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Cotton yield under the rainfed farming system in tropical semi-arid regions is significantly decreased by prolonged dry spells. In this context, supplemental irrigation (SI) with treated wastewater emerges as a strategy for the sustainability of agricultural production besides contributing to the reduction of fertilizer costs. The objective of this research was to evaluate the productivity, photosynthetic parameters, fiber quality, and profitability of cotton cultivation, under supplemental irrigation (SI) with municipal treated wastewater (MTW), with and without mineral fertilization. The treatments consisted of three water scenarios (normal, drought, and severe drought), defined by the historical series of precipitation data of 30 years, and two treatments of supplemental irrigation with MTW, with or without NPK fertilization. SI with treated wastewater increased cotton yield in all three scenarios (normal, drought, and severe drought) by approximately 29%, 255%, and 251%. Longer dry spells in drought and severe drought scenarios increased the volume of SI with MTW, resulting in greater nutrient input to the soil, improved photosynthetic response, higher physical water productivity, reduction in fertilizer costs, and higher farmers’ income. Therefore, our results show the importance of using treated wastewater in supplemental irrigation of cotton under scenarios of water scarcity in tropical semi-arid regions.

Cotton was once the main crop grown in the northeast of Brazil; its production boosted the development of many cities and contributed to the development of the semi-arid region. Attacks by pests, low productivity, high production costs and low prices on the international market, coupled with a lack of adequate technical assistance, contributed to the decline of the crop. The aim of this study was to evaluate the natural insecticides: aqueous extract from the malagueta pepper, kaolin, Azamax®, Rotenat® and Pironat®, on the agroecological management of the principal pests, with their natural enemies, of cotton intercropped with maize, cowpea and sesame crops. The studies were carried out at the experimental area of Embrapa Algodão, in Barbalha, in the state of Ceará, Brazil (CE), where an experiment was set up to evaluate these natural products, in an experimental design of randomised blocks with four replications, represented by six treatments: T1-Control (no application), T2-Malagueta pepper, T3-Kaolin, T4-Azamax®, T5-Rotenat® and T6-Pironat®. The products were applied every seven days, followed by weekly assessments, considering the effect of the treatments on the occurrence of insect pests of the cotton plant, and on their natural enemies. Kaolin is the most effective natural product in controlling the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis. Malagueta pepper is not effective in controlling the principle pests of the cotton plant. Natural products applied by spraying the leaves of the cotton plant every 7 days do not interfere with the presence of natural enemies = O algodão já foi a principal cultura cultivada no Nordeste, a sua produção alavancou o desenvolvimento de muitas cidades e contribuiu para o desenvolvimento da região semiárida. Ataque de pragas, baixas produtividades, alto custo de produção e baixa nos preços no mercado internacional, aliado a falta de assistência técnica adequada, contribuíram para o declínio da cultura. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os inseticidas naturais: extrato aquoso da pimenta malagueta, caulim, Azamax®, Rotenat® e Pironat® no manejo agroecológico das principais pragas e seus inimigos naturais do algodoeiro consorciado com as culturas do milho, feijão-caupi e gergelim. Os estudos foram desenvolvidos no campo experimental da Embrapa Algodão em Barbalha, Ceará, onde instalou-se o experimento para avaliação dos produtos naturais, com o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso e com quatro repetições, representado por seis tratamentos: T1-Testemunha (sem aplicação), T2-Pimenta malagueta, T3-Caulim, T4-Azamax®, T5-Rotenat® e T6-Pironat®. Os produtos foram aplicados a cada sete dias, seguidos de avaliações também semanais, considerando-se o efeito dos tratamentos sobre a ocorrência dos insetos pragas do algodoeiro e seus inimigos naturais. O Caulim é o produto natural mais eficiente no controle do bicudo do algodoeiro, Anthonomus grandis . A pimenta malagueta não é eficiente no controle das principais pragas do algodoeiro. Os produtos naturais aplicados a cada 7 dias em pulverizações nas folhas do algodoeiro não interferem na presença de inimigos naturais.