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4. Modes de gestion de la diversité cultivée par les paysans dans le bassin arachidier au Sénégal : la coexistence comme nouvelle normalité ?

Author

Cobelli, Océane, Faye, Ndeye Fatou, Beaurepaire, Sophie, Raimond, Christine, and Labeyrie, Vanesse

Subjects
Agrobiodiversity, Sénégal, réseaux d’échanges de semences, Groundnut basin, agrobiodiversité, bassin arachidier, coexistence des systèmes semenciers, Seed exchange networks, Coexistence of seed systems, Senegal
Abstract

Les systèmes semenciers paysans jouent un rôle crucial dans l’accès aux semences en Afrique de l’Ouest. Cependant, les Etats et les bailleurs de développement visent à structurer ces systèmes semenciers, notamment via l’expansion des coopératives semencières et la commercialisation de semences certifiées de variétés homologuées. Néanmoins, le décalage de ces cadres normatifs avec la réalité et les spécificités de l’agriculture familiale suscite des inquiétudes. Via une description fine et quantifiée des pratiques de gestion de la diversité cultivée par les ménages de quatre villages du bassin arachidier sénégalais, notre étude met en évidence une coexistence entre variétés plus ou moins anciennes, issues de la sélection paysanne ou de la recherche, et diffusées selon les réseaux d’échanges locaux, étatiques, ou encore privés, sans que l’un ne supplante l’autre. Cette coexistence s’observe à la fois à l’échelle des ménages et des villages, selon les spécificités inhérentes à chaque exploitation et terroir agricole et l’influence des projets de développement territorialisés. L’articulation et la porosité entre ces différents systèmes d’approvisionnement à différentes échelles montrent ainsi la nécessité de penser au cas par cas l’accompagnement de ces évolutions, en fonction de chaque contexte local. Face à cette complexité, les paysans, dans leur diversité, sont finalement les mieux placés pour orienter leurs choix. Une évolution des cadres normatifs des politiques semencières apparait donc nécessaire pour mieux les accompagner en ce sens. Farmer seed systems play a crucial role in access to seeds in West Africa. However, governments and development organizations aim to structure these seed systems, notably through the expansion of seed cooperatives and the commercialization of certified seeds of approved varieties. Nevertheless, the discrepancy of these normative frameworks with the reality and specificities of family farming raises concerns. Through a detailed and quantified description of the management practices of cultivated diversity by households in four villages in the Senegalese groundnut basin, our study highlights the coexistence of varieties more or less ancient, derived from farmer selection or research, and disseminated through local, state, or private exchange networks, without one supplanting the other. This coexistence can be observed at both the household and village levels, depending on the specificities inherent to each farm and agricultural terroir and the influence of territorialized development projects. The articulation and porosity between these different systems of supply at different scales show the need to consider the support of these changes on a case-by-case basis, according to each local context. Faced with this complexity, farmers, in their diversity, are ultimately in the best position to guide their choices. An evolution of the normative frameworks of seed policies appears necessary to better accompany them in this sense.

Published
2023

6. Exploring farmers' agrobiodiversity management practices and knowledge in clove agroforests of Madagascar.

Author

Mariel, Juliette, Carrière, Stéphanie M., Penot, Eric, Danthu, Pascal, Rafidison, Verohanitra, and Labeyrie, Vanesse

Subjects
AGROBIODIVERSITY, AGROFORESTRY, AGRICULTURAL ecology, PLANT diversity
Abstract

Copyright of People & Nature is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2021
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7. A network-based method to detect patterns of local crop biodiversity: Validation at the species and infra-species levels

Author

Thomas, Mathieu, Verzelen, Nicolas, Barbillon, Pierre, Coomes, Oliver T., Caillon, Sophie, Mckey, Doyle, Elias, Marianne, Garine, Eric, Raimond, Christine, Dounias, Edmond, Jarvis, Devra, Wencélius, Jean, Leclerc, Christian, Labeyrie, Vanesse, Cuong, Pham Hung, Hue, Nguyen Thi Ngoc, Sthapit, Bhuwon, Rana, Ram Bahadur, Barnaud, Adeline, Violon, Chloé, Reyes, Luis Manuel Arias, Moreno, Luis Latournerie, de Santis, Paola, Massol, François, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre de Synthèse et d’Analyse sur la Biodiversité (CESAB), Fondation pour la recherche sur la Biodiversité (FRB), Génétique Quantitative et Evolution - Le Moulon (Génétique Végétale) (GQE-Le Moulon), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées (MIA-Paris), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Mathématiques, Informatique et STatistique pour l'Environnement et l'Agronomie (MISTEA), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Department of Geography [Montréal], McGill University, Dynamiques socio-environnementales et gouvernance des ressources (199), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Biologie Intégrative des Populations, École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pôle de recherche pour l'organisation et la diffusion de l'information géographique (PRODIG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Sorbonne (UP4)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Biodiversity International, Washington State University (WSU), Laboratoire d'ethnologie et de sociologie comparative (LESC), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro), Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences (VAAS), MAARD, Diversité, adaptation, développement des plantes (UMR DIADE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), LMI Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux [Dakar] (LAPSE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Universidad de Los Andes [Venezuela] (ULA), Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal [Yucatán], Évolution, Écologie et Paléontologie (Evo-Eco-Paleo) - UMR 8198 (Evo-Eco-Paléo), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris-Sorbonne (UP4)-AgroParisTech-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive [CEFE], Centre de Synthèse et d’Analyse sur la Biodiversité [CESAB], Génétique Quantitative et Evolution - Le Moulon (Génétique Végétale) [GQE-Le Moulon], Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées [MIA-Paris], Mathématiques, Informatique et STatistique pour l'Environnement et l'Agronomie [MISTEA], Institut Universitaire de France [IUF], Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité [ISYEB ], Pôle de recherche pour l'organisation et la diffusion de l'information géographique [PRODIG], Washington State University [WSU], Laboratoire d'ethnologie et de sociologie comparative [LESC], Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales [UMR AGAP], Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences [VAAS], Diversité, adaptation, développement des plantes [UMR DIADE], LMI Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux [Dakar] [LAPSE], Universidad de Los Andes [Mérida, Venezuela] [ULA], Évolution, Écologie et Paléontologie (Evo-Eco-Paleo) - UMR 8198 [Evo-Eco-Paléo (EEP)], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), Technopôle de l’Environnement Arbois-Méditerranée, Partenaires INRAE, Bioversity International [Montpellier], Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR], Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre la Défense, Bioversity International, CGIAR, Local Initiatives for Biodiversity, Laboratoire mixte international Adaptation des Plantes et microorganismes associés aux Stress Environnementaux (LAPSE ), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles [Dakar] (ISRA), Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal, Laboratoire de Génétique et Evolution des Populations Végétales, and Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, [SDV.GEN.GPO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], agrobiodiversity, fungi, food and beverages, respiratory system, bipartite networks, seed exchange, human activities, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience; Abstract In this chapter, we develop new indicators and statistical tests to characterize patterns of crop diversity at local scales to better understand interactions between ecological and socio-cultural functions of agroecosystems. Farms, where a large number of crops (species or landraces) is grown, are known to contribute a large part of the locally available diversity of both rare and common crops but the role of farms with low diversity remains little understood: do they grow only common varieties—following a nestedness pattern typical of mutualistic networks in ecology—or do ‘crop–poor’ farmers also grow rare varieties? This question is pivotal in ongoing efforts to assess the local-scale contribution of small farms to global agrobiodiversity. We develop new network-based approaches to characterize the distribution of local crop diversity (species and infra-species) at the village level and to validate these approaches using meta-datasets from 10 countries. Our results highlight the sources of heterogeneity in crop diversity at the village level. We often identify two or more groups of farms based on their different levels of diversity. In some datasets, ‘crop–poor’ farms significantly contribute to the local crop diversity. Generally, we find that the distribution of crop diversity is more heterogeneous at the species than at the infra-species level. This analysis reveals the absence of a general pattern of crop diversity distribution, suggesting strong dependence on local agro-ecological and socio-cultural contexts. These different patterns of crop diversity distribution reflect an heterogeneity in farmers’ self-organized action in cultivating and maintaining local crop diversity, which ensures the adaptability of agroecosystems to global change.

Published
2015
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8. A network-based method to detect patterns of local crop biodiversity: Validation at the species and infra-species levels

Author

Verzelen, Nicolas, Barbillon, Pierre, Coomes, Oliver T., Caillon, Sophie, McKey, Doyle, Elias, Marianne, Garine, Eric, Raimond, Christine, Dounias, Edmond, Jarvis, Devra, Wencélius, Jean, Leclerc, Christian, Labeyrie, Vanesse, Cuong, Pham Hung, Hue, Nguyen Thi Ngoc, Sthapit, Bhuwon, Rana, Ram Bahadur, Barnaud, Adeline, Violon, Chloé, Reyes, Luis Manuel Arias, Moreno, Luis Latournerie, De Santis, Paola, Massol, François, and Thomas, Mathieu

Subjects
Troc, agrobiodiversité, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, écosystème agricole, Petite exploitation agricole, Espèce, exploitant agricole, Semence, U10 - Informatique, mathématiques et statistiques, fungi, A01 - Agriculture - Considérations générales, food and beverages, Étude de cas, E80 - Économie familiale et artisanale, respiratory system, Réseau, Agricultural sciences, agrobiodiversity, bipartite networks, seed exchange, écologie appliquée, Agroécosystème, Diversification, Biodiversité, Plante de culture, human activities, Sciences agricoles, Modèle mathématique
Abstract

In this chapter, we develop new indicators and statistical tests to characterize patterns of crop diversity at local scales to better understand interactions between ecological and socio-cultural functions of agroecosystems. Farms, where a large number of crops (species or landraces) is grown, are known to contribute a large part of the locally available diversity of both rare and common crops but the role of farms with low diversity remains little understood: do they grow only common varieties—following a nestedness pattern typical of mutualistic networks in ecology—or do ‘crop–poor’ farmers also grow rare varieties? This question is pivotal in ongoing efforts to assess the local-scale contribution of small farms to global agrobiodiversity. We develop new network-based approaches to characterize the distribution of local crop diversity (species and infra-species) at the village level and to validate these approaches using meta-datasets from 10 countries. Our results highlight the sources of heterogeneity in crop diversity at the village level. We often identify two or more groups of farms based on their different levels of diversity. In some datasets, ‘crop–poor’ farms significantly contribute to the local crop diversity. Generally, we find that the distribution of crop diversity is more heterogeneous at the species than at the infra-species level. This analysis reveals the absence of a general pattern of crop diversity distribution, suggesting strong dependence on local agro-ecological and socio-cultural contexts. These different patterns of crop diversity distribution reflect an heterogeneity in farmers’ self-organized action in cultivating and maintaining local crop diversity, which ensures the adaptability of agroecosystems to global change.

Published
2015

9. Crop biocultural traits shape seed networks: Implications for social-ecological resilience in south eastern Senegal.

Author

Porcuna-Ferrer, Anna, Labeyrie, Vanesse, Alvarez-Fernandez, Santiago, Calvet-Mir, Laura, Faye, Ndèye Fatou, Ouadah, Sarah, and Reyes-García, Victoria

Subjects
*CULTIVARS, *SEED yield, *AGROBIODIVERSITY, *CROPS, *SEED crops, *AGRICULTURE, *AGRICULTURAL extension work
Abstract

Agroecosystems' social-ecological resilience largely depends on the crop diversity generated and maintained by farmers, which provides insurance against changing environmental and socio-economic conditions. In turn, crop diversity generation, maintenance, and distribution is influenced by seed circulation networks. Thus, patterns of seed circulation can support or constrain households' access to crop diversity, affecting on-farm crop diversity. We aimed at understanding the mechanisms shaping seed circulation and farmers' access to crop diversity by: 1) assessing how crop biocultural traits influence patterns of seed circulation; 2) exploring the connections between household position in the seed circulation network and on-farm crop diversity for different crops. We conducted research in south-eastern Senegal applying crop diversity inventories and a survey to document seed acquisitions for the six local staple crops, which differ in biocultural traits. Household's varietal diversity and household- and community-level network measures calculated for each crop were used to compare seed circulation patterns among crops. Then, we analyzed the association between households' position in the seed circulation networks and households' on-farm crop diversity using generalized linear models. Our research advances two main findings about the importance of seed circulation networks for farmers' access to crop diversity. First, several seed circulation networks operate in the same community and at the same time. Each species circulated differently, which can be explained by crop's biocultural traits. Socio-cultural traits, like the cultural relevance of a crop, and biological traits, like crop's functional group (e.g., legumes, cereals), affect the patterns of seed circulation. Seed circulation networks that involved external actors, like agricultural extension projects or NGOs, were more centralized than seed circulation networks in which these actors were absent. Second, household's centrality in the network of seed circulation (indegree and betweenness) was generally associated with higher on-farm varietal diversity. However, the factors that determined household's access to seeds differed among crops and variety types. Farmer-to-farmer seed circulation networks are instrumental for the maintenance and distribution of agrobiodiversity and catalyze the introduction of new diversity in the agricultural system. However, tensions exist between traditional and new (e.g., interventions) mechanisms of seed sharing, resulting in centralized and unidirectional seed distribution, which might affect the social-ecological resilience of the system. [Display omitted] • Seed circulation networks mediate farmers' access to crop diversity and agroecosystems' social-ecological resilience. • We compared the factors mediating seed circulation for six staple crops in a Bassari community, south-eastern Senegal. • Crop biocultural traits and network actors shape seed circulation, causing differential access to crops and variety types. • Multi-centric, participatory interventions might strengthen locally adapted crop diversity and seed systems' resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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11. The role of farmers' networks in sourcing planting material and information in a context of agroforestry transition in Madagascar.

Author

Mariel, Juliette, Sanchez, Isabelle, Verzelen, Nicolas, Massol, François, Carrière, Stéphanie M., and Labeyrie, Vanesse

Subjects
*AGROFORESTRY, *CROPS, *FARMERS, *AGRICULTURE, *SMALL farms, *SOCIOCULTURAL factors
Abstract

Crop diversity contributes to the resilience of agroecosystems by enhancing their capacity to adapt to perturbations. Farmers' access to crop planting material and information required for their, is crucial as it allows farmers to maintain a high level of crop diversity and adapt their crop portfolio to the changing social-ecological context. Despite their presumed importance for the resilience of small farms, the processes that influence farmers' access to the planting material of new crops and the information associated have rarely been studied. Our aim was to analyze the social networks that Betsimisaraka farmers in Madagascar use to access planting material and associated information. This would advance our understanding of the processes involved in the transformation of these agroecosystems into diversified agroforests that confer more resilience to local farming systems. We compare the networks of clove and vanilla, whose cultivation in the area expanded in recent decades, with the network of banana, a traditionally cultivated crop. We conducted an exhaustive survey of 98 households in a village on Madagascar's northeast coast to gather data on the farmers' access to clove, vanilla and banana planting material and information concerning their cultivation. We analyzed the differences and similarities between the three networks, in particular the types of relationship mobilized, the nature of kinship ties, and the geographical extent of networks. Our results show that the studied networks include both weak bridging ties over long distances that give the farmers access to crops that were rarely cultivated in the area until recently (vanilla), and strong local ties that facilitate farmers' access to crops that are broadly cultivated locally (clove and banana). Major differences were found in the nature of ties used by farmers to access planting material and relevant information for these different crops. The implications of the network characteristics observed for the resilience of the farming systems are discussed. Our study underlines the importance of taking local modes of access to crop diversity and associated information into consideration to enhance the development of biodiversity-based resilient agriculture. We recommend that the local social processes that drive this access should be fully integrated in development and adaptation programs. [Display omitted] • Access to seedlings and information plays a crucial role in enabling farmers to adapt their crops to ongoing changes. • Sources of seedlings and information for 3 agroforestry crops with different histories and mating systems are compared. • Sources used by farmers differed significantly, notably the proportion and types of kinship ties and their location. • Socio-cultural factors shape both farmers' sourcing networks and resilience mechanisms in the agroforestry transition. • Local mechanisms behind farmers' access to agrobiodiversity should be considered in development and adaptation programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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12. Chapter Six - A Network-Based Method to Detect Patterns of Local Crop Biodiversity: Validation at the Species and Infra-Species Levels.

Author

Thomas, Mathieu, Verzelen, Nicolas, Barbillon, Pierre, Coomes, Oliver T., Caillon, Sophie, McKey, Doyle, Elias, Marianne, Garine, Eric, Raimond, Christine, Dounias, Edmond, Jarvis, Devra, Wencélius, Jean, Leclerc, Christian, Labeyrie, Vanesse, Pham Hung Cuong, Nguyen Thi Ngoc Hue, Sthapit, Bhuwon, Rana, Ram Bahadur, Barnaud, Adeline, and Violon, Chloé

Subjects
*CROP development, *AGROBIODIVERSITY, *BIOGEOGRAPHY, *AGRICULTURAL ecology, *HETEROGENEOUS catalysis
Abstract

In this chapter, we develop new indicators and statistical tests to characterize patterns of crop diversity at local scales to better understand interactions between ecological and socio-cultural functions of agroecosystems. Farms, where a large number of crops (species or landraces) is grown, are known to contribute a large part of the locally available diversity of both rare and common crops but the role of farms with low diversity remains little understood: do they grow only common varieties--following a nestedness pattern typical of mutualistic networks in ecology--or do 'crop-poor' farmers also grow rare varieties? This question is pivotal in ongoing efforts to assess the local-scale contribution of small farms to global agrobiodiversity. We develop new network-based approaches to characterize the distribution of local crop diversity (species and infra-species) at the village level and to validate these approaches using meta-datasets from 10 countries. Our results highlight the sources of heterogeneity in crop diversity at the village level. We often identify two or more groups of farms based on their different levels of diversity. In some datasets, 'crop-poor' farms significantly contribute to the local crop diversity. Generally, we find that the distribution of crop diversity is more heterogeneous at the species than at the infra-species level. This analysis reveals the absence of a general pattern of crop diversity distribution, suggesting strong dependence on local agro-ecological and socio-cultural contexts. These different patterns of crop diversity distribution reflect an heterogeneity in farmers' self-organized action in cultivating and maintaining local crop diversity, which ensures the adaptability of agroecosystems to global change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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