% (95% CI: 0.02, 1.6) in the age group from 40 to45 years to 3.6% (95% CI: 2.1, 5.1) in the age group of 75+ years. In multivariable analysis, higher pterygium prevalence was associated with older age (P = .006; odds ratio [OR]: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.04), rural vs urban region of habitation (P.001; OR: 2.33; 95% CI: 1.57, 3.46), and lower level of education (P = .03; OR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.99), while the pterygium prevalence was statistically independent of sex (P = .34), Russian vs non-Russian ethnicity (P = .59), presence of diabetes mellitus (P = 1.00), arterial hypertension (P = .86), vegetarian vs mixed diet (P = 1.00), blood lipid concentration (P.30), history of cardiovascular disease (P = .49), or axial length (P = .52).In this rural and urban, typically multiethnic Russian study population aged 40+ years, a higher pterygium prevalence (mean: 2.3%) was correlated with older age, rural region of habitation, and lower educational level, while it was statistically independent of most other systemic or ocular parameters. A pterygium was not a biomarker for an internal medical disease.

Purpose To assess the normal distribution of axial length and its associations in a population of Russia. Methods The population-based Ural Eye and Medical Study included 5,899 (80.5%) individuals out of 7328 eligible individuals aged 40+ years. The participants underwent an ocular and systemic examination. Axial length was measured sonographically (Ultra-compact A/B/P ultrasound system, Quantel Medical, Cournon d'Auvergne, France). Results Biometric data were available for 5707 (96.7%) individuals with a mean age of 58.8±10.6 years (range:40–94 years; 25%, 50%, 75% quartile: 51.0, 58.0, 66.0 years, respectively). Mean axial length was 23.30±1.10 mm (range: 19.02–32.87mm; 95% confidence interval (CI): 21.36–25.89; 25%, 50%, 75% quartile: 22.65mm, 23.23mm, 23.88mm, resp.). Prevalences of moderate myopia (axial length:24.5-26.5mm) were 555/5707 (8.7%;95%CI:9.0,10.5) and 78/5707 (1.4%;95%CI:1.1,1.7), respectively. Longer axial length (mean:23.30±1.10mm) was associated (correlation coefficient r2:0.70) with older age (P

With information about frequency of bone fractures in Russia mostly missing, we assessed the frequency of previous bone fractures in a Russian population. The population-based study Ural Eye and Medical Study included 5899 (80.5%) out of 7328 eligible individuals (mean age: 59.0 ± 10.7 years; range: 40–94 years). The history of previous bone fractures was assessed in a standardized interview for 5397 (91.5%) individuals. Mean frequency of any previous bone fracture was 1650/5397 (30.6%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 29, 3, 31.8). In multivariate analysis, higher frequency of bone fractures was associated with male sex (P P P P = 0.001; OR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.16, 1.82) and higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease (P = 0.007; OR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.56), low blood pressure episodes with hospital admission (P = 0.001; OR: 2.08; 95% CI: 1.37, 3.16), tumbling (P P P