Search

A multilocational field trial was conducted at 4 locations in India-Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and West Bengal-to determine the persistence in cabbage of chlorfluazuron applied twice at 75 and 150 g active ingredient ha -1 . Cabbage head samples were collected from each replicated plot on 0 (2 h after spraying), 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 15 d after final insecticide application, including an untreated control. Chlorfluazuron residue in cabbage and field soil was estimated by high-performance liquid chromatography using a photo diode array detector. The limit of determination and limit of quantification of the method were recorded as 0.05 and 0.10 μg g -1 , respectively. Results revealed that chlorfluazuron dissipated linearly with progress of time, following first-order kinetics. The mean (± standard deviation) half-life value of chlorfluazuron in cabbage was found to be 7.18 ± 0.71 d, considering different locations and treatments. The residue was below the level of quantification in the harvested cabbage and soil samples. Harvesting cabbage in the experimental location, at least on day 7, after 2 applications of chlorfluazuron at the recommended dose, may not pose any ill effect for Indian adults. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:3028-3033. © 2017 SETAC., (© 2017 SETAC.)

Efficient and precise yield prediction is critical to optimize cabbage yields and guide fertilizer application. A two-year field experiment was conducted to establish a yield prediction model for cabbage by using the Greenseeker hand-held optical sensor. Two cabbage cultivars (Jianbao and Pingbao) were used and Jianbao cultivar was grown for 2 consecutive seasons but Pingbao was only grown in the second season. Four chemical nitrogen application rates were implemented: 0, 80, 140, and 200 kg·N·ha -1 . Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was collected 20, 50, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, and 140 days after transplanting (DAT). Pearson correlation analysis and regression analysis were performed to identify the relationship between the NDVI measurements and harvested yields of cabbage. NDVI measurements obtained at 110 DAT were significantly correlated to yield and explained 87-89% and 75-82% of the cabbage yield variation of Jianbao cultivar over the two-year experiment and 77-81% of the yield variability of Pingbao cultivar. Adjusting the yield prediction models with CGDD (cumulative growing degree days) could make remarkable improvement to the accuracy of the prediction model and increase the determination coefficient to 0.82, while the modification with DFP (days from transplanting when GDD > 0) values did not. The integrated exponential yield prediction equation was better than linear or quadratic functions and could accurately make in-season estimation of cabbage yields with different cultivars between years., Competing Interests: RMSE: root mean square error

Background: The significance of stabilized use of fertilizers is more populous between the farmers to get higher quality of produce. In integrative agricultural system, integrated nutrient management (INM) provide best way to solve numerous issues regarding sustainability, improving quality, boosting yield and keeping good soil fertility in efficient and economical way. Cabbage is one of the most valued crop among cole group vegetables and it is rich in vitamins and minerals like vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin B1, B2 and B3, sulphur, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium, sodium etc. Methods: Field experiments were conducted to study the effect of vermicompost, inorganic fertilizers and growth retardant (cycocel) with different spacing in cabbage and carried out in factorial randomized block design at Experimental Farm Bundelkhand University, Jhansi (U.P.) during rabi season 2017-18 and 2018-19. Fertilizers with cycocel treatment increases the accumulation of various minerals and vitamins. Result: Result indicated that quality attributes of cabbage were found to be highest and significant in the treatment where 50% RDF (Inorganic Fertilizer) + 50% Organic (vermicompost) were applied at wider crop geometry (45 cm × 45 cm spacing) along with spraying of 300 ppm cycocel (growth retardant). Head yield of cabbage was positively correlated with various quality attributes. Application of vermicompost along with inorganic in head of the cabbage. The experimental findings indicated that reduction in the amount of inorganic fertilizer was not detrimental to quality of cabbage while applying the vermicompost in proper amount that is 50% in combination with inorganic fertilizers. It is evident that integration of vermicompost and inorganic fertilizer at wider spacing under cycocel treatment enhances the quality of cabbage and also sustaining the fertility of soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cabbage is an important component of agriculture in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) for its various food uses. It is important to identify pests that affect its production, which is still insufficient to meet the increasing consumer needs. Furthermore, insect data for tropical agroecosystems, particularly those of DRC are limited, making insect diversity poorly understood. The objective of this study is to assess the diversity and abundance of entomofauna related to cabbage in five different cabbage growing sites: Minova, Sake, Kibumba, Rutshuru and Lac Vert. This was achieved by trapping insects with the sweep net and yellow pantraps during 2021 and 2022. A total of 1109 insects from 9 orders and 48 families were collected. The most abundant pest families were Ciccadellidae (8%), Coreidae (7%), Chysomelidae (5%) and Pentatomidae (4%). The main families of beneficial insects (natural enemies and pollinators) identified were Syrphidae (7%), Carabidae (4%), Coccinellidae (3%) and Apidae (3%). Insect communities found in different locations were similar and diversified. Considering functions played by these different functional groups as ecological indicators, it is important to preserve entomological biodiversity. This is achieved through the rational selection of pest management methods to optimize ecosystem services provided by beneficial insects.

Excessive use of conventional fertilizers in agricultural soils can lead to environmental contamination, particularly affecting aquifers and surface waters. Nanofertilizers, with smaller particles and greater nutrient efficiency, offer a promising alternative. This study evaluates the application of nanofertilizers by reducing NPK-doses compared to conventional fertilizers in the cultivation of Brassica oleracea L. convar. capitata var. sabauda (Savoy cabbage). Field assays were conducted in experimental plots with different NPK doses and treatments using urea-hydroxyapatite and potassium sulfate nanoparticles (optimum dose: 80 N, 100 P2O5, 250 K2O kg ha−1; and half optimum dosage). The assay was monitored throughout the crop cycle, and cabbages were harvested to determine biometric parameters, yield, and nutrient contents. The results indicated that nanofertilizers at half the recommended dosage yielded similar results to conventional fertilization in terms of cabbage growth and yield. Specifically, soil pH and available P increased by the end of the crop cycle, while total N, C, CEC, and soil texture remained unchanged, regardless of the fertilizer dose applied. Cabbage plants treated with nanofertilizers showed no significant differences in nutrient content compared to those treated with conventional fertilizers. This study supports the potential of nanofertilizers as an environmentally sustainable alternative that can reduce nutrient inputs in agriculture without compromising crop yield and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea), a crop of major economic importance worldwide, is affected by numerous diseases, which are caused by a wide range of microorganisms, including fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, and viruses, which lead to important losses in yield and quality. The increasing availability of reference genomes of plant-associated microbes together with recent advances in metagenomic approaches provide new opportunities to identify microbes linked to distinct symptomatology in Brassica leaves. In this study, shotgun metagenomics was used to investigate the microbial community in leaves of B. oleracea plants from agricultural farmlands. Compared with conventional techniques based on culture-based methods, whole-genome shotgun sequencing allows the reliable identification of the microbial population inhabiting a plant tissue at the species level. Asymptomatic and symptomatic leaves showing different disease symptoms were examined. In the asymptomatic leaves, Xanthomonas species were the most abundant taxa. The relative abundance of bacterial and fungal communities varied depending on disease symptoms on the leaf. The microbiome of the leaves showing mild to severe levels of disease was enriched in bacterial populations (Sphingomonas, Methylobacterium, Paracoccus) and to a lesser degree in some fungal taxa, such as Alternaria and Colletotrichum (e.g., in leaves with high levels of necrotic lesions). Sclerotinia species were highly abundant in severely damaged leaves (S. sclerotium, S. trifolium, S. bolearis), followed by Botrytis species. The common and specific bacterial and fungal species associated to disease symptoms were identified. Finally, the analysis of the gene functions in the metagenomic data revealed enrichment in carbohydrate-active enzymes potentially involved in pathogenicity, whose distribution also varied among disease severity groups. Understanding the B. oleracea leaf microbiome in agricultural ecosystems will pave the way for the efficient management of diseases in this crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTSustainable food systems require mechanisms that assure consumers about the sustainability of agricultural production. Building on the existing literature on the impact of sustainability standards, this study is the first to assess the effectiveness of participatory guarantee systems (PGS) for the certification of organic produce. The study uses representative farm-level data on local vegetable value chains in northern Vietnam and uses a broad set of sustainability outcomes as well as counterfactual analysis, including systematic robustness checks. The results show that PGS significantly improves farm profitability (+117%), agroecology performance (+40%), and gives farmers more choice of sales channels (+23%). However, PGS had no significant effect on returns to labour and reduced the average crop yield. Capacity development on nursery practices, transplanting of healthy seedlings rather than direct seeding, reduced tillage, and collective crop planning and management are some of the innovations that can counter adverse effects on crop yields, increase soil health as well as improve returns to labour, and thus attract more youth to farming. Overall, the study shows that organic PGS can make vegetable production more economically viable and more agroecologically sustainable.

Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the pesticide safety behaviours and related factors among cabbage farmers in Kalaw Township, Myanmar. Background: Unsafe chemical pesticide practices affect farmers' health and the environment. Understanding pesticide safety behaviours is necessary for healthcare providers to protect agriculture workers against unwanted adverse health effects. Methods: The cross‐sectional study was conducted among 195 cabbage farmers from March to May 2019. Safety behaviours and factors applied in the PRECEDE–PROCEDE model as a framework were assessed using questionnaires. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was applied to identify any associations. Results: Altogether, 72.1% of the farmers had a low level of safety behaviours. Goggles and masks were rarely used before and during pesticide applications. All of the farmers experienced adverse health effects after using pesticides. The attitudes toward pesticide poisoning; support from family, co‐workers and healthcare providers; and the availability of personal protective equipment were significantly associated with safety behaviours. Conclusion: Our data provide novel empirical evidence for an opportunity to design effective nursing interventions to promote pesticide safety behaviours among Myanmar agricultural workers. Nurses should pay more attention to promoting comprehensive interventions to reduce both exposure and health effects among agricultural workers through the involvement of supported stakeholders. Summary statement: What is already known about this topic? Farmers and agricultural workers have extensively used pesticides in all steps of cultivation and face a greater risk of pesticide exposure, which could result in adverse health effects.Owing to the lack of research on community health promotion conducted in Myanmar, the burden of the consequences and adverse effects of pesticides remains a significant health issue. What this paper adds? Findings reveal a clear framework for better understanding and assessing pesticide safety behaviours among agricultural workers and farmers in Myanmar.Findings contribute new knowledge for nursing community health promotion by enhancing understanding of multilevel factors, including international and external factors, associated with safety behaviours among agricultural workers and farmers. The implications of this paper: Nurses and other healthcare professionals should be aware of the importance of preventing adverse health effects among agricultural workers in the community and interventions aimed at promoting safety behaviours should be focused not only on individuals but also on the involvement of social supports—particularly family and co‐workers.Nursing policymakers should consider strengthening the nursing role in the recognition of pesticide risk exposure and health outcomes, management of pesticide poisoning and exposure and prevention of pesticide‐related health conditions both in nursing education and nursing practice.Local authorities and policymakers should focus their attention on health promotion and health services to promote safety behaviours when using pesticides, and treatment and extension services should be provided for cases of suspected pesticide poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) holds significant agricultural and nutritional importance in Ethiopia; yet, its production faces challenges, including suboptimal nitrogen fertilizer management. The aim of this review was to review the possible effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels on the production of cabbage in Ethiopia. Nitrogen fertilization significantly influences cabbage yield and quality. Moderate to high levels of nitrogen application enhance plant growth, leaf area, head weight, and yield. However, excessive nitrogen levels can lead to adverse effects such as delayed maturity, increased susceptibility to pests and diseases, and reduced postharvest quality. In Ethiopia, small-scale farmers use different nitrogen levels for cabbage cultivation. In Ethiopia, NPSB or NPSBZN fertilizers are widely employed for the growing of various crops such as cabbage. 242 kg of NPS and 79 kg of urea are the blanket recommendation for the current production of cabbage in Ethiopia. The existing rate is not conducive for farmers. Therefore, small-scale farmers ought to utilize an optimal and cost-effective nitrogen rate to boost the cabbage yield. Furthermore, the effectiveness of nitrogen fertilization is influenced by various factors including the soil type, climate, cabbage variety, and agronomic practices. Integrated nutrient management approaches, combining nitrogen fertilizers with organic amendments or other nutrients, have shown promise in optimizing cabbage production while minimizing environmental impacts. The government ought to heed suggestions concerning soil characteristics such as the soil type, fertility, and additional factors such as the soil pH level and soil moisture contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop yield is largely influenced by the seedling quality and establishment. Seedling density is an important factor that plays a vital role in producing quality seedlings. Seedling growth characteristics of cabbage cv. kf-65 was evaluated at four inter row and intra row spacing: 0.5cm×1.0cm, 1.0cm×1.0cm, 1.5cm×1.5cm, and 2.0cm×2.0cm in the field of Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Lamjung Campus during September-October, 2018. Seed germination was 96% under a partially controlled germinator in the lab whereas mean germination in the field was found to be 62%. Treatments were laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with five replications. Data was collected after 23 days using the destructive sampling method. Plant height, leaf number, leaf area, fresh shoot and root weight and % dry matter was recorded from five samples from each replication of every treatment. Plant population had a significant effect on plant leaf area, fresh shoot and root weight and % dry weight. The 2.0cm×2.0cm spacing had significantly higher leaf area (25.3cm2), fresh shoot (1.33g) and root weight (0.06g). Dry weight % (23%) was significantly higher for 1.5cm×1.5cm spacing. The result indicates that wider spacing (≥ 2cm) was found to be favourable to obtaining robust and quality seedlings.

Irrigation is one of the most important cultural practices in sustainable cabbage cultivation. While most studies on irrigation in cabbage have focused on conventional deficit irrigation (DI) practices, some plants’ water requirements under the partial root drying (PRD) technique are not yet very clear. In this study, the possible responses of cabbage, such as growth, some quality, yield, yield parameters, water use efficiency (WUE), irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), and yield response factor (ky), were investigated at four irrigation water levels (125%, 100%, 75%, and 50%) with DI and PRD techniques for 2 years. Irrigation treatments were carried out by the drip irrigation method, and the amount of irrigation water for the control (I-100) was calculated using the measurements taken from the Class-A evaporation container. A total of eight irrigation treatments—four conventional deficit irrigation (I-125, I-100, I-75, I-50) and four partial root drying (PRD-125, PRD-100, PRD75, PRD-50)—were considered in the study. ET values were determined between 47.69–60.78 mm in the first year and 80.11–101.37 mm in the second year. Total and marketable yield values, WUE and IWUE values, were significantly affected by the irrigation treatments. As a result of the research, the highest total and marketable yields were found in I-125, PRD-125, I-100, and PRD-100 treatments. It was important that WUE and IWUE values reached their highest levels in full irrigation and 25% more irrigation treatments as well as in deficit irrigation treatments. In conditions where irrigation water is scarce and expensive, I-75 and PRD-75 applications are also recommended. While an increase in cabbage head height and diameter was observed with increasing irrigation water level, SSC and L values increased at deficit irrigations. According to the correlation coefficients, a positive relationship was determined between marketable yield and head and stem diameter, head height, WUE, and ET for marketable yield. In addition, it was predicted that I-50 and PRD-50 treatments may also be advantageous if the “kc” plant coefficient cover percentage was increased.

Cabbage is an annual vegetable crop species cultivated throughout the year. The development of high-yielding cabbage hybrids and the optimization of several agronomic management practices such as fertilization and crop rotation have resulted in increased soil fertility, crop yield and product quality. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the farming system (organic and conventional) and the applied rotation scheme on soil nutrient content, head yield and the nutrient content of cabbage. The preceding crops included either pea (P), faba bean (F) or cabbage (C), and thus, the rotation schemes were P-C, F-C and C-C. Sheep manure was applied in the organic farming system, and the inorganic fertilizer 11-15-15 (N-P2O5-K2O) was applied to the conventionally cultivated plants. The results reveal an interaction between the farming system and the preceding crop for the head yield, with the lowest values (57.00 t ha−1 and 53.87 t ha−1 in 2015/2016 and 2016/2017, respectively) recorded in plots where cabbage was cultivated as a preceding crop under the organic farming system. The N, P and K contents in head tissues were affected only by the farming system, with the greatest values recorded in the conventional farming system. Both factors affected the nutrient content in the soil. Specifically, the highest values of NO3− and total N content in the soil were recorded in the P-C and F-C rotations, and the K content was higher in the continuous cabbage cropping system (C-C). Moreover, the NO3−, P and K contents in the soils were higher in the conventional farming system compared to the organic system. To conclude, combining inorganic fertilization in a crop rotation scheme with legume species such as pea and faba bean as preceding crops for cabbage can result in increased soil fertility and head yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable food systems require mechanisms that assure consumers about the sustainability of agricultural production. Building on the existing literature on the impact of sustainability standards, this study is the first to assess the effectiveness of participatory guarantee systems (PGS) for the certification of organic produce. The study uses representative farm-level data on local vegetable value chains in northern Vietnam and uses a broad set of sustainability outcomes as well as counterfactual analysis, including systematic robustness checks. The results show that PGS significantly improves farm profitability (+117%), agroecology performance (+40%), and gives farmers more choice of sales channels (+23%). However, PGS had no significant effect on returns to labour and reduced the average crop yield. Capacity development on nursery practices, transplanting of healthy seedlings rather than direct seeding, reduced tillage, and collective crop planning and management are some of the innovations that can counter adverse effects on crop yields, increase soil health as well as improve returns to labour, and thus attract more youth to farming. Overall, the study shows that organic PGS can make vegetable production more economically viable and more agroecologically sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field crops are usually planted in rows, and accurate identification and extraction of crop row centerline is the key to realize autonomous navigation and safe operation of agricultural machinery. However, the diversity of crop species and morphology, as well as field noise such as weeds and light, often lead to poor crop detection in complex farming environments. In addition, the curvature of crop rows also poses a challenge to the safety of farm machinery during travel. In this study, a combined multi-crop row centerline extraction algorithm is proposed based on improved YOLOv8 (You Only Look Once-v8) model, threshold DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise) clustering, least squares method, and B-spline curves. For the detection of multiple crops, a DCGA-YOLOv8 model is developed by introducing deformable convolution and global attention mechanism (GAM) on the original YOLOv8 model. The introduction of deformable convolution can obtain more fine-grained spatial information and adapt to crops of different sizes and shapes, while the combination of GAM can pay more attention to the important feature areas of crops. The experimental results shown that the F1-score and mAP value of the DCGA-YOLOv8 model for Cabbage, Kohlrabi, and Rice are 96.4%, 97.1%, 95.9% and 98.9%, 99.2%, 99.1%, respectively, which has good generalization and robustness. A threshold-DBSCAN algorithm was proposed to implement clustering for each row of crops. The correct clustering rate for Cabbage, Kohlrabi and Rice reaches 98.9%, 97.9%, and 100%, respectively. And LSM and cubic B-spline curve methods were applied to fit straight and curved crop rows, respectively. In addition, this study constructed a risk optimization function for the wheel model to further improve the safety of agricultural machines operating between crop rows. This indicates that the proposed method can effectively realize the accurate recognition and extraction of navigation lines of different crops in complex farmland environment, and improve the safety and stability of visual navigation and field operation of agricultural machines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application of appropriate doses of macro and micronutrients is pre-requisite for maximizing growth and yield of crops. The present study was conducted at the Horticulture Farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from October 2022 to February 2023 to assess the effects of different doses of nitrogen (N) and zinc (Zn) on growth and yield of cabbage. The two-factor experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The first factor was nitrogen having four doses of N, such as N0 = 0 kg/ha, N1 = 100 kg/ha, N2 = 150 kg/ha and N3 = 200 kg/ha and the second factor was Zn having four doses, namely Zn0 = 0 kg/ha, Zn1= 1.5 kg/ha, Zn2 = 2.0 kg/ha, Zn3 = 2.5 kg/ha. Significant variations were noted due to the application of different doses of N and Zn fertilizers in respect of all growth and yield traits studied. Application of N at 200 kg/ha contributed the best outcomes on plant height (32.72 cm), number of leaves per plant (47.86), gross yield per hectare (69.99 tons), marketable yield per hectare (45.98 tons) and the lowest yield per hectare (64.52 tons), marketable yield per hectare (38.37 tons) produced from control treatment. The highest level of zinc Zn3 (2.5 kg/ha) produced the best results on plant height (32.30 cm), number of leaves (48.26) per plant, gross yield per hectare (78.02 tons), marketable yield per hectare (61.62 tons) and the lowest gross yield per hectare (59.17 tons), marketable yield per hectare (29.40 tons) produced from control treatment. The maximum doses of nitrogen and zinc (200 kg/ha and 2.5 kg/ha), respectively showed the best performance on plant height (33.32 cm), number of leaves (49.53) per plant, gross yield per hectare (81.15 tons), marketable yield per hectare (65.78 tons) and the lowest gross yield per hectare (55.41 tons) and marketable yield per hectare (27.28 tons) were obtained from the control treatment. The results of this investigation revealed that application of nitrogen (N) and zinc (Zn) enhanced the affects the growth and yield of cabbage. [Fundam Appl Agric 2023; 8(3.000): 590-601]

To ease transplantation, which is labor-intensive and strongly influences yield, fully automatic vegetable transplanters have been developed; however, most of them are heavy and expensive. In this study, we developed a low-cost, high-efficiency vegetable transplanter based on a conventional Japanese rice transplanter. A rice transplanter can be used only on flooded fields; therefore, some mechanical components were modified for transplantation on dry fields. To correctly cut the nursery mat one at a time without damaging the seedlings, components of an end-effector and a rotor case were modified. Moreover, to firmly grasp heavier and larger vegetable seedlings than those of rice, a leaf spring-type retainer and a long guide were developed and a cuttable nursery mat (CNM) was introduced as a new solid nursery bed. The prototype could transplant up to 250 cabbage plants min−1 row−1 for planting speed of 1.0 m s−1. CNM seedlings (CNMS) could be better transplanted and cultivated than conventional plug seedlings (PS). In contrast to PS, CNMS were cultured for short time before transplantation because root spread was not required as the CNM itself has an adequate stiffness. This study is the first demonstration of the possible applications of this rice transplanter-based vegetable transplanting system.

Background: Mizo have been agriculturists from the beginning of the 18th century. They know only the form of farming known as shifting cultivation which forms the major activity of the Mizo economic life even today. Jhuming locally known as 'Tlangramloneih' is the only occupation and has a close link to their culture and tradition. It is the way of life and almost all the activities of the Mizo's revolve around it. Methods: The data in Mizoram with respect to area, production and yield of major agricultural crops, fruits and vegetables were based on secondary data. Decade wise analysis of growth rate, instability index and decomposition analysis were done to study the crop production dynamics in the state. Result: Results revealed that during overall period, the growth rate in area, production and yield was negative for field crops except for sugarcane which was positive. For fruits and vegetables, the growth rate in area and production were positive for cabbage, birdeye chilli and banana whereas yield showed negative growth in all the studied fruits and vegetables. In general, the area effect was higher than the yield and interaction effect for all food grains and fruits and vegetables leading to the suggestion that steps should be taken to improve their productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Slovenica is the property of Biotechnical Faculty of the University of Ljubljana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Current agriculture faces the challenge of producing food with the least interference from the environment. In this sense, the implementation of ecological agricultural practices is essential to obtaining healthy and more sustainable production systems. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of different inoculation technologies on formulations of bokashi-type biofertilizer and its application as soil and substrate organic amendment. We examined the effects of treatments on the chemical and biological quality of the evaluated formulations, as well as their influence on the agronomic and nutritional characteristics of red-beet and cabbage crops in the field. The metagenomic analysis of the taxonomic profile of the microbiological populations revealed relative abundance of plant growth-promoting rhizobacterial genera, including Azospirillum sp., Rhizobium sp., Bradyrhizobium sp., Burkholderia sp., Paraburkholderia sp., and Paenibacillus sp. in the evaluated formulations. Additionally, no phytopathogenic contaminants were detected among the investigated treatments. The highest yields of field-grown beet crops were obtained from seedlings produced using the following treatments: bokashi biofertilizer + biodynamic preparations P502-P507, bokashi + Chamomilla 12 CH, and bokashi + Carbo vegetabilis 12 CH. The increase in productivity of cabbage plants was higher in the treatment bokashi + Calcarea carbonica 12 CH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop rotation is an important agricultural practice for homeostatic crop cultivation. Here, we applied high-throughput sequencing of ribosomal RNA gene amplicons to investigate soil biota in two fields of central Japan with different histories of maize–cabbage rotation. We identified 3086 eukaryotic and 17,069 prokaryotic sequence variants (SVs) from soil samples from two fields rotating two crops at three different growth stages. The eukaryotic and prokaryotic communities in the four sample groups of two crops and two fields were clearly distinguished using β-diversity analysis. Redundancy analysis showed the relationships of the communities in the fields to pH and nutrient, humus, and/or water content. The complexity of eukaryotic and prokaryotic networks was apparently higher in the cabbage-cultivated soils than those in the maize-cultivated soils. The node SVs (nSVs) of the networks were mainly derived from two eukaryotic phyla: Ascomycota and Cercozoa, and four prokaryotic phyla: Pseudomonadota, Acidobacteriota, Actinomycetota, and Gemmatimonadota. The networks were complexed by cropping from maize to cabbage, suggesting the formation of a flexible network under crop rotation. Ten out of the 16 eukaryotic nSVs were specifically found in the cabbage-cultivated soils were derived from protists, indicating the potential contribution of protists to the formation of complex eukaryotic networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agrivoltaic systems, which combine the cultivation of crops with solar panel installations, offer a novel solution to the dual challenges of energy production and agricultural productivity. This research verifies the impact of agrivoltaic (APV) conditions on the growth and quality of garlic and kimchi cabbage over two consecutive years in Naju-si, Jeollanam Province, Republic of Korea. In the 2019–2020 cultivation season, both kimchi cabbage and garlic grown under APV conditions experienced weight reductions of 18% and 15%, respectively, when compared to those grown in conventional settings. Intriguingly, despite the altered light conditions of APV leading to microenvironmental changes (mainly 41% light reduction), the quality of these crops, particularly in terms of their sulfur compound concentrations, remained consistent. This suggests that there was no discernible difference in the sensory quality of APV-grown kimchi cabbage and garlic compared to their traditionally grown counterparts. These findings highlight the potential of APV systems in promoting sustainable agriculture by balancing both crop yield and quality. Based on these results, the study suggests three innovative cultivation techniques to enhance crop growth in APV environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Fungal microbial biocontrol agent playing an important role in sustainable pest management with low cost. Conidial contact with cuticle is sufficient to cause disease in insects by entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) compared to bacteria and viruses which required ingestion of contaminated food. The field level application of fungi resulted inconsistent in their efficacy against insects as they withstand in the agroecosystem with adverse environmental conditions. To overcome this bottleneck, endophytic EPF, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (Cordycipitaceae: Hypocreales), is well-studied for the management of insects of cultivated crops and got promising results. The colonization of endophytic isolates varied from one host plant to another and virulence against insects too. Hence, the study was undertaken to know the colonization of indigenous B. bassiana UHSB-END1 isolate in cabbage plant and its efficacy against major insects of cabbage. Results The indigenous isolate of B. bassiana UHSB-END1 was able to colonize cabbage in all the methods of inoculations (seed treatment, seedling root dip, soil drenching, foliar spray and combination treatment) at 30, 45 and 60 days of post-inoculation (dpi). However, the colonization of the fungus inside the cabbage was restricted to tissues of inoculation, and movement from the site of inoculation to other parts of the plant was poor. In the present study, colonization was the highest at 30 dpi in all methods of colonization with restricted colonization to the site of exposure of fungus. Further, in vivo and in planta assay confirmed the effectiveness of B. bassiana UHSB-END1 colonized cabbage against Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus). Under in vivo conditions the maximum mortality of M. persicae and P. xylostella was recorded at 30 dpi. It was decreased slightly at 45 dpi, and the lowest morality was recorded at 60 dpi. In planta experiment also proved better efficacy against both the test insects. Wherein mortality of M. persicae ranged from 22 to 36% five days after release (DAR), it was increased to 48–68% at 10 DAR and reached highest mortality rate at 15DAR (72–96%). Similarly, mortality of P. xylostella ranged from 14 to 24% after five DAR, and it was 27–44% at 10 DAR, and maximum mortality rate of larvae were recorded at 15 DAR (64–96%). Conclusion The present study reported 100% colonization of cabbage plant by indigenous B. bassiana UHSB-END1 at 30 dpi in combination of treatment and showed a maximum efficacy in managing the population of major insects of cabbage. Introducing this indigenous isolate will pave a ray of hope in managing the both key insects (P. xylostella and M. persicae) in cabbage agroecosystem without disturbing the environment and further helps in production of cabbage with minimum pesticide residue for consumers.

This experiment was conducted to determine the effectiveness of different types of local biopesticides to control diamondback moth (DBM) in cabbage production in Zanzibar. The experiment was conducted in horticulture farms at Zanzibar Agricultural Research Institute. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design, with 6 treatments and a control, each of which was replicated 3 times. The following plants were used as biopesticide which are garlic (T1), hot pepper (chilli) (T2), clove (T3), mixture of garlic and pepper (T4), mixture of garlic and clove (T5), synthetic insecticide (T6) and a control (T0). The parameters were evaluated by conducting initial data collection (before treatment) and final data collection (after treatment). The average number of leaves affected by DBM and yield in terms of average mass (kg) of cabbage were recorded. Results showed that T6 was significantly associated with a lowest average number of affected leaves and higher yield followed by T4 and T5. Overall, garlic-treated plots had recorded higher yield compared to the non-garlic treated plots. Therefore, garlic extract as local biopesticide can effectively repel DBM. This study recommends that garlic can be used as an alternative to using synthetic chemicals to control DBM in cabbage crop.

The research was conducted at Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India during September, 2021-May, 2022 to study the variation of Alternaria brassiciola infecting cabbage. Fifteen isolates of Alternaria brassicicola which infected cabbage were collected from six different districts in Assam and their variability was investigated. Within the in vitro setting, it was observed that all isolates exhibited significant variation in terms of conidial length, breadth, and septal count. The isolates displayed a range of average conidial length and breadth spanning from 20.45μm to 29.74μm and 6.56μm to 9.89μm, respectively. Additionally, the isolates exhibited a variation in transverse septa with counts ranging from 4 to 6 and longitudinal septa, ranging from 0.13 to 0.41. Regarding the colony colour, four distinct variations, ranging from dark grey-green to dark brown-green and from mild olive green to greyish olive green were observed. These colonies featured edges in shades of white, greyish, brownish, or green edges and their shapes varied between round and irregular, accompanied by either a fluffy or compressed growth pattern. The diameter of the radial growth, observed on the fifteenth day after inoculation, varied from 57.3 mm to 84.2 mm. In RAPD analysis it was evident that the Jorhat isolates (AbJor_2) and the Barpeta isolate, (AbBa_1) exhibited the highest genetic similarity, as indicated by the lowest genetic distance with the coefficient of similarity 0.484. Conversely, the Jorhat isolates (AbJor_3) and Barpeta isolate (AbBa_1) shared the least genetic similarity, with the coefficient of similarity 0.021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small- to midsized farmers in the southeastern United States have expressed interest in reigniting on-farm seed production of regionally adapted high-value vegetable crops. However, a considerable knowledge gap exists related to how locally produced seeds perform in the region. We investigated how the first generation of local, farmproduced seeds compared with the original, nonlocal, certified commercial seed stock in terms of initial germination, seedling vigor, and subsequent vegetative traits of 'Yukina Savoy' (Brassica rapa L.), an heirloom Chinese cabbage. Locally produced seeds consistently outperformed seeds of the commercial lot. Germination for local and nonlocal seeds reached 99% and 94%, respectively. However, locally produced seeds germinated 1.5-fold more rapidly than nonlocal seeds, and germination was more uniform in local seeds. Seedlings produced from local seeds appeared more vigorous and displayed a significant height advantage compared with nonlocal seeds when grown in the greenhouse. Likewise, transplants from local seeds maintained an advantage over transplants from nonlocal seeds for plant vigor, growth traits, and harvestable yield during the 4-week field cultivation period. We conclude that production of high-quality 'Yukina Savoy' seeds is possible in the southeastern region despite challenging environmental conditions and varied farming practices of our partners during the seed production cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present overview aims to statistically enlighten the similarities and differences of the agricultural sector between Romania and Turkey. Our overview uses official statistical data from the year 2021 to compare the agricultural sector of Romania and Turkey. The data of this study were collected from the National Institute of Statistics of Romania (NSI Romania) and from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK). Also, Turkey is one of the largest wide-range agricultural product producers worldwide, with a 5.54 percent share of total gross domestic product (GDP) in 2021. In Romania, the share of the agricultural sector in 2021 was 4.4. Arable land represents 64.22% from the total agricultural land in Romania and 52.20% in Turkey; this fact highlighting the agricultural specificity of each of the analysed countries. The structure of the agricultural production is very different in the analysed countries, because the greatest productions in Romania are obtained by the cereals for grain and green fodder cultivated in arable land, while in Turkey the most important from the perspective of the production are fruits, nuts and vegetables. Turkey has a very divert range of vegetable crops, dominated from far by tomatoes, while in Romania cabbage and tomatoes are the greatest production. The sector of fruits and nuts in Turkey is represented by a great range of species, from those citrus fruits have the greatest production. In Romania, the greatest fruit production is given by grapes. Regarding the animal breeding, Romania has the greatest number of poultry, while in Turkey sheep are dominant. The greatest animal production in Romania was obtained in poultry sector and in Turkey in the raw milk. The latest available data on agricultural sector of Romanian and Turkey shows that both agricultural sectors are complementary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this regard, studies with plants transformed with TCTP genes have shown their effects on plant growth and development, as well as on plant response to environmental factors. According to Cao et al. ([2]), the lack of viable TCTP-mutant lines in multicellular organisms and the possible involvement of this protein in several unrelated cellular processes have hampered greater understanding of TCTP's role. Overexpression of Arabidopsis translationally controlled tumor protein gene AtTCTP enhances drought tolerance with rapid ABA-induced stomatal closure. [Extracted from the article]

The return of agricultural waste to the field is one of the most effective strategies of increasing crop yield, improving the soil’s physicochemical properties, and improving the soil rhizosphere environment. In the present study, sheep manure (SM), cow manure (CM), tail vegetable (TV), mushroom residue (MR), and corn straw (CS) were used as raw materials, and no fertilization (CK1) and local commercial organic fertilizer (CK2) treatments were used as controls. Eight composts were set up using specific mass ratios of different compost materials. After fermentation, field experiments were conducted to determine the cabbage yield, soil’s physicochemical properties, and soil rhizosphere conditions. The eight composts increased the soil organic matter and nutrient contents significantly. Among the eight fermentation formulas, T6 (CM:CS:TV:SM = 1:1:2:6), T7 (MR:CS:TV:SM = 1:1:2:6), and T8 (CM:MR:CS:TV:SM = 1:1:1:2:5) were relatively effective. Therefore, high-throughput sequencing was performed on T6, T7, T8, CK1, and CK2. T6, T7, and T8 exhibited increased relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Actinomycetes, and Firmicutes, while the Acidobacteria abundance was decreased. In addition, Ascomycota’s and Basidiomycetes’ relative abundance decreased, and the oil chytrid and mortierella increased. The microbial community structure was affected significantly by pH, electrical conductivity, available potassium, available nitrogen, and organic matter. In general, the three composts increased yield by improving the soil’s physicochemical properties, fertility, and microbial community structure. Among them, T6 had the most significant effect and is the optimal formula for use as a local organic cabbage fertilizer, and it could facilitate sustainable agricultural development.

Cabbage is an annual vegetable crop species cultivated throughout the year. The development of high-yielding cabbage hybrids and the optimization of several agronomic management practices such as fertilization and crop rotation have resulted in increased soil fertility, crop yield and product quality. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the farming system (organic and conventional) and the applied rotation scheme on soil nutrient content, head yield and the nutrient content of cabbage. The preceding crops included either pea (P), faba bean (F) or cabbage (C), and thus, the rotation schemes were P-C, F-C and C-C. Sheep manure was applied in the organic farming system, and the inorganic fertilizer 11-15-15 (N-P2O5-K2O) was applied to the conventionally cultivated plants. The results reveal an interaction between the farming system and the preceding crop for the head yield, with the lowest values (57.00 t ha−1 and 53.87 t ha−1 in 2015/2016 and 2016/2017, respectively) recorded in plots where cabbage was cultivated as a preceding crop under the organic farming system. The N, P and K contents in head tissues were affected only by the farming system, with the greatest values recorded in the conventional farming system. Both factors affected the nutrient content in the soil. Specifically, the highest values of NO3− and total N content in the soil were recorded in the P-C and F-C rotations, and the K content was higher in the continuous cabbage cropping system (C-C). Moreover, the NO3−, P and K contents in the soils were higher in the conventional farming system compared to the organic system. To conclude, combining inorganic fertilization in a crop rotation scheme with legume species such as pea and faba bean as preceding crops for cabbage can result in increased soil fertility and head yield.

Abstract Background The experiments were conducted at Research Farm, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India. Infectivity and effectiveness of entomopathogenic nematode (EPN), Steinernema asiaticum infective juveniles (IJs) were evaluated against the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) as foliar spray on cabbage plants in screen house with single (30,000 IJs per plant), two (15,000 + 15,000 IJs per plant) or three (10,000 + 10,000 + 10,000 IJs per plant) applications. In the field trial, S. asiaticum (25,000 or 50,000 IJs per plant) and Malathion 50 EC (0.05%) singly or in combination at half the concentrations were used. Results In screen house trial, all the treatments resulted in significantly high larval mortality than untreated plants. Split concentration application (15,000 + 15,000 IJs per plant) gave better DBM larval mortality (48.33%) compared to single application (36.00% at 30,000 IJs per plant). Comparing the two and three split applications, 15,000 IJs was significantly better (23.33% mortality) than 10,000 IJs (13.33%). In the field trial, S. asiaticum alone at 50,000 IJs resulted in 28.8% insect mortality compared to 18.0% in Malathion at 0.05%. Best results (37.5% mortality) were obtained by using nematode IJs at 25,000 per plant in combination with half the recommended concentration of Malathion (0.025%) leading to synergistic effect. Conclusions The study revealed that split application (15,000 + 15,000 IJs) of EPN S. asiaticum IJs proved better than single application of IJs at the same concentration (30,000 IJs) in the management of P. xylostella larvae in the screen house conditions. In the field experiment, the best effectiveness was obtained in combination of half the concentrations of EPN and insecticide (S. asiaticum IJs @ 25,000 per plant + Malathion @ 0.025%).

Population cycles have been observed in mammals as well as insects, but consistent population cycling has rarely been documented in agroecosystems and never for a beetle.We analysed the long‐term population patterns of the cabbage stem flea beetle Psylliodes chrysocephala in winter oilseed rape over 50 years.Psylliodes chrysocephala larval density from 3045 winter oilseed rape fields in southern Sweden showed strong 8‐year population cycles in regional mean density. Fluctuations in larval density were synchronous over time across five subregional populations. Subregional mean environmental variables explained 90.6% of the synchrony in P. chrysocephala populations at the 7–11 year time‐scale. The number of days below −10°C showed strong anti‐phase coherence with larval densities in the 7–11 year time‐scale, such that more cold days resulted in low larval densities. High levels of the North Atlantic Oscillation weather system are coherent and anti‐phase with cold weather in Scania, Sweden.At the field‐scale, later crop planting date and more cold winter days were associated with decreased overwintering larval density. Warmer autumn temperatures, resulting in greater larval accumulated degree days early in the season, increased overwintering larval density.Despite variation in environmental conditions and crop management, 8‐year cycles persisted for cabbage stem flea beetle throughout the 50 years of data collection. Moran effects, influenced by the North Atlantic Oscillation weather patterns, are the primary drivers of this cycle and synchronicity. Insect pest data collected in commercial agriculture fields is an abundant source of long‐term data. We show that an agricultural pest can have the same periodic population cycles observed in perennial and unmanaged ecosystems. This unexpected finding has implications for sustainable pest management in agriculture and shows the value of long‐term pest monitoring projects as an additional source of time‐series data to untangle the drivers of population cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the anticipated impact of climate change on agriculture, as well as water conservation, is critical to achieving food security. Therefore, during this critical time and due to reduced water resources and increased food demand, it is important to study the impact of water-stress conditions on crops. Two successive seasons were carried out through the 2021 and 2022 seasons to estimate the crop coefficient (Kc) and study the effect of abscisic acid on red cabbage plants (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) under water-stress conditions at a private farm in the Bilbeis region, Sharqia Governorate, Egypt. The aim was to estimate the crop coefficient (Kc) and effect of different concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) (0, 25, 50, and 75 ppm) under various irrigation levels (100, 80, and 60% of field capacity "FC") on the growth process and yield parameters of red cabbage plants. The results revealed that the average estimated crop coefficient (Kc) for red cabbage crops under standard conditions, 100% of FC, was 0.75, 1.07, 1.2 and 0.88 and 0.77, 1.2, 1.25 and 0.82 for Initial, Development, Mid, and End stages during the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons, respectively. Data collected during both seasons clearly showed that all treatments significantly increased both the plant's growth process and yield parameters when compared to the control. However, abscisic acid (ABA, 75 ppm) application with irrigation requirements (80% of FC) was statistically the most effective treatment in this study. Hence, this means a water savings of 20% can be achieved without significantly compromising the yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change has a significant impact on the agricultural sector, negatively affecting plants' growth and development, with predicted strong consequences on food availability in the future. Although we are experiencing more frequent and intense heavy rainfall events, a major contributor to field flooding, there is still not much known about the impact of these events on different crops. In this study, we investigated the effects of waterlogging on a model plant white cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. alba), with the aim to follow its response to both single and recurrent short-term (72-h length) waterlogging, as well as to track difference in the sensitivity between plants in different growth stages (38- and 48-day-old plants). In our 22-day experiment, settled under fully controlled conditions (16 h day/8 h night, 25 °C day/20 °C night, 60–70% relative air humidity, 250 µmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetic active radiation), with the aim to more comprehensively recognize consequences of waterlogging on plants, we measured changes in plants on multiple levels: (i) within its morphological traits (number and length of leaves, leaf area, and blade width), (ii) within chlorophyll fluorescence and multispectral traits (20 parameters), (iii) following the levels of plant stress parameters (salicylic acid, abscisic acid, proline, and total polyphenols), and (iv) following changes in the plants' elemental and mineral composition. According to our results, white cabbage was shown not to be very sensitive to waterlogging, with only plants exposed to repeated waterlogging showing signs of the congestion stress. These signs, observed in the changes of molecular stress parameters salicylic and abscisic acids, were not so clearly evident at the aboveground level. We did not observe changes in the plants' morphologies, nor their photosynthetic performance. In addition, removal of waterlogging stress resulted in complete recovery of our model plants, suggesting a prompt adaptation response of white cabbage. With the projected increased frequency of occurrence of flooding events, it will become increasingly more important to recognize crops being highly sensitive to flooding with the aim to try to adapt to the changing climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research was to evaluate the influence of the year and the seed lots on the most important indicators of cabbage seed quality. Quality testing of nine different seed lots of Potomac F1 cabbage was performed during three years (2019, 2020 and 2021). Analyses of variance showed a significant effect (p

Vegetables are essential components in human diets because they are rich in vitamins, minerals, and dietary fibre. There is a growing interest in human nutrition enhancement through vegetable consumption to reduce micro mineral deficiencies, especially in households with low buying power. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of zeolite amendment on the mineral composition of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.), in relation to the soil chemical status. The experiment was carried out over two growing seasons (winter/spring) of 2018 and 2019. The treatments were in the ratios of 0:10, 1:9, 2:8, 3:7 zeolite to sandy soil, on a weight-to-weight basis. Zeolite improved soil chemical status (p < 0.05), except for soil iron (Fe) and phosphorus (P) contents. There was also a general improvement of macro minerals in cabbage with increased zeolite application, especially in the second season. Zeolite did not improve the micronutrients of the vegetable. This indicates that cabbage planted under zeolite amended soils provides no additional contribution to the fight against micronutrient deficiencies. However, zeolite showed potential for soil conditioning in soil macronutrients and soil pH.

Vermicomposting use and products obtained from it in agriculture has led to new scientific research in recent years, resulting in knowledge about the contribution of nutrients to plants, as well as crop production with quality and tolerant to abiotic stress. The cabbage KK-Cross variety is one of the most used in Cuba, the use of mineral fertilizers and chemical pesticides has been progressively increasing in this crop, and therefore, the reduction of chemical products is a necessity for the cabbage production with the least amount of toxic residues. The aim of the present work was to evaluate vermicomposting extract dilution effect on the biological and agricultural productivity of cabbage crop. For this purpose, three dilutions of the product-1/20, 1/40 and 1/60 v/v-were studied under laboratory (seed imbibition) and field (foliar spraying) conditions, compared with a control treatment, under a completely randomized design. The effect on seed germination was evaluated, as well as on crop growth, development and yield. With the 1/40 v/v dilution, a greater stimulus in the seed germination process and plant growth was obtained, the polar and equatorial diameter of cabbage sprouts was higher and the agricultural yield was increased by 88 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present experiment was conducted at horticulture farm of Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur, Rajasthan, during two winter (rabi) seasons 2019–20 and 2020–21. The treatments include, cabbage + marigold, cabbage + onion, cabbage + garlic, cabbage + marigold + insecticides spray, cabbage + onion + insecticides spray, cabbage + garlic + insecticides spray, cabbage + insecticides spray and cabbage sole without insecticide spray as untreated control. The insecticidal treatments scheduled with two sprays, viz. first spray of chlorfenapyr 10% sc @200 g a.i./ ha and spinosad 45% sc @45 g a.i./ha. During both years, cabbage intercropped with marigold + insecticides spray proved to be the best treatment with the lowest mean DBM larval population (0.73 and 0.47 larvae/plant) and highest benefit-cost ratio (6.69 and 6.88). Additionally, the intercrops treatments, viz. cabbage + marigold, cabbage + onion and cabbage + garlic also significantly reduced the number of DBM larvae per plant as compared to the untreated sole cabbage. The different intercrops combinations evaluated had a positive effect on the cabbage crop in reducing the pest and can be taken to manage DBM in a sustainable way.

Low soil fertility is a major problem limiting peri-urban vegetable production in the Kumasi metropolis. This study was conducted to assess the effects of poultry litter biochar (PLB) and NPK fertilizer application on soil chemical properties and the yield of cabbage. Twelve treatments (control, 100% NPK, 50% NPK, 2.5 t ha−1 PLB, 2.5 t ha−1 PLB + 50% NPK, 2.5 t ha−1 PLB + 100% NPK, 5 t ha−1 PLB, 5 t ha−1 PLB + 50% NPK, 5 t ha−1 PLB + 100% NPK, 7.5 t ha−1 PLB, 7.5 t ha−1 PLB + 50% NPK, and 7.5 t ha−1 PLB + 100% NPK) were evaluated under field conditions in a randomized block design with three replications. Combined application of PLB and NPK fertilizer improved the soil chemical properties, growth, and yield of cabbage relative to the control and sole PLB treatments. Application of 5 t ha−1 PLB + 50% NPK increased the soil pH, soil organic carbon, available phosphorus, and cation exchange capacity by 26.6, 41.4, 296, and 78.7%, respectively, relative to the control. Moreover, 5 t ha−1 PLB + 50% NPK increased the cabbage yield by 73% compared with the control. This study concludes that PLB and NPK fertilizers can be applied to improve the soil chemical properties and yield of cabbage.

Over 195 countries developed Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) under the Paris Agreement to mitigate CEs (CE). Mongolia commits to a 22.7% reduction in CE by 2030 under the NDC goal. The study assessed the CE impact of local food production on the NDC of ceasing food imports under the Food Revolution Program (FRP). Findings indicated that Mongolia could not sustainably feed the population solely with domestic foods while achieving carbon mitigation goals concurrently. Relying on domestic production, it was projected that there would be a 7% increase in CE within agricultural food production, which constitutes 15% of the total emissions of the agriculture sector. The NDC targets an 18% (5238 Gg CO 2eq) reduction in the agriculture sector by 2030; the study concluded that the mitigation goal would drop to 16.5% if foods are produced domestically under the FRP. This underscores the necessity of a strategic combination of local production (such as carrots, hen eggs, and rapeseed) and imports (like cabbage, cucumber, tomatoes, and chicken from the People's Republic of China) could effectively mitigate the CE. From a national perspective, combining import and local production proves beneficial; however, on the global scale, prioritizing local food production would be valuable to reduce the CE in food transportation and imported food production. [Display omitted] • The Food Revolution Program would have a negative impact on NDC goals. • If domestic foods replace imports, there will be 7% GHG increase by 2030. • 1st paper comparing NDC with the food system of Mongolia. • Raising awareness for policymakers to look at national or global perspectives of GHG. • Further study of carbon footprint must be conducted in food system of Mongolia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present work is to determine the shelf life of osmodehydrated white cabbage in three different osmotic solutions. During 90 days of storage, chemical and color parameters were analysed together with the sensory acceptance and microbiological profile of the osmotic treated (OT) cabbage. Hybrid "Bravo" was considered within this research because of its high yield and wide cultivation in the Province of Vojvodina. Solutions of sucrose and chloride were applied so as sugar beet molasses in OT. OT cabbage was packed in MAP with variation in a gas mixture of 40:60/ CO2:N2 (atmosphere 1) and 80:20/CO2:N2 (atmosphere 2). The shelf-life evaluation had shown good sensorial acceptance and satisfying microbiological quality. The obtained principal component analysis (PCA) was able to present the experimental results. The PCA analysis is easy to implement and could be effectively used for predictive optimization of the osmotic treatment.

Poultry waste can be hydrolyzed using microorganisms to obtain useful amino acids for agriculture processes. This research treated poultry waste by applying beneficial microbial consortia. Microorganisms were obtained from Brassica oleracea (commonly known as cabbage) and Jungia rugosa (widely known as matico de puna) plants. Each sample was sent to the laboratory for gender, species, and concentration identification. Poultry waste (feathers, offal, blood) and a liquid solution made up of water, molasses, and microorganisms were placed inside plastic tanks. Four treatments were established (T1, T2, T3, and T4). T1 and T3 were composed of 80% water, 10% molasses, and 10% microorganisms; T2 and T4 were composed of 70% water, 20% molasses, and 10% microorganisms. The contents in each tank were periodically stirred for one month. Sixteen microorganisms were identified in each sample. In each treatment, nine essential and nine non-essential amino acids were found in different concentration levels. It is assumed that indigenous microbial consortia benefit the hydrolysis of poultry waste. Furthermore, the type and content of amino acids are related to the microbial activity of each consortium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black rot in cabbage caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris is the most common yield-limiting and damaging disease affecting crucifers. The application of chemicals has hazardous effects on the soil and environment. To test bio-based alternatives for chemicals, extracts of 10 medicinal plants (royal poinciana, ivy gourd, sisso, bougainvillea, mint, devil's cotton, drumstick, false daisy, asthma plant, and mimosa) were tested for their antibacterial effects against Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. The extracts were prepared in distilled water and ethanol at two concentrations, 25% and 50%. The extracts were applied, and a standard antibiotic disk (streptomycin 10 µg/disc) was used to evaluate the antibacterial activities. In the present study, antibacterial screening using the disk diffusion method revealed that both the aqueous and ethanol extracts of seven plant samples: royal poinciana, ivy gourd, sisso, bougainvillea, mint, devil cotton, and drumstick, showed significant activity, while extracts (aqueous and ethanol) of false daisy, asthma plant, and mimosa showed weak inhibitory effects against the tested bacteria. For both aqueous and ethanol extracts, antibacterial effects were higher at 50% concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) is one of the major pests in cabbage which causes severe loss to the cruciferous crops. Entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae have been established as endophytes in cabbage plants by seed treatment/root inoculation/foliar application methods in glasshouse conditions. Main body A glasshouse experiment was conducted to study the effect of endophytic isolates of B. bassiana (NBAIR Bb-5a and NBAIR Bb-45) and M. anisopliae (NBAIR Ma-4 and NBAIR Ma-35) on P. xylostella in cabbage using detached leaf bioassay method. The isolates were applied through seed treatment/root inoculation/foliar application at the concentration of 1 × 108 spores/ml and evaluated at 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after treatment (DAT) in 2017 and 2018. These isolates were colonized in cabbage leaf tissues from 15 to 60 DAT. All 4 isolates showed different mortality percentages during 15–30 DAT, and no mortality was observed after 45 and 60 DAT in different inoculation methods during both years. Among the application methods tested, foliar application method gave the highest mortality of 70–80% at 15 DAT and 12–58% at 30 DAT mortality of 2nd instar larvae of P. xylostella in cabbage. Among the isolates tested, NBAIR Ma-35 showed the highest mortality (35–79%) in all the 3 inoculation methods tested. Conclusion Endophytic isolates of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae suppressed the population of P. xylostella on cabbage leaves in three inoculation methods tested. Among all the methods tested, foliar application method showed highest mortality. These promising isolates have to be further tested under field conditions for management of P. xylostella in cabbage.

Relevance and methodology. Today, white cabbage is the most popular type of vegetable raw materials used for fermentation not only in Russia, but also in other countries. To obtain a variety of flavors and shades of flavor, various vegetables (carrots, sweet peppers), fruit (apples, cranberries) and spicy-aromatic additives (cumin, dill seed, etc.) are added to the cabbage during fermentation. During fermentation, the product contains not only the initial components of the raw material (vitamin C, macro-and micronutrients), but also significantly increases the number of lactic acid microorganisms – the main "participants" in the process.One of the main products of the metabolism of lactic acid microorganisms is lactic acid. At a concentration of 0.5%, it begins to inhibit the development of many microorganisms. When reaching a concentration of 1-2% microbiological enzymatic hydrolysis, as a rule, ceases. The accumulation of acetic acid allows us to judge the intensity of the heterofermentative stage of fermentation using strains of lactic acid microorganisms.Results. The L. plantarum + L. casei consortium has shown a synergistic interaction in the accumulation of lactic acid, since the amount of acid produced by the consortium significantly exceeds the amount of acid produced by each strain separately. This point is also noted for the accumulation of acetic acid. In the L. brevis + L. casei consortium, the opposite situation is observed: when using cultures separately, the accumulation of lactic acid occurs to a greater extent than when using two cultures simultaneously. There are no obvious differences between monocultures and the consortium in terms of acetic acid accumulation. In the case of the L. plantarum + L. brevis consortium, we observe a synergistic interaction, with the dominant role in this consortium played by L. plantarum, and the contribution of L. brevis to the accumulation of lactic acid is insignificant. At the same time, the total resulting accumulation of acetic acid is significantly less than the result of each strain separately, which may indicate a negative mutual effect of the participants in the process. Acid degradation of the polysaccharide matrix of cell walls does not occur during the entire fermentation process.

Abstract Experiments were conducted to test the pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis pakistanensis alone and in combination with the chemical insecticides, viz., Dichlorvos and Quinalphos and Neem product, viz., Azadirachtin against the cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) infesting cabbage plants under laboratory and field conditions. In laboratory test, inoculum level of 200 infective juveniles (IJs) was most effective causing mortality to both 3rd and 4th instars larvae at 48 h. Nematode multiplication rate in insect cadaver was inversely proportional to the size of initial inoculum level of IJs, whereas IJs yield was directly proportional to the size of larva. The 4th instar larva resulted in a highest yield of IJs, followed by 3rd, 2nd, and 1st instars larvae at all the inoculum levels used in the study. IJs were found compatible with the chemical insecticides and Neem product at lower than half of the optimum single dose. The cumulative mean survival percentage of IJs recorded the highest (77.5%) in the combination of 100 IJs + Azadirachtin (0.25%) and lowest (70.6%) in 100 IJs + Dichlorvos 76 EC (0.05%). Under field conditions, H. pakistanensis (3.0 lakh IJs/m2) + Dichlorvos 76 EC (0.025%) resulted to the highest larval mortality (79.65%), followed by H. pakistanensis (3.0 lakh IJs/m2) + Azadirachtin (0.25%), where it was 76.22%. The larval mortality was the least (61.16%) in case of H. pakistanensis (3.0 lakh IJs/m2) when applied alone. H. pakistanensis + Dichlorvos resulted to the highest increase (31.42%) in cabbage yield over untreated control.

The present investigation aimed to study the distribution pattern of larvae and pupae of diamondback moth (DMB) on cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design at the Horticulture farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan during rabi 2019–20 and 2020–21. The present study was carried out to understand the pattern and behaviour of the spatial distribution of DBM in cabbage. The prevalence of DBM incidence was recorded in terms of the number of larvae and pupae per plant on ten randomly selected plants in each replication at weekly intervals. The various indices, viz. variance to mean ratio, exponent–K, patchiness index, clumping index, mean colony size, mean clump size, Iwao’s patchiness regression and Taylor’s power law were analyzed to test the dispersion behaviour of diamondback moth. The value of various indices exceeded unity in most of the weekly observations indicating clumped type of distribution of diamondback moth larvae and pupae on cabbage. Clumped distribution behaviour of DBM population can aid the understanding of the pest ecology and its management.

A two year field investigation was conducted to study the effect of integrated nutrient management in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) under subtropical plains of Jammu during rabi 2014–2015 and 2015–16 at Vegetable Experimental Farm of SKUAST, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir. The experiment was laid in RBD and comprised 14 treatments with three levels of nitrogen (50, 75 and 100 %) in combination with two levels of organic manures (FYM @20t/ha and Vermicompost@2t/ha) and seedling dip with two biofertilizers [Azotobacter and Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria (PSB)]. The results revealed that for all the morphological (50% head initiation and maturation) and yield parameters (head size, net and gross head weight and marketable yield), the treatment combination comprising 75% inorganic nitrogen + Vermicompost + Azotobacter + Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria recorded significantly high values as compared to other treatment combinations and control. Quality parameters like TSS recorded non significant influence by the application of different organic manures (FYM and Vermicompost) in combination with biofertilizers and reduced quantities of N (50 and 75%),however ascorbic acid content in cabbage recorded statistically higher values (51.16 mg/100g) in the treatment having 50% of inorganic nitrogen + Vermicompost + Azotobacter + Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB). Economically, the study pointed out that application of vermicompost in the treatment combinations resulted in higher values in cost of cultivation, thereby, lowering down B:C ratios as compared to FYM treatments. Maximum B:C ratio (1:2.55) was recorded in treatment having 75% inorganic nitrogen + Vermicompost + Azotobacter + Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria as compared to 1.96 in control (100% NPK + FYM).