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Coffea cultivation with shade tree is used for improving soil health, increasing coffea production, sustaining agro ecology. The study was attended in two kebele, on 36 farmers’ fields, at Gololcha district of East Arsi zone. The study was intended to assess the influence of coffea shade trees on farm lands versus mountainous area. Household interviews were used to get imperative separately, i.e. from old farmers, middle age farmers and young farmers. Significant difference value was observed between farm land and mountainous area coverage. Based on this respondents’ idea, before 25-30 years; the ‘condition of tree coverage at mountainous’ area in Arsi Gololcha district was ‘medium condition’ but not normal that means as deforestation of mountainous area have been starting before 30 years’ time; while the condition of tree coverage at farmland area also has been starting before 30 years’ time. The third respondents’ idea was interpreted with the real situation of the district, that it gave us a constructive inspiration on the role of coffea shade tree to enable the farm land to be taken as regular natural forest. The existing coffea shade trees are Cordia africana followed by Erythrina abyssinica and Acacia senegal. Farmers accounted 95% of coffea shade users and 4.6% without shade users. The respondents said that even if the rainfall intensity is increasing at farmland rather than mountainous area occasionally due to shade tree effect. On the contrary side, mountainous area exposed to deforestation since the farmers have been shifting to hilly side for their livelihood dependency.

The African mahogany (Khaya senegalensis) in homogenous plantations and natural forests is widely studied, but there is a lack of information on wood from trees grown in agroforestry systems (AFSs)...

Natural regeneration is an indicator of a healthy forest, hence, understanding the influence of site factors on natural regeneration is a significant concern for ecologists. This work aimed to assess the impact of site factors on natural tree regeneration at Khadimnagar National Park (KNP). Biotic factors (tree density, tree species richness, and basal area), physical factors (elevation, canopy openness), and soil properties (bulk density, moisture content, soil pH, organic matter, sand, silt, and clay) data were investigated from 71 sample plots to examine their effects on natural regeneration density and richness in KNP. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was done to predict both regeneration density and regeneration richness. The results showed that soil pH (p

Carbon accumulation in forests is an important step towards achieving better climate mitigation levels. The current research aims at uncovering the link between the NATURA 2000 habitats in Borino Municipality, Southern Bulgaria and the expected carbon sequestration from natural forest regrowth for the period 2020-2050. The case study area currently is of a predominantly mountainous character with a number of forests – a prerequisite for enlargement of the carbon pools. Nevertheless, there are also grassland habitats, which participate in this process as well. The results of the research show that the southern parts of the municipality possess a larger potential for carbon accumulation with levels, reaching 1.10 and 1.28Mg C ha−1 yr−1. The promising outcomes may be used as an example of an investigation of climate mitigation and may serve as a basis for broadening the geographical range in other municipalities in the region.

A study was conducted to assess the status of soil organic carbon stocks under selected plantation and altered and natural ecosystems in southern Karnataka. Seven locations were identified for the study following the agro-climatic variability. The sites identified were Brahmavara in Udupi (coastal zone), Balehonnur in Chikkamagalur (hilly zone), Madnur and Salegrama in Hassan (northern and southern transitional zone), Alburu in Tumkur (eastern and southern dry zone), Babbur and Javagamatur in Chitradurga (central dry zone). In each of these zones, natural forest ecosystems were assessed in comparison to the plantation-based ecosystems to understand the changes in soil development with emphasis to soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. The SOC stocks at the surface varied from 1.24 to 6.44 kg m-3 in forests and from 1.53 to 6.51 kg m-3 in different plantation ecosystems. It was found from the study that SOC stocks followed the order hilly zone (per-humid climate) > coastal zone (hot humid climate) > eastern and southern dry zone (moist semi-arid climate) > northern and southern transitional zone (dry sub-humid climate) > central dry zone (dry semi-arid climate). The soils belonged to the order Ultisols and Alfisols. The major taxa of the soils identified at sub-group level of soil taxonomy are Rhodic Kandiustults, Typic Plinthohumults, Ustic Haplohumults, Typic Rhodustalfs, Rhodic Paleustalfs, Kandic Paleustalfs and Typic Haplustalfs.

Atrush Forest is a mixed forest that contains many types of forest trees and shrubs, and the dominant species in these forests (Pinus brutia Ten., Querecus sp., Crataqus ozaralus, Juniperus oxycedrus, Rhus coriaria, Prunus amycdalus, Ficus carica L. and Plautus spina- christi), the total area of the study area was determined (126.1821) hectare, (1786) gaps were fixed, classified into four categories, measurements were taken of the crowns and the total height of the surrounding trees that make up the circumference of the gap. As for the gap area, use the ellipse formula. It was found that the numbers of small gaps come in the forefront for each category (X < 200) m2 and (200 < X < 400) m2 where the number of gaps in the first category (X < 200) (855) was a problem gap of 48% of the total gaps, while the second category followed (200 < X < 400), in which the number of gaps was (444) gaps and constituted (25 %), while the third category (400 < X < 600), the number of gaps was (171) gaps formed by that (10%) of the total gaps, while the number of gaps in the fourth and large category (X > 600) was (316) gaps, and 17% of the total gaps formed, while the shapes for the gaps were the triangular, oval, regular, and irregular shape Regular proportions (6, 30, 37 and 27 %) respectively, and that the ellipse and regular form (67 %) of total space. As for the gaps with areas (400 < X < 200) m2 where the triangular, oval, regular and irregular shapes form the proportions (9, 28, 39, 24 %) respectively, we find that the oval and regular forms are a total of (67 %) of the areas of the second category, while the gaps with areas (600 < X < 400) m2 , the triangular, oval, regular and irregular shapes formed the proportions (13, 25, 40, 22 %) respectively, and the oval and regular forms formed 65% of the areas of the third category. While we find that the large gaps whose area is greater than (600 > X) m2, we find that the triangular, oval, regular and irregular oval shapes formed proportions (13, 18, 53, 16 %), respectively, and that the sum of the ratios The oval and regular forms of the fourth area category are (71 %), and this indicates that the oval and regular forms are the most common forms in the gaps, and there is no doubt that regular forms are prevalent at the site of the study and formed (17 %) of the total gaps.

The establishment of agroforestry systems (AFS) is a consistent strategy to integrate sustainable supply of wood, food and environmental services in a single land plot. Teak (Tectona grandis Linn. F.) is an interesting option for the tree component in AFS, though there is a lack of information on its potential. This study aimed to characterize the quality of teak wood produced in an AFS regarding its technological characteristics and best end uses. Wood was sampled from a multi-stratified AFS located in the midwestern region of Rondônia state, Brazil, more specifically in a formerly deforested area of Amazon rainforest. The AFS is composed of double-ranked perennial crops and the forest component has growing space of 5.0 × 2.5 m. Physical-mechanical properties of teak wood were assessed and the results indicated its medium to high dimensional stability along with mechanical performance very close to that determined for wood from either homogeneous plantations or natural forests. Specific strength was significantly higher than some tropical wood species with higher densities. Teak wood from the AFS reached the minimum requirements for structural applications, with suitable properties to be used in the manufacture of decks, partitions and, residential flooring.

Utilize agricultural residues from pruning brings many advantages including employment, social and economic benefit, rural development, natural forest protection, increased energy efficiency, and lower costs of raw material for the production of particleboard industry. In this study, the use of wood utilization of pruning residues from apple trees has been investigated by using chipping at the landing chipping methods (LCMs) and farm chipping methods (FCM). These methods were conducted on seven farms, totaling 9.2 ha. A time study was used to estimate operation time and cost. Transportation of chips from the study area to factories was done with semi-trailers, trucks, and pickup trucks. The residue yield was between 1.8 and 2.0 green ton per hectare. The maximum time was related to chipping and the collection of residues and the most delay was mechanical. The residues were collected, chipped, and transported to the particleboard factory at a cost between US$10.18 and US$19.46 per ton, and the profit rate between US$15.5 and US$24.8 per ton depending on chipping methods and secondary transport system. Cost and the total time of LCM were lower than the FCM, and also production rate of LCM was higher than the FCM; therefore, this method was more effective in processing residues from apple trees. Regression techniques showed that in LCM, the effect of diameter and age was significant on residue processing time and in FCM, the effect of diameter, age, residue density, and functional the area was significant in residue processing time.

The potential productivity of forest stands is considered depending on forest conditions. Multiple regression equations are formed. As a dependent variable, the bonitet class is used. Soil, moisture and heat are the main factors affecting the development of plantings. The heat supply of locations is considered as a derivative of topography. The moisture and fertility indicators of locations based on the characteristics of taxation stands are constructed. A significant decrease in the bonitet class as climbing is observed only in larch stands. The influence of exposure and slope on the productivity of stands is not traced. A ranked range of location moisture is demonstrated relatively to a generalized qualitative indicator of forest conditions such as forest. There is a statistically significant relationship between the productivity of the stands and soil types.

Dendrocalamus longispathus Kurz clumps located in Mamit District, Mizoram, India was observed to study the quality and quantity of seed produced during the sporadic flowering as an ecological indicator for further flowering precaution in Mizoram. Soil seed bank and seed drop quantity of seeds in a culm were estimted for further afforestation of D. longispathus in a barren or wasteland lands in tropical sloppy mountainous conditions. The study would be applicable in reforestation, programme by dispersing the collected seeds into a forest areas decreasing in numbers of D. longispathus. The study between the disturbed site and undisturbed site compared to understand the difference between the two sites in terms of their seed quantity, seed drop, seed viability and soil seed bank. The number of seed produced by a flowering D. longispathus culm was higher in undisturbed bamboo forest. Seed viability test using tissue paper test indicated that there was 50.5% and 55.7% viability for disturbed and undisturbed sites respectively. However, using 1% solution of 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride from a disturbed and undisturbed sitess showed 52.2 % and 56 % viability respectively. Adoption of scientific management techniques advocated for both bamboo plantations and natural bamboo forests to improve the quality and growing stock volume of bamboo in Mizoram.

China holds the world’s largest area of planted forests, which play a crucial role in mitigating climate change. Knowledge gaps remain on the responses of the growth of planted forests to climate c...

The severe haze disaster in Southeast Asia requires quantification of the drivers of fire in Sumatra. Without a holistic method, the conclusions are inaccurate. This study used remote sensing data and Maxent modeling technique to model and predicted the distribution of fires in Riau, Sumatra. The MODIS hotspot data from 2001 to 2014 in the study area were gathered. The hotspot data were examined for the human-ignition factors such as deforestation, land management, land system, slope, and forest area status to understand the driver of fire. The results showed that the fire is human-caused. There were three main findings. First, the study area experienced rapid deforestation, with 1.7 million ha of forests was lost from 1990 to 2013. Second, the fire risk associated with unsustainable plantation development and unclear land tenure. The yearly hotspots were high soon after deforestation and reduced gradually. Most of the hotspot from 2001 to 2014 occurred in an area that developed for oil palm by the independent farmer (73.7%). In contrast, the area developed by the company (acacia, rubber, and oil palm) has fewer hotspots.Nevertheless, natural forests were shown to be fire-resistant. Third, the land system was the most important driver of fire, followed by landholders and deforestation.On the contrary, slope and forest area status showed the marginal driver of fire. These results indicated the importance of peat swamp forest, sustainable plantation management, and land tenure to mitigate haze disaster. Fire distribution modeling can develop fire risk maps that can help the government focus on high-risk areas.

In forests, edaphic microbial communities are involved in litter decomposition and soil forming processes, with major contribution to humification, especially bacteria and fungi being responsible for the main ecosystem services fulfilled by the soil. Research has been carried out aiming to characterize the structure and diversity of microbial communities in the Rendzic Leptosols (WRB) under natural deciduous forest from Visterna, Babadag Plateau and to assess their contribution to ecosystem services provided by soil. The paper presents the results of quantitative estimations and taxonomic composition of soil and litter communities of heterotrophic bacteria and fungi, identification of cellulolytic species, as well as the microbial biomass and global physiological activities expressed as soil respiration potential. More than a half of bacterial species were common in litter and soil (SI=57.14%) and were represented by dominant species of fluorescent or non-fluorescent pseudomonads and Bacillus subtilis but no similarity was found between the two fungal communities. Fungal populations included cosmopolitan species, such as antagonists and strong cellulolytic representatives of genera Penicillium, Trichoderma, Mortierella, Chaetomium, Epicoccum, Aspergillus. Microbial density and microbial biomass presented the highest values in the litter (684 mg C x kg-1 d.s.) and in surface horizon Am1 of soil profile than in the bottom layers. The highest diversity was found in Am1 horizon (0-5 cm) H’=1.983 bits and ε=0.869 for cellulolytic community. Soil respiration reflected the intense physiological activity of microbiome, with high values associated to numerous effectives of bacteria and fungi especially in surface horizon. Microorganisms identified contribute to formation of soil by recycling of nutrients, cellulose decomposition, the synthesis of stable organic matter (humic acids), aggregation of soil particles, biological control of pathogens by antagonistic activity. They improve plant uptake of water and nutrients by forming symbioses (ectomycorrhizae), thus modelling the structure of vegetation.

The data of microclimatic observations carried out in the area of broad-leaved-coniferous forests of the Southern Urals are presented. The parameters of heat supply and thermal regime of some types of primary plantations are established.

Mixed forests play an important role in promoting forest functions and services, and showed better resilience to perturbations than monospecific forests. In the Mediterranean Basin they constitute an important share of the total forest area. However, although mixed forests have been described, classified and mapped in most of the Mediterranean regions around the world, in the Mediterranean Basin they remain neglected, with direct negative consequences for forest management and conservation strategies. Our objective is to present a reliable, uniform classification along with a map of the Spanish Mediterranean Mixed Forests (MMF) as a tool for their management and conservation in Spain. The digital Spanish Forest Map was analyzed to identify MMF. The most frequent tree species combinations were identified and their representativeness in terms of the total forest area was analyzed. In addition, to ensure environmental homogeneity in the proposed classification, the arrangement of each tree species combination within the Spanish Mediterranean ecoregions was evaluated using the Pearson Chi-square test. Based on our results, Spanish MMF currently cover 27.07% of the Mediterranean natural forest area. They were divided into 9 main ecological groups and 23 subtypes. The classification of Spanish MMF and the distribution map represent a first step towards recognizing the importance of mixed forests in the vegetation of the Mediterranean Basin. Together they may provide a valuable basis to improve future forest management, monitoring and conservation strategies both at national and European level.

Areas with natural forest potential that are still preserved have the potential to birdwatching activities, a concept of sustainable tourism to preserve the environment and increase the participation of local communities. Protected forests in the South Malang area are natural forests which are still protected by habitat conditions for wild animals, especially for bird species. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential development of a birdwatching track based on the distribution of birds in the Protected Forest Area of Sumbermanjing Kulon KPH Malang. Make a path of observation and identify the types of birds found in protected forests. Knowing the community's response to birdwatching activities around protected forests through interviews. Data analysis was done by making a map of the distribution of maps and the potential of the observation pathway using the ArcGis 10.3 program. There are 51 species of birds with 3.4 species diversity (H ') in the high category. The potential of 22 birdwatching routes with mostly flat road conditions (59%), sloping (23%) and steep (18%). Bird species that can be found in 6 species of birds for each observation pathway. Knowledge of respondents related to the ability to recognize 3-5 species of birds 40%, recognize 70% birdwatching activities, and 83% of respondents' agree with the development of birdwatching as a tourism. Keywords: birdwatching, ecoturism, Kondang Merak, protected forest

Expansion of natural forest or woodland in forestry plantations can potentially provide insight about the behaviour of plant communities in human-modified ecosystems. Here, we investigate the expan...

Forest measurements, especially in natural forests are cumbersome and complex. 100% enumeration is costly and inefficient. This study sought to find out reliable, efficient and cost-effective sampling schemes for use in tropical rain forest (TRF), moist montane forest (MMF) and dry woodland forest (DWF) in Kenya. Forty-eight sampling schemes (each combining sampling intensity (5, 10, 20, 30%), plot size (25, 50, 100, 400 m2) and sampling technique (simple random sampling, systematic sampling along North-South and along East-West orientations) were generated for testing estimates of forest attributes such as regeneration through simulation using R-software. Sampling error and effort were used to measure efficiency of each sampling scheme in relation to actual values. Though forest sites differed in biophysical characteristics, cost of sampling increased with decreasing plot size regardless of the forest type and attribute. Accuracy of inventory increased with decreasing plot size. Plot sizes that captured inherent variability were 5mx5m for regeneration and trees ha-1 across forest types but varied between forest types for basal area. Different sampling schemes were ranked for relative efficiency through simulation techniques, using regeneration as an example. In many instances systematic sampling-based sampling schemes were most effective. Sub-sampling in one-hectare forest unit gave reliable results in TRF (e.g. SSV-5mx5m-30%) and DWF (e.g. SSV-10mx10m-30%) but not in MMF (5mx5m-100%). One-hectare-complete-inventory method was found inevitable for regeneration assessment in montane forest.

Forest stands in the semi-arid environment of northern Mongolia have an essential role in controlling ongoing desertification in the surrounding landscape. Over the last decade, the total forest area has decreased dramatically. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of natural regeneration as an essential element for ensuring sustainability of these forests. Based on field measurements from 120 plots in six sites, our assessment tool revealed five qualitative categories of forest regeneration, allowing us to assess impacts of both grazing and environmental conditions on the regeneration process. Grazing is a crucial factor and adversely affects regeneration. For sites with relatively low grazing intensity, low soil moisture levels represent the main reason for reduced regeneration. The approach to classification proposed in this study allows for the identification and interpretation of stand conditions where natural regeneration has failed. This study provides an important foundation to inform decision- making related to land protection and restoration actions. Our findings could be used in comparative studies and, importantly, may aid further mapping of Mongolian forests.

Planted forests are becoming increasingly common worldwide, replacing natural forests and compromising their associated biodiversity. However, not all forest plantations are the same. Aiming to identify key plantation features that could be managed to improve bird diversity, we conducted a meta-analysis examining the differential effects of several kinds of plantations on bird species richness and abundance. Our literature survey provided 123 case studies (68 cases for species richness and 55 for abundance), which showed that, although forest plantations have negative effects on both richness and abundance, there is a large heterogeneity of responses among plantation types. The least negative effects were found at plantations established with native tree species and mixed arrangements, along with those intended for protective uses. Moreover, exotic monocultures for commercial purposes were found to be the most negative plantations for bird diversity. Likewise, small (

Plans to triple the area of plantations will not meet 1.5 °C climate goals. New natural forests can, argue Simon L. Lewis, Charlotte E. Wheeler and colleagues. Plans to triple the area of plantations will not meet 1.5 °C climate goals. New natural forests can, argue Simon L. Lewis, Charlotte E. Wheeler and colleagues.

Natural forest in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHTs) of Bangladesh is degrading due to various reasons. Village common forest (VCF) in CHTs is one of the successful forest management schemes without government intervention. This research was conducted in the Komolchori VCF, Khagrachari, Bangladesh to delineate its tree diversity status . A total of 921 individuals belonging to 55 species were found from 25 randomly studied plots. The highest basal area and relative dominance were recorded for Terminalia bellirica which were 1.23 m2/ha and 6.07%, respectively, whereas the lowest basal area and relative dominance were 0.47 m2/ha and 2.30%, respectively, for Protium serratum. In addition, the highest relative density, relative frequency, and importance value index was occupied by Aglaia cucullata which were 20.41%, 7.54%, and 29.65%, respectively. Aglaia cucullata and Schima wallichii were found as the most dominant species based on hierarchical cluster membership. The Shannon’s index, Simpson’s index, species diversity index, Margalef’s (richness) index, species evenness index and dominance of Simpson index for the Komolchori VCF were found as 3.22, 0.07, 66.03, 7.91, 0.47, and 0.93, respectively. This study will progress the further study to ensure proper action on biodiversity conservation in the CHTs of Bangladesh.

The cultivation of agarwood tree species such as Aquilaria has grown dramatically during the last ten years. This development is driven by the desire to produce sustainable agarwood to meet the high market demand. In the past, the main source of agarwood had been from natural forests, which resources are now declining. Although there are various examples of pests and diseases affecting early plantations, these damages were often overlooked. Recently, the emergence of new pests and diseases in large-scale Aquilaria tree plantations has raised concerns among planters and researchers, as the damage level to the trees may vary from unsubstantial to tree mortality. Lack of information on the types of pests and diseases in Aquilaria plantations makes it difficult to properly manage these threats, leading to economic losses. This review summarizes the insect pests and diseases known to damage cultivated agarwood trees in various countries including China, India, Indonesia, and Malaysia. As we learn from the cultivation practices of other monoculture crops, these insect pests and pathogens are a major challenge to the healthy growth of agarwood trees. The implementation of an integrated pest and disease management at an early stage of plantation establishment may hold the key to help control and contain these threats from turning into major outbreaks.

Attempts to mitigate global climate change have brought forestry into focus. Forests absorb carbondioxide from the atmosphere, alleviate global warming and contribute for rural livelihoods. To real...

Forest ecosystems play an important role in regulating the global carbon, a substantial portion of terrestrial carbon pool which is stored in biomass stocks. However, how multiple biotic (i.e. topography) and abiotic (biodiversity, stand structure, and functional traits) influence forest biomass in natural forests, the relative important of these factors determine biomass is still controversial for subtropical natural forests. We used forest inventory data from nine 1-ha plots at different altitude gradients in China’s subtropical forests. We used multiple analyse to quantify the relative importance of multiple facets of diversity, key functional traits, stand structural attributes, and topography variables in determining forest biomass. We found that multiple facets of diversity and stand structure variables enhances biomass. Specifically, large-diameter trees had a strong positive effect on biomass and were the most important factor in determining biomass. Plant functional traits were closely related to biomass. Community-weighted mean value (CWM) of maximum height positively correlated with biomass, but CWM of wood density negatively correlated biomass. Topographic factors including elevation and slope, had a positive effect on biomass. Moreover, among the aforementioned four types of variables, stand structure had the greatest impact on biomass and is linked to diversity-biomass relationship. Topography mainly indirectly affected biomass by altering multiple diversity and stand structure. Functional traits also directly and indirectly affected biomass. Overall, these results support niche complementarity effect and mass-ratio hypothesis. Our results indicate that biodiversity is essential for maintaining ecosystem functions of species-rich subtropical natural forests. Further, adjusting stand structure may be an effective forest management approach to increase forest carbon storage.

This study demonstrates that the economic activity of the Amazon's natural forest has great potential yet to be developed when considering Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) and those coming from agro-ecosystems (SAFs). Preliminary financial analyzes, in systems that are still incipient, point to a great potential for profitability of these alternative systems compared to traditional activities such as soybean and livestock farming, with the advantage of being conducted without degradation and deforestation, allowing the continuation with the support of the Amazonian ecological system. More research is needed to scale successful cases and more “dialogue” between the models of modern agriculture and the traditional knowledge to reach an integrated natural forest management system.

Natural forests are a basic component of the earth's ecology. It is essential for biodiversity, hydrological cycle regulation, and environmental protection. Natural forests are gradually degraded and reduced due to timber logging, conversion to cropland, production forests, commodity trees, and infrastructure development. Decreasing natural forests results in loss of valuable habitats, land degradation, soil erosion, and imbalance of water cycle on the regional scale. Thus, operational monitoring of natural forest cover change has been in the interest of scientists for a long time. Current forest mapping methods using remotely sensed data provide limited capability to separate natural forests and planted forests. Natural forest statistics are often generated using official forestry national reports that have different bias levels due to different methodologies applied in different countries in forest inventory. Over the last couple of decades, natural forests have been over-exploited for various reasons. This led to forest cover degradation and water regulation capability, which results in extreme floods and drought of a watershed in general. This situation demands an urgent need to develop a fast, reliable, and automated method for mapping natural forests. In this study, by applying a new method for mapping natural forests by Landsat time series, the authors succeeded in mapping changes of natural forests of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam from 1989 to 2018. As a focused study area, three provinces: Ratanakiri of Cambodia, Attapeu of Laos, and Kon Tum of Vietnam were selected. The study reveals that after 30 years, 51.3% of natural forests in Ratanakiri, 27.8% of natural forests in Attapeu, and 50% of natural forests in Kon Tum were lost. Classification results were validated using high spatial resolution imagery of Google Earth. The overall accuracy of 99.3% for the year 2018 was achieved.

More than four decades of cumulative silvicultural experience in Venezuelan forests represents a significant progress towards sustainable forest management in the tropics. Here, based on an extensive literature review, expert opinions and discussions with forestry stakeholders in the country, we offer a broad overview of the history and current state of silvicultural practices in Venezuela’s natural production forests. Despite important research advances, several factors including institutional and policy limitations, along with the lack of sound technical guidelines have hampered a more positive influence of silvicultural research for sustainable forest management across the country’s managed forests. On an industrial scale, after an often poorly planned selective logging, and despite increasing evidences against for, a strong prominence of assisted natural regeneration (i.e., enrichment planting) characterized the post-logging management compared to other approaches. With very few exceptions, using artificial regeneration did not produced the expected outcomes in terms of tree growth, expected timber yield and survival. Finally, amidst the current political and economic upheaval in Venezuela, a broad range of lessons and policy recommendations is proposed including the strengthening of research on silvicultural options for multiple use of forests and for climate change mitigation and adaptation.

Realizing the potential of expanding rubber forest plantations in Malaysia and the increasing awareness of biodiversity, the Bukit Kuantan rubber forest plantation portrays its ecofriendly nature through several initiatives such as conservation of natural forest fragment within the plantation landscape. By using birds as an indicator, this work aims for a favourable outcome from conservation of the forest fragment and investigate bird diversity in relation to distance from the forest fragment into the rubber forest plantation area. The number of bird species recorded is high in the forest fragment i.e., 45 species, however, the number steadily declined with distance. Likewise, species diversity is high in the forest fragment, H’ = 3.404 but declined with distance. Fourteen (14) species are exclusively found in the forest fragment. Through the findings, it can be deduced that the presence of forest fragment helps to increase bird diversity in the rubber forest plantation, although continuous research is still required to understand how the presence of forest fragment sustains the biodiversity within a plantation landscape.

Teakwood is popular in the international market due to its excellent durability, good aesthetic properties and mechanical resistance. Teak has been the priority species in reforestation programs for many years because of its unique features. Since 1900, this species has been planted in areas where it grew naturally. In the present century, it is established as commercial plantations in Africa, America and Oceania, covering a great variety of site conditions. Cloning techniques and intensive silviculture revolutionized teak cultivation. All these factors have resulted in generation of wood with diverse qualities and properties. Thus, this chapter examines variations in teakwood qualities and properties in relation to countries where it grows naturally, variations between plantation and naturally grown wood, variations across countries, sites, provenances and clones. In addition, this chapter addresses aspects of the wood properties related to the commercially known “super teak” trees, heritability, genetic gain and biotechnology. The sources of wood variation are numerous, including anatomical, physical and mechanical properties. The main source of variation is whether the wood comes from natural forests or planted trees. In this regard, intensive silviculture is the most successful way to achieve rapid commercial prospects. Despite the fact that teak has been introduced in many countries, little is known about its wood variations, and wood properties of juvenile teakwood are scarcely studies. It is evident that our knowledge of wood produced under improvement programs is still inadequate, and the same can be applied to genetics and wood engineering, which has only recently begun.

Preserving wild coffee in the natural forest, especially in southwest Ethiopia, is important for maintaining the genetic diversity of Arabica coffee and sustaining coffee production. To monitor the changes in wild coffee in the natural forest, we conducted an in situ baseline survey in 2015, and 30 of those survey sites were re-visited in 2019. Those surveys involved counting the number of mature mother trees, saplings and seedlings, as well as recording details of the sites, including disturbance, accessibility and forest conditions. Satellite imagery was combined with the site-specific in situ survey data to provide evidence of the forest condition around the study sites and therefore help more fully explore the causes for the changes in the wild coffee stock. The results show that, overall, the population of mother coffee trees was maintained during the 4-year period, and a slight increase in saplings occurred. Closer examination reveals considerable variations between sites, with some equally accessible sites showing a sharp decline in the number of mother trees while others show consistent increases. This study demonstrates the importance of systematic surveys, especially for the areas where forest cover and wild coffee plants are highly variable, and this may help explore community-specific approaches in managing wild coffee in the forest.

The aim of the research was to determine the potential of the Sorong nature tourism park (NTP), potential feasibility and management startegis of area.That potential consisting of the biophysical conditions of the area (climate, topography, geology, soil and hydrology in the form of rivers and waterfalls) as well as biodiversity potential both flora (flora natural forest and plantation forest) and fauna and management by the unit institution. The area was feasible to be developed as ecotourism with a feasibility index of 84.09%.

Forests and agricultural lands are the main resources on the earth's surface and important indicators of regional ecological environments. In this paper, Landsat images from 1990 and 2017 were used to extract information on forests in Malaysia based on a remote-sensing classification method. The spatial-temporal changes of forests and agricultural lands in Malaysia between 1990 and 2017 were analyzed. The results showed that the natural forests in Malaysia decreased by 441 Mha, a reduction of 21%. The natural forests were mainly converted into plantations in Peninsular Malaysia and plantations and secondary forests in East Malaysia. The area of agricultural lands in Malaysia increased by 55.7%, in which paddy fields increased by 1.1% and plantations increased by 98.2%. Paddy fields in Peninsular Malaysia are mainly distributed in the north-central coast and the Kelantan Delta. The agricultural land in East Malaysia is dominated by plantations, which are mainly distributed in coastal areas. The predictable areas of possible expansion for paddy fields in Peninsular Malaysia's Kelantan (45.2%) and Kedah (16.8%) areas in the future are large, and in addition, the plantations in Sarawak (44.7%) and Sabah (29.6%) of East Malaysia have large areas for expansion. The contradiction between agricultural development and protecting the ecological environment is increasingly prominent. The demand for agriculture is expected to increase further and result in greater pressures on tropical forests. Governments also need to encourage farmers to carry out existing land development, land recultivation, or cooperative development to improve agricultural efficiency and reduce the damage to natural forests.

High costs of tree planting are a barrier to meeting global forest restoration targets. Natural forest regeneration is more cost‐effective than tree planting, but its potential to foster restoration at scale is poorly understood. We predict, map, and quantify natural regeneration potential within 75.5 M ha of deforested lands in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Of 34.1 M ha (26.4%) of current forest cover, 2.7 M ha (8.0%) regenerated naturally from 1996 to 2015. We estimate that another 2.8 M ha could naturally regenerate by 2035, and a further 18.8 M ha could be restored using assisted regeneration methods, thereby reducing implementation costs by US$ 90.6 billion (77%) compared to tree planting. These restored forests could sequester 2.3 GtCO2 of carbon, reduce the mean number of expected species at risk of extinction by 63.4, and reduce fragmentation by 44% compared to current levels. Natural regeneration planning is key for achieving cost‐effective large‐scale restoration.

The southwest Ethiopian Afromontane moist forests are recognized as one of the biodiversity hotspots as they are the centres of origin and domestication of Arabica coffee. But they are under threat due to deforestation and conversion to coffee farms. Coffee agroforests are believed to buffer the natural forest from these threats. The study was conducted to investigate the importance of coffee agroforest adjacent to Belete forest southwest Ethiopia. Vegetation data were collected from 68 plots (34 each) and socioeconomic data were collected from 136 households (68 each). The results showed that statistically, there were no significant differences between the natural forest and adjacent coffee agroforests in the species composition, species richness and Shannon diversity index of the woody species(P > 0.05). The socioeconomic benefit result showed a number of forest products that are collected from the coffee agroforest. There were statistically significant differences between the natural forest and coffee agroforest in the forest income and the Simpson Diversification Index of the households (p < 0.05). Coffee agroforests contribute to the conservation of woody species through the retention of woody species and reducing pressure on the natural forest. Therefore, the socioeconomic benefits of coffee agroforests must take into account the conservation of woody species in linking the conservation and development arena.

Sago tree (Metroxilon sp.) Is native to Southeast Asia. The method used in this research is to use descriptive method with case study and free interview (free interview) field in processing sago and sago tree species which in though. Village community Malawor District Makbon Sorong regency has long consumed sago from natural forests and some sago already planted by ancestors hereditary. When rice and yams run out, people consume sago as a substitute. Most people still manage sago using traditional method for that which become problem point of this research is how kind of sago, process of traditional and semi traditional (scar machine) along with economical value of processed sago which can by community of Kampung Malawor District of Makbon Regency Sorong

Harvesting of mature forest crop, regenerating the harvested area and tending of young crop are major silvicultural operations in forest management. Silvicultural system provides a framework for carrying out these silvicultural operations in a systematic manner. Yield is the annual amount of produce that can be realized sustainably. Similarly, thinning is the principal tending operation carried out in immature crop, is more often complicated in natural forest. This paper attempts to review silvicultural system applied in Terai region of Nepal under scientific forest management in order to regulate yield and to suggest new methods of thinning in natural forests. The study was conducted in Buddha Shanti Collaborative Forest in Nawalparasi district, western Terai Nepal. Data related to implementation status of CFM Plan were collected through field observation. Harvesting data were collected during harvesting operation. The collected harvesting data were analyzed for yield regulation. Irregular shelter-wood system was applied in Buddha Shanti CFM. The applied method of yield regulation is combination of area and stem control. Area control is applied for regeneration period. Annual harvest is controlled by number of stems. Tree harvesting area is fixed for ten years and annual harvesting amount is fixed by number of tree. In this method annual numbers of trees for harvesting are fixed. Total enumeration method was applied for thinning to find out the most frequent size of pole in selected sub compartment. During the enumeration process; distance between the every stem and fore bearing was also recorded with the help of laser distance meter and compass. A stem map was prepared with the help of Arc-GIS and the grid distance was fixed based on the most frequent size of stem. Then, one stem from each grid was selected for retaining after harvesting and remaining stems were cut down. This method provides appropriate guideline for implementing it objectively by reducing subjective judgment and provide more systematic method for thinning. The field practices of application of silvicultural system and yield regulation were found in accordance to the scientific forest management Procedures 2014 in Buddha Shanti CFM. The method for thinning applied in the CFM was found applicable to other similar type of forests. Banko JanakariA Journal of Forestry Information for Nepal Special Issue No. 4, 2018, Page: 92-97

The citrus longhorned beetle (CLB), Anoplophora chinensis (Forster), is a wood-boring beetle native to eastern Asia, where it is a major pest of citrus. It is highly polyphagous and attacks many species of broad-leaved trees. Expanding international trade, especially of bonsais and nursery trees imported from eastern Asia, has led to introduction of CLB beyond its native range, especially in Europe where it is currently a serious threat to ornamentals, the tree nursery industry, and urban forests, and is a potential threat to natural forests and the citrus industry. We present the history of 38 years (1980–Dec 2017) of CLB interceptions and discoveries of infestations in Europe; eradication activities, which are based on the CLB management rules developed by the European Union; and the current status of CLB infestations in Europe. There have been 115 reports of detection of CLB in 11 countries since the first report in 1980 (59 interceptions and 56 infestations, of which 49 were found in Italy). CLB is reported as eradicated from nine of the 11 countries as of December 2017, but populations are still established in Italy and Croatia.

The Okinawa Islands are a crescent-shaped archipelago and their natural forests hold a huge variety of unique subtropical plants with relatively high endemism. We have performed phytochemical study on Okinawan subtropical plants for many years. In this review, we describe our recent research progress on the isolation of new compounds and their various bioactivities.