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Among the factors that determine the efficiency and success of the livestock industry is the science-based production of high quality feed. The solution to this problem is impossible without field feed production, engaged in the cultivation of annual mixtures. Among the large number of forage crops in the western forest-steppe are worthy of annual mixtures, in particular winter, which is highly valued for adaptability to growing conditions, especially in climate change. Despite the considerable part of the conducted researches on the development of technology of cultivation of winter forage crops, the question of optimization of their component composition and increase of stability of the most economically valuable species in the conditions of climate change remains relevant. Field studies were conducted in accordance with the common methods of forage production at the collection and research field of the Separate unit of the National University of Bioresources and Nature Management of Ukraine «Zalishchyky Agricultural College. E. Khraplyvy» during 2016-2018. On the basis of the experimental data, the optimal elements of the technology of cultivation of agrophytocenoses of Pannonian Viking with rye winter and triticale winter for the conditions of the Western Forest Steppe were identified. It was found that the highest yield of 1 ha of fodder units and exchange energy among the grass-root mixtures (4.50 t and 62.8 GJ) was agrophytocenosis, which included the cultivation of Pannosk in the amount of 2.5 million / ha of similar seeds with winter rye - 75% of the total sowing rate in single-species sowing, and among the ex-tritical (5.09 t and 64.6 GJ) - variant with sowing of the same seeding rate of legume component and winter triticale - 25% of the total sowing rate in single-species sowing. Pannonian wiki seeds in both variants were treated before sowing growth promoter. The results of the research will help to strengthen the forage base for animal husbandry and increase the productivity of farm animals.

Ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting (RFRH) is known to be effective in controlling water loss and soil erosion, and increasing soil moisture and crop yield in semiarid regions. However, it can cause waterlogging, ridge overtopping, and harvest failure if not properly designed. A four consecutive-year field trial was carried out to assess the impacts of various slope gradients and tillage practices on soil moisture, runoff, sediment yield, associated soil nutrient losses, fodder yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) of alfalfa in the Loess Plateau, China. The trial adopted a split-plot design, taking slope gradient (5° and 10°) as main plot treatment and tillage practice (traditional tillage, open-ridging, and tied-ridging) as split-plot treatment, from 2015 to 2018. There were greater variations in runoff, sediment yield, and associated soil nutrient losses than in fodder yield and WUE. Tied-ridging and open-ridging resulted in decreased runoff and reduced sediment transport and associated soil nutrient losses, and increased soil moisture, fodder yield, and WUE. Runoff, sediment transport, and associated soil nutrient losses inclined with increasing slope; while fodder yield and the WUE declined. For slopes of 5° and 10°, the average decrease in runoff, sediment yield, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and organic matter losses for open-ridging were 47.7–56.2%, 91.0–92.7%, 90.4–93.1%, 90.1–92.2%, and 88.9–90.2%, respectively, while these for tied-ridging were 62.4–68.4%, 94.5–96.4%, 93.6–95.5%, 93.9–95.9%, and 93.0–94.9%, over 4 years as compared with traditional tillage. The mean annual runoff, sediment, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and organic matter losses for slopes of 10° were 1.31, 1.96, 1.87, 1.99, and 1.64 times greater than the corresponding values for slopes of 5°, respectively. The increase of fodder yield and WUE for open-ridging and tied-ridging was 40.1–45.6% and 16.0–17.5%, and 3.66–5.99 and 1.35–2.50 kg ha−1 mm−1, respectively, for slopes of 5° and 10°. The average fodder yield and WUE for slopes of 5° were 1.19 and 1.23 times greater than corresponding values for slopes of 10°, respectively. The disparities in fodder yield and WUE of alfalfa between slopes of 5° and 10° were not clear in dry years, but were evident in wet years. Tied-ridging was recommended for water and soil conservation, while open-ridging was recommended for increase of fodder yield and WUE of alfalfa. The implementation of RFRH in crop production should be evaluated by the use of a model in accordance with climatic conditions, soil type, and plant species.

Cenchrus ciliaris is a potential forage grass that is widely distributed in saline desert condition across Africa, Australia and Asia. To examine anatomical characteristics relating to ionic and nutritional contents in response to salinity, Cenchrus ciliaris populations from the naturally salt-affected region of the Cholistan Desert, Pakistan were collected. The experiment was planned in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications and four treatment levels (0, 100, 200, and 300 mM NaCl) in a hydroponic system. After six months of growth in nutrient solution anatomical characteristics relating to ionic and nutritional traits were studied. It was hypothesized that C. ciliaris at higher salt stress must have developed some specific structural adaptations, which are responsible for better survival under high salt stress. At root level, C. ciliaris showed decreased root thickness with greater proportion of parenchyma cells in cortical region and increased sclerification in cortex and pith regions at high salinity levels, which are vital for water conservation under osmotic stress. At stem level increased stem area, cortical and vascular bundle cell area were recorded with increase in salinity level of external growth medium. Salt tolerance in C. ciliaris mainly associated with restricted uptake of toxic Na+ and Cl− ions at roots, accompanied by increased concentration of K+ and Ca++ in shoot. Under high salinities, C. ciliaris showed increased epidermis thickness, well developed bulliform cells, and increased trichome density at leaf level. All these structural modification in this species may contribute towards water conservations under physiological stress that is caused by high level of soil salinity. Various nutritional traits such as crude protein, ash content, relative feed value, and net energy of lactation slightly improved with salinity. Present study revealed nutritional potential, ionic contents and anatomical adaptations of C. ciliaris to cope with salinity. As such this species can be used to produce valuable fodder under saline desert environment.

Under small and marginal farm conditions, allocation of land exclusively for forages is not possible. Hence, integration of forages in existing crop geometry can ensure production of grain and fodder, simultaneously under rainfed conditions. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different nutrient management practices on rice and fodder intercropping systems under rainfed conditions during 2015–2017. The intercropping system comprised (i) sole rice (R), (ii) rice and cowpea (5:2) (CP) and (iii) rice and ricebean (5:2) (RB) whereas the different nutrient management practices comprised (i) application of farm yard manure (FYM) at 5 t ha–1 (farmers’ practice) (N1), (ii) application of inorganic fertilizer (recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) of rice, 60:30:30 kg ha–1 of N:P2O5:K2O) (N2) and (iii) application of both FYM at 5 t ha–1 and 50% of RDF inorganic fertilizer (N3). The results of the experiment revealed that the growth attribute such as leaf area was influenced significantly when fodder crops were taken as intercrops because rice plant was getting more nitrogen from soil due to nitrogen fixation of leguminous fodder crops. Among the nutrient management practices, significant differences in leaf area were found beween N2 and N1, and between N3 and N1 treatments. However, regarding total number of effective tillers, significant differences were found neither between nutrient management practices nor between cropping systems. The rice equivalent yield (REY) based on price (REYP) was found to be significantly lower in CP (2 615 kg ha–1; –6.4%) and RB intercropping systems (2 571 kg ha–1; –8.0%) than in R monocropping system (2 794 kg ha–1). However, the REY based on energy (REYE) of CP (2 999 kg ha–1; +7.3%) and RB (2 960 kg ha–1; +5.9%) were found to be significantly higher than that of R (2 794 kg ha–1) irrespective of nutrient management practices. Between different nutrient management practices, the N3 treatment recorded the highest REYP and REYE which was at par with the N2 treatment and significantly higher than the N1 treatment irrespective of cropping systems. The combined application of both organic and inorganic sources of nutrients helped to supply nutrients throughout the growing season, which led to improved growth parameters and rice yield. The R monocropping system resulted in more income and rain water use efficiency (RWUE) closely followed by rice and fodder intercropping systems. However, the REYE and energy use efficiency (EUE) of rice and fodder intercropping systems were higher than those of R. Also, fodder helped to meet the requirement of cattle feeding in the off-season. Hence, the intercropping system is advocated in the study zone. Further study can be done on ecosystem services and carbon sequestration potential of the intercropping system, as well as the system’s coping ability in response to short drought through observing periodic soil moisture regime in root zone.

En la actualidad el impacto ambiental de los combustibles fósiles ha generado la búsqueda de fuentes alternativas de energías como la biomasa de caña de azúcar y pastos forrajeros. Con el objetivo de generar alternativas para la producción de fibra y celulosa similares a la que se obtiene con el bagazo de caña de azúcar, fueron evaluadas a nivel laboratorio seis variedades de Pennisetum purpureum Schumach (OM-22, Camerún, Maralfalfa, CT-115, Roxo y Urockowona) a los 120, 150 y 200 días después de la siembra (dds). Las variedades fueron sembradas en punta y cola en cordón doble en franjas de 5 surcos de 1.2 metros entre surcos y 20 metros de longitud. El suelo fue clasificado como un vertisol con pH de 5.4, textura arcillosa y 2.6% de MO. Los resultados muestran que la OM-22, Camerun, Maralfalfa, Roxo y Urockowona presentaron buen potencial para la producción de fibra y celulosa a los 150 dds, descartando a la variedad CT-115. La variedad Urockowona, presento el mayor contenido de Fibra Apta y Seca (FAS) en las tres fechas de corte, sobresaliendo a los 150 dds con 34.4%; mientras que el resto no superaron el 25% en las tres fechas evaluadas. El rendimiento de biomasa total fue similar en las seis variedades evaluadas en su primer corte superando las 80 t ha-1 en verde a partir de los 150 dds. Se concluye que las variedades Urockowona, Camerun y Maralfalfa son las de mayor potencial para la producción de fibra y celulosa para hacer papel.

Abstract Drought stress is the most important limiting factor in crop plants including maize (Zea mays L.), which is the third important world crop after wheat and rice. To examine the quantity and quality of forage as well as energy and water productivity of two maize varieties to drought stress, a field experiment was carried out as a split plot based on a completely randomized block design with three replications in Isfahan, Iran, during 2017 and 2018 growing seasons. The main and sub-plots were three irrigation regimes (100%, 80, and 60% full irrigation) and two maize varieties (704 and Maxima), respectively. Data analysis showed that drought stress harmed wet and dry forage yield and energy productivity, while its effect was positive on some forage quality such as ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), hemicellulose free cell wall (ADF), and lignin (ADL). Based on results, drought stress of 60% full irrigation resulted in reduced wet and dry forage maize yields. In addition, drought stress affected relationships among measured traits. According to increasing dried fodder and decreasing output energy under stress conditions, early mature variety Maxima is more proper to be used under drought stress. Besides, the Maxima variety was shown to be a suitable variety due to increasing dry matter and crude protein as well as decrease ADF and ADL than the 704 variety. Article Highlights We submit an original research article entitled Effect of water stress on forage yield and quality and water and energy productivity in Maize (Zea mays L.). In this paper, we indicated regarding to impacts of climate change phenomenon throughout the world on crop production, especially in arid regions such as Iran, choosing proper variety can be one of the best candidates to provide for forage. The results of present paper have shown that the drought stress had no effect on water productivity of two maize varieties. The superiority of some forage quality traits in drought stress compared to the control in maize means that in drought conditions, maize forage can be used and increase the profitability of livestock products.

Modern climatic changes, weakening of the anthropogenic pasture load, and an increase in steppe fires have led to the expansion and dominance of grasses (graminoids) vegetation on the steppe pastures of Russia and Kazakhstan since the end of the 20th century. This resulted in deterioration of the forage quality of pasture vegetation, a factor in the depression of the saiga population that may have affected the increase in cases of saiga die-offs. A die-off occurred in Kazakhstan in 2015, when about 200 000 animals died. A large number of different versions have been put forward about the reasons for these deaths: an infectious disease (hemorrhagic septicemia), toxic forage plants, unfavorable weather conditions, and the destructive effect of rocket fuel. In this article, we consider a different version of death associated with the negative effect of low-quality food on the sites of saiga death. It is shown that the food supply for saigas on steppe pastures consistently decreases with an increase in the abundance of grasses in forage vegetation. Suitable, nutritious food for breeding saigas include pastures in which the share of grasses in the aboveground phytomass is no more than 30%. If this level is exceeded, the pastures do not provide the necessary level of nutrition for breeding saigas and are unsuitable for them. It is possible that the saigas found themselves during spring migration in steppe regions with a predominance of turf grasses (65–75%), which exceeds their permissible (threshold) abundance (30%). This pasture condition did not provide the necessary nutrition, caused a weakening of animals during the rearing period, and promoted the activation of infectious septicemia in breeding saigas, which, with the combined action of both factors, may have led to their die-off.

In dairy properties, in order for there to be an increase in profit, it is necessary to increase the efficiency of production factors, especially nutrition, which impacts the fixed cost. Increasingly, a balance is sought between the supply of feed and pasture. The rotational grazing method has been adopted by several producers, as it has good productivity in a smaller area. However, the pastures used in this type of grazing, despite their excellent quality, have higher nutritional requirements. The objective of this work was to carry out an economic analysis of the cost of milk production, through the implantation of rotational grazing, and exchange of native pasture for Brachiaria brizantha cv. marandu, on a family farm. This work was prepared in the city of Foz do Iguaçu. An area of ​​6300m2 was used, divided into 28 paddocks of 225m2 using an electric fence. The total cost of production was R$6,047.40, with a positive margin of R$5.143.61 per year. According to the results obtained in the economic analyses, it is concluded that the implantation of rotational grazing and the exchange of native pasture for Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu is a viable management, since the income generated by the sale of milk was sufficient to cover the total costs of production.

The widespread introduction of variegated alfalfa into production is hindered by a shortage of seeds and difficulties in cultivating it in the year of sowing. The study of the influence of cover crops on the seed productivity of variegated alfalfa of the Darya variety was carried out in 2018-2020, characterized by various weather conditions, in the experimental field of the separate division "Penza Research Institute" of the Federal Research Center for Bast Crops. When studying the formation of the elements of the crop structure, it was found out that the largest seed mass was obtained on non-bloodless alfalfa crops - 28.1...29.7 g/m2. It was lower by 10...24% on the sub-blood, but the optimal conditions for its development are formed when sowing for barley, harvested for grain and annual grasses - for green fodder. The plant density at the same time was 40 ... 41 pcs. / m2, the productive stem – 2.7 pcs./plant, the number of twigs on the stem – -47 pcs., 347...349 seeds were collected from each plant, and 12948 and 13305 pieces with a stable mass of 1000 seeds – 1.97...2.03 g were collected from each plant, and from a square meter - 12948 and 13305 pieces with a stable mass of 1000 seeds-1.97 ... 2.03 g. The maximum seed yield of 297 kg/ha was obtained when alfalfa was sown without cover with herbicidal treatment of weed vegetation. Alfalfa of under-cover sowing reduced seed productivity by 29 ... 72 kg/ha. Among cover crops, optimal conditions are created under vico-oat mixture harvested for green fodder and under barley-for grain, where the seed yield was 268 and 260 kg / ha, respectively.

This study evaluated the effect of cutting regime on biomass yield and nutrient composition of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.) fodder in the Guinea Savanna Agro-Ecological Zone of Ghana. Three cutting regimes (12, 16 and 20 Week After Planting [WAP]) in RCBD were imposed on Cajanus cajan at both initial establishment and regrowth. At each harvest, biomass yield was estimated after which samples of the fodder were separated into leaf and stem botanical fractions for chemical composition and in vitro digestibility. Cutting regime significantly affected plant height, number of branches and stem diameter in both the initial establishment and regrowth. Biomass yield was significantly affected by cutting regime in the initial establishment but not the regrowth. The biomass yield was highest in the harvest at 20WAP (6515kgDM/ha) while 12WAP (3175 kg/ha) recorded the lowest biomass yield in the initial establishment. All chemical composition parameters were significantly affected by cutting regime and botanical fractions except hemicellulose in the initial establishment. Cutting regime also significantly affected DM, CP and ash concentrations in the regrowth with botanical fraction significantly (P

Currently, the Lucerne tree is becoming well-established and adapted in many parts of the world. It can be grow in and around apple trees, near Rahminus prinoides, and within the vegetables. According to African Rising Stations project on Tree Lucerne, line planting, cutting, periodic pruning, and reduce the height by 1.5 m is that the simplest caring mechanism. It has also been shown that this care can result in a 20% increase in DM production on grazing alone. It store about 6 tonnes CO2 equivalent per hectare per year and highest N-fixer among legume, it fixes about 590 kg of N2 per year per hectare. It is mainly used for animal husbandry, treat degraded ecosystems and to have good nutrients. Beyond the nutrients, it is an alternative food guarantee as it can withstand drought and stay green during the summer, especially when there is a shortage of food. Lucerne tree is used as a raw material for pulp and paper work as a group of eucalyptus, holocellulose, lingin, xylan and acetyl groups. However, in addition to fodder, there are significant limitations on energy, paper, tissue and chemical use. The leftovers should be converted into useful products. Therefore, these plants should be used for good quality of wood trim for grain and paperwork.

A study of evaporative cool hydroponic chamber was made with respect to its cooling and qualitative evaluation for growth of maize. The daily average temperature and RH range of 35.5 to 36.1 0C and 37–77% respectively were observed under Evaporative Cool Hydroponic Chamber (ECHC). The cooling efficiency of ECHC varied from 57.61% to 83.33% with an average value of 74.06%. Fresh biomass yield of fodder maize was observed as 1.2kg/ft2 of tray area. Crude protein and crude fibre on dry matter basis of hydroponic maize fodder ranged from 13.1-13.08% and 15.30-15.31% respectively. The ECHC can be used as an alternative of high cost hydroponic fodder machines which can be locally fabricated and operated by semi-skilled manpower.

A field experiment was conducted during Kharif 2020 at Dry land Agriculture Research Station, Rangreth, Srinagar, Kashmir on Precision Nitrogen Management for enhancing fodder yield and nitrogen use efficiency in forage maize variety SFM-1 (KDFM-1) planted in a spacing of 30 x10 cm. The treatments consisted of T1 (No N), T2 50 kg N/ha (40% N basal) + remaining based on SPAD meter critical value of 40, T3 50 kg N/ha (40% N basal) + remaining based on SPAD meter critical value of 50, T4 50 kg N/ha (40% N basal) + remaining based on LCC 4, T5 50 kg N/ha (40% N basal) + remaining based on LCC 5, T6 100 kg N/ha (40% N basal) + remaining based on SPAD meter critical value of 40, T7 100 kg N/ha (40% N basal) + remaining based on SPAD meter critical value of 50, T8 100 kg N/ha (40% N basal) + remaining based on LCC 4, T9 100 kg N/ha (40% N basal) + remaining based on LCC 5, T10 150 kg N/ha (40% N basal) + remaining based on SPAD meter critical value of 40, T11 150 kg N/ha (40% N basal) + remaining based on SPAD meter critical value of 50, T12 150 kg N/ha (40% N basal) + remaining based on LCC 4, T13150 kg N/ha (40% N basal) + remaining based on LCC 5, T14 As per recommended package of practices (50% N as basal, remaining 50% at 30 days after sowing).The treatments were replicated thrice in a randomized block design. The results recorded during the year indicated that production of fodder maize was better with the treatment T13 (150 kg N/ha (40% N basal) + remaining based on LCC 5. It recorded 470.01 q green and 135.02 q dry matter yield per hectare. The growth parameters namely; plant height; number of leaves per plant and quality were also improved with this treatment as compared to other treatments.

Objectif : La présente étude vise à une meilleure connaissance du niébé vert par l’évaluation des performances agronomiques de douze (12) variétés. Méthodologie et résultats : Les variétés ont été évaluées par douze (12) variables quantitatives dans un dispositif en bloc de Fisher avec trois (3) répétitions à l’INERA/Kamboinsé en 2018. L’étude a montré l’existence d’une grande variabilité agronomique au sein des variétés étudiées. Des corrélations positives et significatives ont été aussi observées entre les variables. L’Analyse en Composante Principale (ACP) des variables a permis d’identifier la date 50% floraison, le SPAD, la date niébé vert, la date 95% maturité, le nombre de graines par gousse, le poids gousses, le poids graines, le poids fanes, le rendement graines et fanes comme les paramètres les plus pertinents qui discriminent les variétés. La meilleure variété a été le niébé baguette grimpant qui possédait une date niébé vert (50 jours) et une maturité (63 jours) précoce. Conclusion et application des résultats : La variété IT83S-872 a été identifiée comme très productive en termes de gousses (77 gousses). La variété Komsaré a obtenu un rendement en graines (2,72 t/ha) et en fanes (3,20 t/ha) très appréciables. Cependant, la variété IT85F-2887 s’est montrée exceptionnelle, car en plus d’avoir une date de niébé (50 jours) vert et une maturité précoce (65 jours), elle a présenté un bon rendement en graines (2,63 t/ha) et le meilleur rendement en fanes (3,67 t/ha). Ces variétés précoces, productives en graines et en fourrage pourront être des substituts du haricot vert et contribuer efficacement à l’amélioration de la production du niébé au Burkina Faso. Mots clés : niébé vert, performances agronomiques, fourrage, Burkina Faso. Coulibaly et al., J. Appl. Biosci. 2020 Évaluation des performances agronomiques de douze (12) variétés de niébé vert [Vigna unguiculata (L.) walp.] au Burkina Faso. 15746 ABSTRACT Objective: The present study aims to improve knowledge on vegetable cowpea through the assessment of agronomic performances of 12 varieties. Methodology and results: The varieties were evaluated in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three (03) replications using 12 quantitative variables at the Kamboinsé research station 2018. The study revealed the existence of important agronomic variability within the studied varieties. Positive and significant correlations were also observed between variables. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified days to 50% flowering; the chlorophyll content (SPAD); days to vegetable cowpea; days to 95% maturity; number of seeds per pod, pods weight, seeds weight, fodder weight, seeds yield and fodder yield as the most relevant parameters. The best variety was niébé baguette grimpant, with the earliest days to vegetable cowpea (50 days) and days to maturity (63 days). Conclusion and application of results: The variety IT83S-872 has been identified as the highest pods productive (77 pods). The variety Komsare recorded a very appreciable seeds (2.72 t/ha) and fodder (3.20 t/ha) yield. However, the variety IT85F-2887 was exceptional, in addition to its earliness for days to vegetable cowpea (50 days) and days to maturity (65 days), it recorded the best seeds (2.63 t/ha) and fodder (3.67 t/ha) yields. These early maturing, high seeds and fodder producing varieties, could substitute common beans and effectively contribute to the improvement of cowpea production in Burkina Faso. Key words: Vegetable cowpea, agronomic performance, fodder, Burkina Faso.

This experiment was aimed to compare varieties and harvest time of green hydroponic fodder based on it’s quantity and quality. Green fodder is made from corn kernels, mung beans and unhulled rice. Green fodder was grown by mart hydroponics sensors and Arduino systems for controlling the water irrigation system and environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity. Quantity of green hydroponic fodder (corn, mung bean and unhulled rice) based on the biomass production. Quality of green hydroponic fodder based on nutrient content of the forage biomass (dry matter, crude protein, ash, ether extract, crude fiber and nitrogen free extract). Experimental design for fodder productivity was a completely randomized design with 3 x 3 factorial, i.e seed varieties (corn, mung bean and unhulled rice) and harvesting age of the green hydroponic fodder (7, 14 and 21 d). The results showed that total biomass was affected significantly (p

Various ecological and biological factors, including the composition of grass mixtures in crop rotation, affect the state of agrophytocenosis. The purpose of the research was to reveal the regularities of changes in the botanical composition of crops in forage agrophytocenoses depending on the duration of perennial legume-cereal grasses cultivation. The experiment was conducted according to B. A. Dospekhov’s “Methods of field research” on the experimental field of the Mari Research Institute of Agriculture, a branch of the FSBSI “Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East” in 2013–2018. In a two-factor field experiment, we studied the botanical composition dynamics in three six-field grain-grass crop rotations and goat-rump grass mixture (Factor A) with and without nitrogen fertilizing against the background of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers (Factor B). Soil of the experimental plots – sod-podzolic mid loamy. The meteorological conditions of the growing seasons were often unfavorable; therefore, the crops were strongly suppressed. The most drought-resistant species (sunflower, winter rye, alfalfa and barley with a mass fraction of 55 %, 97 %, 20 % and 96 %, respectively) had an advantage over weeds in grass mixtures by weight in the spring-summer period during the third rotation of the studied crop rotations. Plants of red clover and white mustard in the catch crop were strongly suppressed by drought. The clover-alfalfa-timothy grass mixture was replaced by forbs from 36 % in mass in the first year of use with a step of 23 % in subsequent years. After the 15-year usage, the second component in the grass mixture monocrop (Galega orientalis Lam. + Bromus inermis Leyss) completely dropped out. Non-sown grasses faster replaced the crop components of the herbage on the fields without nitrogen fertilizing. Thus, the crop rotation fields with the richly diverse crops composition and the nitrogen application were infested with fewer weeds (4.0–10.6 % by mass).

In Ghana, peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) grain and fodder serve as important sources of protein for human and livestock nutrition, respectively. Experiments were conducted in four farming communities to determine the effects of planting annual peanut at four inter-row spacings of 30, 45, 65 and 75 cm on grain and fodder yields (experiment I), growth performance and manure quality (experiment II), and in situ digestibility (experiment III) of Djallonké sheep fed fodder from these plant spacings. Planting peanut at 30 cm inter-row spacing dually increased grain and fodder yields compared to planting at 60, and 75 cm. Peanut fodder from 30 cm inter-row spacing also had comparatively higher concentration of crude protein and lower concentrations of acid detergent fiber and acid detergent lignin, resulting in significant improvements in dry matter digestibility at 48 h and superior average daily weight gain of sheep. The concentration of N excreted in the manure of sheep fed the 30 cm fodder was greater than those fed peanut grown at 60, and 75 cm inter-row spacing. Planting peanut at an inter-row spacing of 30 cm therefore gave dual benefits of increasing grain and fodder yields as well as increasing the digestibility and growth performance of sheep fed peanut fodder as a supplementary diet to natural pasture for 70 days. Higher concentration of N in the manure of sheep fed 30 cm fodder could have additional benefits of improving soil fertility in smallholder farming systems where inorganic fertilizers are expensive and inaccessible to farmers.

Fodder sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is a tall, erect annual grass. It is a drought resistant crop due to its effective root system. A seed ball is one of the low-cost technologies which was prepared with locally available materials on the farm. In seed balls, the seeds are protected from external factors. At the same time, vigorous seedling was established through seed ball. In order to improve the degraded lands with green cover, the following experiment was framed and carried out. Seed balls were prepared with a combination of red soil and vermicompost at different ratios with 230-250ml of water per kg of medium to get an optimum size and quality. After the preparation, seed balls were shade dried for 24-36 hrs. Among the different ratio of media combinations, 2:1 and 4:2 ratio was found to be the best media for seed balls preparation with good physical and physiological qualities. The maximum seedling quality parameters speed of germination (7.6), germination (98%), root length (10.6 cm), shoot length (19.4 cm) and vigour index (2900) obtained in the present study were due to vermicompost, which contained an optimum concentration of nutrients that helped improve the seedling vigour. This experiment confirmed that using seed balls with best media combinations for the regeneration of degraded lands was very effective.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of agronomic biofortification with zinc on yield, nutritional quality, nutrient uptake and economics of babycorn under irrigated condition. The observations on yield viz., green cob yield, babycorn yield and green fodder yield and quality parameters (crude protein, total soluble sugars, starch and Zn content) were recorded at harvest stage. The nutrient uptake was analysed at different growth stages and economic indices viz., the total cost of cultivation, gross return, net return and benefit cost ratio were worked out for various zinc fertilization treatments. Increased green cob yield and babycorn yield was recorded higher in soil application of zinc sulphate @ 37.5 kg ha-1 along with a foliar spray of 1.0 % on 20 and 40 DAS. Quality parameters of babycorn viz., crude protein, total soluble sugars, starch and Zn content in corn were significantly increased with soil application of ZnSO4 @ 37.5 kg ha -1 along with a foliar spray of 0.5% at 20 and 40 DAS that recorded higher values of these quality characters. Plant nutrient uptake of N, K and Zn in babycorn was significantly increased with the application of ZnSO4 @ 37.5 kg ha -1 in soil with foliar spray of 0.5% at 20 and 40 DAS. Higher net monetary returns and B: C ratio were obtained with application of ZnSO4@ 37.5 kg ha -1in soil with foliar spray @ 0.5% on 20 and 40 DAS.

Within the framework of increasing the export potential of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the most 4 priority areas for the development of agriculture have been identified, among them it is important to diversify crop production. In this regard, in the near future, the crop production industry will continue to work on diversification, replacing part of the wheat area with more demanded crops (fodder and oilseeds), which is also important for reducing the dependence of crop productivity on weather conditions. According to the morphological characteristics of the genetic horizons of the profile and the agrochemical parameters of the arable layer of the soil of the experimental plots, they are characteristic for dry steppe zone 1 of Western Kazakhstan. The area of the plots during the cultivation of barley is 50 m 2 , the repetition is threefold, the arrangement of the plots is systematic. In the experiments the zoned barley variety “Donetskaya 8” was used. Seeding rate was used asrecommended for the dry-steppe zone of WKO. In the system of biologized agriculture, microbiological preparations and bioorganic fertilizers recommended and available on the market were used for the study of pre-seeding treatment of seed material and spraying during the growing season of barley. As a result of the study, an agroecological and bioenergy assessment was carried out for barley of the harvest of 2020, cultivated in biologized raw material conveyors for the production of concentrated feed, used in the diversification of crop production.Pre-seeding treatment and the use of biological products and biofertilizers during the growing season promotes the activation of a number of growth, physiological and biochemical processes of plants, which leads to an increase in barley yield. With the combined use of the biological product Biodux, biofungicide Orgamica S and biofertilizers Organit N, Organit P (biologized technology), the maximum indicators of productivity and feed, energy-protein value of feed barley were obtained.

Sugar beet is an important crop in the advent of COVID 19 as it has a high potential for ethanol production in less growth span. The life cycle of this crop is of five to six months with a root yield of 60–80 t ha−1 and sugar content of 15–17%. Sugar beet is known as a temperate crop of short duration grown in the month of September to October and harvested in April and May, but successful efforts have been made in establishing this crop for Indian agro-climatic conditions. India stands to gain from capitalizing on the potential of sugar beet for sugar, ethanol, and fodder. It offers the increment in the farmer’s income especially hill farmers with respect to seed production of this crop in India The crop has been bestowed with a natural endowment of reclaiming saline soils which will help in cultivating the Indian saline areas. The crop is full of carbohydrates content which is being used for multiple purposes giving value addition to the crop. The green top and, wet and dry pulp are a good source of fodder material for lactating animals like cattle. Beet pulp is another good source as silage feed and as an adhesive in beauty products as well as in printing ink. An amount of 5250 L of ethanol per hectare crop can be produced. Due to 30% galacturonic acid content, the dry beet pulp can also be used as a source of Vitamin C. Lactic acid is also being produced from the juice of sugar beet through fermentation. The pectin content of this crop is useful in paper and board manufacturing industries as a raw material and also in dishwashing detergents and leather production. The fiber content works as dietary fibers which are used in meat and baking industries as important ingredients in food commodities. The vinasse produced as an industrial by-product is useful as a fertilizer. Sugar beet tails and other parts have also been used in biogas production in some countries. Intercropping of this crop with other crops is an added benefit of this crop. New prospects are also available for this crop in pharmaceutical industries and material sciences in times to come.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) has narrow genetic base for selection of promising ideotypes for the following traits: high biomass yield for livestock feed, enhanced agronomic and nutritional traits, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis offers opportunities for inducing genetic variation for key traits for development of feed barley ideotypes. The objective of this study was to determine optimal EMS dosage and exposure time to induce genetic variation for selection of high biomass yield six-row feed barley mutants. Five EMS dosages (i.e. 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7% and 0.9% v/v) and five exposure times (i.e. 0.5 hr, 1 hr, 1.5 hr, 2 hrs and 2.5 hrs) were used on a six-row fodder barley using a 5 x 5 factorial treatment structure in a complete randomized design with three replications. Non-treated seed were used as a comparative control. Data was recorded for percent germination, seedling survival, shoot height, root height, shoot and root biomass. Significant (p < 0.05) EMS dosage x exposure time was observed for assessed traits indicating their influence on phenotypic variation in feed barley. Overall, a declining trend was observed for assessed traits with increased EMS dosage and exposure time. The LD50 value of 0.64% (v/v) EMS dosage was identified as an optimal dose for large-scale mutagenesis protocol to select fodder barley mutants with high biomass yield

Aim: To study the effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) on growth, yield and quality of dual purpose fodder oat. Study Design: Randomized Block Design. Place and Duration of Study: Anand Agricultural University, Anand during Rabi 2019-2021. Methodology: The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with four replications. The experimental treatments were consisted of ten INM treatments viz., T1 (100% recommendation dose of fertilizer; RDF’ 80-40-00 kg NPK/ha), T2 (10 t FYM/ha + 100% RDF), T3 (castor cake/ha + 100% RDF), T4 (poultry manure/ha + 100% RDF), T5 (neem cake/ha + 100% RDF), T6 (5 t FYM + 25% RDN from FYM + 75% RDF + biofertilizer), T7 (5 t FYM + 25% RDN from castor cake + 75% RDF + biofertilizer), T8 (5 t FYM + 25% RDN from poultry manure + 75% RDF + biofertilizer), T9 (5 t FYM + 25% RDN from neem cake + 75% RDF + biofertilizer) and T10 (50% RDN from FYM + 50% RDN from castor cake + biofertilizer). Amount of castor cake, poultry manure and neem cake were applied based on 10 t FYM/ha equivalent N, i.e., respectively 1.45, 3.23 and 3.27 t/ha. Results: The results revealed that quality parameters of fodder oat such as dry matter, dry matter yield, crude protein, ADF, NDF, crude fiber contents as well as ash content of green fodder and straw were found significant superior with application of T6 and T10 treatments. Similarly, NPK content and their uptake into the seed and straw were also found significantly higher with the same treatments. The physicochemical and biological properties of experimental field soil at harvest of oat crop were also considerably improved due to application of INM treatment as compared to initial soil nutrient status.

Studies were carried out in Kirov (Federal Agricultural Research Center of the Northeast) and in Samara oblasts (Samara Agricultural Research Institute, Samara Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences) with the purpose to breed covered oat lines with enhanced grain yield, grain quality, and fodder productivity parameters in conditions of agroclimatic resource instability. Data collected in 2018–2020 made it possible to select 13 covered oat lines combining high yield capacity with other economically valuable traits, including promising line 325h12 featuring a high crop-yield capacity (6.94 t/ha in Kirov on an average) and high-quality grains (grain unit = 592 g/L, thousand grain weight = 39.9 g, husk content = 23.3%, protein content = 12.25%, and fat content = 6.2%) and line 178h13 intended both for grain production (crop yield = 5.15–7.69 t/ha) and fodder production (dry matter yield = up to 14.0 t/ha, protein content = 10.47%, fat content = 2.16%, and fiber content = 3.99%). Line 325h12 features a higher grain-yield capacity, while line 178h13 has a higher fodder productivity. The “year” factor affects the crop capacity greater (46.7%) than the “genotype” (11.1%) and “state of agroclimatic resources at the point of study” factors. In 2019, the yield capacity of line 325h12 in Kirov oblast was 8.31 t/ha, while it ranged from 6.78 t/ha in Kirov oblast to 3.25 t/ha in Samara oblast in 2020.

Aim: This study aimed to search for novel cellulolytic isolates with high cellulase titre for the production of fuels and chemicals. Methodology: The yeast isolate YES5 isolated from the forest soil was screened for cellulase production. The cellulase activity of YES5 was optimized via RSM. The saccharification potential of YES5 using Napier biomass as substrate was evalauted. Results: The maximum cellulase activity obtained after optimizing pH, temperature, and incubation period was 35.70 U. A reliable statistical model was developed for maximizing the cellulase activity in YES5 Trichosporon asahii. The cellulase activity was 23.87U, when carbon source in CMC medium was replaced by Napier biomass. The maximum saccharification potential of 33.15% was observed on 3rd day. Interpretation: The study of optimizing the media composition of Trichosporon asahii cellulase using Napier biomass, a natural source of carbon for maximizing the cellulase production via RSM, is first of its kind.

A field experiment was conducted at R.G.S.C, Banaras Hindu University, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, India during 2016 in kharif season (Sep.-Oct.) The aim was to evaluate the effect of different nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium level on fodder production of sudan grass (Sorghum bicolor var. Sudanese) for optimization of growth and yield, crude protein content and economics of sudan grass. The experimental was laid out in split plot design with four levels of nitrogen i.e. 60 kg N ha1, 80 kg N ha1, 100 kg N ha1 and 120 kg N ha-1 as main plot treatments and in the sub-plot three levels of phosphorus and potassium i.e. 30 kg P2O5+20 kg K2O ha-1, 40 kg P2O5+25 kg K2O ha-1 and 50 kg P2O5+30 kg K2O ha-1) were taken. The research findings revealed that application of nitrogen @ 120 kg ha-1 resulted maximum growth characters i.e. plant height (191.25 cm), number of leaf (8.02 plant-1), fresh weight (124.47 g plant-1), dry weight (21.10 g plant-1) and green fodder production (11455 kg ha-1), and as well as recorded maximum crude protein of sudan grass. The higher net return (` 7920.32 ha1) was also recorded with nitrogen @ 120 kg ha-1 and in case of levels of phosphorus and potassium the application of 50 kg P2O5+30 kg K2O ha-1 enhanced the growth, yield, quality and economics of sudan grass.

The development of animal husbandry requires the annual production of a sufficient amount of high-quality feed, their nutritional balance, which cannot be achieved without perennial legumes and legume-cereal mixtures. The content of nutrients in the dry matter of forage depends on both the composition of the grass mixture and the mode of use of the grass stand. Therefore, the main reference point for modern feed production should be an innovative development model that will ensure the production of feed with specified quality parameters. Goal and tasks. Determine the effect of the composition of grass mixtures and the mode of use on the fodder value of the grass stand, in particular, the content in dry matter of fodder units, crude protein, gross and metabolic energy. Research methods. System analysis, field, laboratory, comparative calculation. Results. Perennial legumes and legume-grass mixtures are the main source of protein for livestock. According to the results of three-year studies, it was found that regardless of the composition of grass mixtures in the tri-grass regime of grass use, the content of crude protein in the dry weight of feed was much higher compared to the two-grass regime of grass use. And a high content of crude protein was in the dry mass of the forage from the grass mixture of birdsfoot trefoil with tail grass. So, with a three-time alienation of the yield of the leafy mass of the grass mixture, the birdsfoot trefoil with tail grass, had a high content of crude protein: 13.93 – in the first, 15.83 – in the second and 15.09% – in the third slopes. Replacement of the two-oxide mode of use with trioxide increased the content of exchange energy from the first cut of the grass mixture with birdsfoot trefoil with tail grass by 0.19 MJ/kg of dry matter, and of the grass mixture of birdsfoot trefoil with bromus inermis – by 0.18 MJ/kg of dry matter. Conclusions. Thus, in the triangular mode of use of larch-grass stands, the nutritional value of the feed was higher compared to the two mowings. Thus, with three-time alienation of the crop of leaf mass, the content of feed units was 0.76-0.82, metabolic energy – 8.77-9.15 MJ/kg, while with double mowing – respectively 0.75-0.80 and 8,75-9.03 MJ/kg of dry matter

Supplementation of inferior quality roughages with organic fertilizer coming up as a practical approach to increasing crop productivity significantly by way of increasing biological nitrogen fixation, increasing availability or uptake of nutrients through solubilization or increasing absorption stimulation of plant growth through hormonal action or antibiosis or decomposition of organic residues and this reflect to improving roughages utilization and digestibility by animal. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementation of three types of organic fertilizers; Neem cake (Azdirachta indica), Argel (Solennostemma argel/Del. Hayenne) and Field fertilizer on nutritional quality of fodder maize (Zea mays L.). Four treatments were conducted which included Neem cake, Argel , Field Fertilizer and control. The experiment was arranged in a Complete Randomized Block Design, with three replicated. The results showed that no significant differences (P ˃ 0.05) were indicated in all nutrient components of fodder maize except for crude protein (CP). CP increased significantly (P ˂ 0.05) by organic fertilizers comparing with control. Neem cake had the highest value of CP than argel and field fertilizer. No significant differences (P ˃ 0.05) were detected in minerals content measured when used Neem cake, Argel and Field fertilizer as organic fertilizer. It is concluded that organic fertilizers enhanced CP content and quality of fodder maize. As advantages, organic fertilizers is a cheap source of nitrogen that deficient in plant, and is safer than using chemical fertilizers and can avoid any adverse effect on animal health , soil and environmental hazards.

Relevance. The aim of the work was to study the influence of predecessors cultivated in three crop rotations with a short rotation on the weedness of fiber flax crops and the yield of flax products. The study was carried out in field experiments in 2016–2019, on medium and weakly acidic soddy-podzolic light and medium loamy soils of the Tver region with a high phosphorus content. Methods . As the precursors of fiber flax, vetch-oat mixture and white mustard were cultivated with post-cut cultivation of white mustard for green fertilization, and also repeated sowing of fiber flax was carried out in the same field for three years in a row after the predecessor of barley. Results . As a result of the studies, it was found that the greatest lowering the weediness of fiber flax crops and an increase in the yield of flax products was observed in the crop rotation with the cultivation of white mustard for green fertilization after the precursor of the vetch-oat mixture for green fodder and the introduction of the biofungicide Sternifag after the precursor of barley with the addition of 12 kg/ha of ammonium nitrate. There was a decrease in the number of stems of couch grass ( Agroperon repens ) by 2.8 times, a significant increase in the yield of fiber flax — by 5 dt/ha a compared with repeated cultivation of fiber flax in the same field and by 1.4 dt/ha compared with cultivation after barley without the use of biofungicide. At the same time, the yield of flax straw was 29.1 dt/ha, of flax stock 22.4 dt/ha, of flax fiber — 6 dt/ha. In the crop rotation with the sowing of fiber flax after barley in the same field for three years in a row, there was a decrease in the yield of flax fiber by 0.3 and 0.8 dt/ha, including fiber scutched flax — by 1.6 and 1.7 dt/ha in comparison with cultivation in crop rotations with post-harvest use of white mustard for green fertilization.

Purpose. The purpose of the article – to substantiate the economic efficiency and environmental feasibility of maize growing for grain in short-rotational cultivation in the Western region at different levels of anthropogenic loads. Methodology / approach. Ecological and economic assessment of the efficiency of growing maize for grain in short-rotation cultivation with the help of intensive and alternative organomineral fertilization systems was carried out on the basis of the interpretation of information array of data obtained in the conditions of a long-term experimental model range of the Institute of Agriculture of the Carpathian Region during 2016–2020. The economic efficiency was determined by the calculation method according to the technological maps developed by us. Results. It has been proved that the complex use of mineral (N120P100K100) and organic (both traditional – manure, and alternative – winter wheat straw – stubble predecessor in cultivation and green mass of post-harvest sidereal culture) fertilizers contributes to obtaining high productivity of maize grain with a yield of 6.10–6.87 t/ha of grain, 8.20–9.20 t/ha of feed units and 0.49–0.55 t/ha of digestible protein. It has been proven that the highest values of notional net profit (737 USD/ha) and payback of 1 USD of expenses (2.0 USD) are provided for joint application of mineral and alternative organic fertilizers. It has been established that a high conditional level of profitability of growing maize for grain (72–104 %) is formed for the introduction of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N120P100K100 on traditional and alternative organic backgrounds. The ecological-stabilizing role of organomineral fertilizing complexes has been substantiated in soil-grain processes, proposed for use in maize growing for grain. Originality / scientific novelty. For the first time in the conditions of the Western region, there is a scientifically substantiated ecological and economic feasibility of maize growing for grain in short-rotation cultivation with traditional and alternative fertilization systems. Practical value / implications. The proposed approaches for growing maize for grain in short-rotation cultivation of the Western region ensure its high grain productivity at the level of yield of 6.10–6.87 t/ha of grain, 8.20–9.20 t/ha of fodder and 0.49–0.55 t/ha of digestible protein, increase the conditional level of profitability up to 72–104 % for environmentally safe agricultural production.

Due to variable use, drought hardiness, stability of yield and adoptability over wide range of climate, sorghum has maintained its importance and dependability. Dual purpose kharif sorghum hybrid SPH1641 line was developed by using new CMS line PMS71A having wide adoptability across season (kharif and rabi) and high yielding restorer line KR196 at Sorghum Research Station, Parbhani. On the basis of 5 years testing (kharif 2009-14) SPH 1641 recorded the advantage of 13.38 and 16.06 % for grain and 11.52 and 21.57% for fodder yield, over checks CSH 25 and CSH 16 in Maharashtra State Multi location Varietal cum Hybrid Trials. Grain (crude protein 9.8%) and stover quality (IVOMD 43.5%) parameters of this hybrid were comparable with checks. SPH 1641 is moderately tolerant to grain mold (FGMR 3.95 and TGMR 3.00), shoot fly and stem borer as well. Hence the hybrid is released for commercial cultivation in kharif sorghum growing areas of Maharashtra State in 2015. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(2): 245-251, 2021 (June)

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the productivity and efficiency of the use of the water in the culture of sorghum forager (BRS Black Tip) under different blades of irrigation (50; 75; 100; 125 and 150% of the evapotranspiration of the culture, ETc) associates the different levels of covering deceased (mulch) (0.00; 2.50; 3.75; 5.00 and 6.25 cm). The experimental delineation was made use in subdivided parcels, 5 x 5 with 5 repetitions, having totalized 125 experimental units. It was analyzed: productivity of cool mass, productivity of dry substance, productivity of seed, weight of 100 seed, weight of the seed for panicle, efficiency of use of the water in the production of cool mass in (kg m-3 and R$ m-3). For the results it was possible to conclude that, the factors of production in irrigation blades and in bagana coverage had been promising for the productivity of the culture of sorgo; The significant effect for efficiency in the use of the water in the 0 variable of productivity of cool biomass and dry substance in kg m-3 and R$ m-3, indicate this being a promising culture for the region, associated with the adopted techniques of culture in the present work.

Field trials were conducted in 2016 wet season at Institute of Agricultural Research IAR, Research Farm(Lat.11o 11’ N, Long. 07038’ E, 686m above sea level), Samaru-Zaria and Jaji Military Cantonment Farm located at 30 Km from Zaria along Kaduna – Zaria road (Lat. 10o 49’ 25” N, Long. 07o 34’ 10” E, 600m above sea level), both in Northern Guinea Savannah of Nigeria, to Investigate the growth of Maize varieties and dry matter produced at varying timing of nitrogen second dose fertilization. The treatments consist of three maize varieties (SAMMAZ 14, SAMMAZ 15 and SAMMAZ 16) and six times of nitrogen second dose fertilization 4 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 weeks after sowing (WAS). Treatments were factorially combined and laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. SAMMAZ 16 outperformed SAMMAZ 14 and SAMMAZ 15 in terms of plant height, number of leaves, total leaf area, leaf area index and dry matter production. Time of nitrogen second dose application 6 WAS consistently produced the highest growth attributes of maize ;plant height, number of leaves, total leaf area, leaf area index and dry matter production compared to other timings evaluated. SAMMAZ 16 and 6 WAS in conclusion appeared to be the optimum for increased maize fodder (dry matter) production in the Savannah region where potential for livestock production is high.

The article examined the independent feeding and tropholaxis properties of termites in different castes and ages. Working termites have been reported to be the most active in storing food and transporting food to other strata termites.

India is a developing country, but rural areas do not seem to be developing much. Basically most of the public is farmers, most of the farmers have limited agricultural land and also lack of water resources. in many parts of India rain and is not enough for traditional way farming. To avoid these problems our proposed system is structured a helpful touch of fresh and raw feed for cattle food within affordable natural conditions. This hydroponic system does not require any soil to grow fodders and will absorb 80% less water as compared to the traditional method of farming. Greater topic for work to upgrade the Hydroponic Fodder Grow room for proper management of cattle fodder in any period during the year. This paper suggests a clever plan no human power or less human power is required for It performance. this is usually a completely automated system. In seven to for eight days the room provides fodder as a ready-to-feed product any cattle or grass-eating animals. This process is aided by a Moisture sensor to produce a certain amount of water. Forage seeds use H2O, or solutions that enrich the nutrients of the drug food within the absence of soil. The amount of water is additionally calculated by microcontroller atmega328p. Also, we visit the average temperature and humidity of our room. This heat and humidity are the same and is controlled by a cool cooler and UV/LED light inside the room. Adequate water management and nutrients within the hydroponic system, moisture, humidity pH, water level and temperature should be measurement Using a microcontroller all these functions do it automatically and display at the top of the guided screen. These hydroponics require less space, and this is true usually inside a room of aluminum or fiber. that the environment of the room is completely controlled. That's the fodder prepared for use within 8 days up to 1fit This healthy cattle fodder. Mainly more production we use maize as fodder. Performing remote monitoring of fodder extension procedure, prohibited by employees, thereby reducing the manual process.

The results of the study on the comparative assessment of different tillage methods in the field crop rotation with different levels of mineral nutrition (N30P30 and N60P30 kg of active ingredient/ ha) are presented. The experiment was carried out on low-humus low-carbonate chernozem of the forest-steppe zone of Eastern Trans-Baikal Territory in 2012–2014. The zoned variety of Buryatskaya-79 spring wheat, and Metis oat variety were used for sowing. Low-cost methods of soil tillage were studied, providing for the preservation and improvement of soil fertility, an increase in the productivity of grain and fodder crops, and a decrease in material and energy costs. Replacement of the basic tillage with a PN-4-35 plow with a ring roller in the third and fourth crop rotation fields by surface tillage with a Stepnyak-7.4 cultivator and direct sowing on the stubble with a PPM Ob4-ZT seeder when applying mineral fertilizers at a rate of N60P30 kg of active ingredient/ha had a positive effect on the condition of the soil. The following indicators of soil fertility were achieved: structural coefficient 1.28–1.38, organic matter content 3.15–3.33%, productive moisture content in the 0–50 cm layer 29.2–31.8 mm, the release of carbon dioxide 1.810–1.969 kg per 1 hour, the content of Р2О5 in the 0–20 cm layer 71–96 mg/kg of soil, the content of K2O – 57–82 mg/kg of soil. An increase in the yield of oat grain of 0.16–0.21 t/ha, the green mass of annual grasses of 3.44.0 t/ha, the collection of feed units of 0.32–0.34 t/ha, a reduction in the cost of fuel and lubricants by 31.2-36.4%, and an increase in profitability by 25.0–40.3% were achieved.

The article presents the results of studies on the effect of optimization of organic and mineral fertilizers on the yield of green mass and indicators of the quality of forage on stubble crops of mixed cultivated crops on poorly supplied with nutrients gray-meadow soils. The introduction of optimal rates of organic and mineral fertilizers on stubble crops of mixed crops of corn and sorghum increased the yield of green mass. With a yield of green mass of 372 c/ha in the control variant of mixed crops without fertilizers, in the variant of introducing the norm N120P150K150, this figure was 627 c/ha, which is 255 c/ha more in comparison with the control, i.e. by 68 %. It has been found that the introduction of optimal rates of organic and mineral fertilizers on stubble crops of mixed crops of corn and soybeans, along with an increase in the yield of green mass, has a positive effect on its quality indicators. Based on the research results, it was found that to achieve a high yield of green mass of joint crops of corn and soybeans, it is effective to introduce mineral fertilizers at the rate of N120P150K150 and the joint use of organic and mineral fertilizers at the rate of 10 t/ha (manure) + N70P125K90.

The studies were carried out in a field experiment in the north of the Arkhangelsk region. Under study were twocomponent grass stands of the first and second year of life, composed of cereal (meadow fescue, reed fescue) and legume grasses (meadow clover and blue alfalfa ). It has been established that in the climatic conditions of the Northern region the studied perennial grasses do not go through the full life cycle during the first year of life: meadow clover develops up to the root rosette phase, blue alfalfa – up to the branching phase, cereals ‒ to the tillering phase. In the first year, the yield is formed due to the legume component, especially meadow clover, which occupies 73 % of the structure. In the second year of life, cereal grasses increase their influence on the yield formation up to 93 %. The most productive variant in the second year was the “reed fescue + meadow clover” variant. With a higher ratio of the cereal component (67 %) in total for two mowings in comparison with the control variant "meadow fescue + meadow clover", the increase in dry matter yield was 2.81 t/ha (LSD05 = 1.46 t/ha), the output of exchange energy was 30.56 GJ/ha higher, crude protein yield increased by 0.22 t /ha. Agrophytocenoses of reed fescue and meadow clover in the first year of intensive use make it possible to obtain green fodder with the protein content in 1 kg of dry matter at the level of 114.28 g ‒ 153.33 g and sugars 133.54 g ‒ 154.65 g depending on the mowing. High loss of blue alfalfa in the grass stand is due to its weak winter hardiness and the effect of low spring temperatures during the period of the beginning of regrowth. Thus, in the conditions of the European North of Russia among legume-cereal grass stands during the first two years of life the grass mixture of meadow clover and reed fescue has been identified as perspective. There has been noted a potential for regulation the feed nutritional value (protein, sugars and fiber content) by means of grass mixture components selection.

In the state of Alagoas, the native pastures benefit animal production and it is also important for production low cost, for resilience of grasses to the region's edaphoclimatic conditions, and for forage species diversity. However, both the knowledge about the spontaneous agrostological flora of the semi-arid and the degradation process are still incipient. The study evaluated the degradation stage of a native pasture at Cacimbinhas - AL using soil parameters. The analysis associated data about fertility, terrain slope, two vegetation cover methods - Stocking (1994) adapted by Magalhães et al. (2004) and squared, and history of land use and management. The native fodder was collected and identified by morphological analysis. The pasture is mainly composed by Digitaria horizontalis willd, common name milhã, that grows in low fertility soils. Excessive mobilization due to integrated crop-livestock system combined with overgrazing cause compaction, superficial erosion and compromise the forage development. The soil cover data associated with fertility and management data allowed the identification and understanding of processes dynamics that establishes the degradation of the native pasture. By the square method, only 7,8% of the area was uncovered soil and 23,18% was milhã grass. These values diverge from the Stocking method that presented 8% of milhã grass, 89.5% of uncovered soil and 2,5% of invasive weeds for the area. The Stocking method highlighted the uncovered areas due to the small area sampled in this technique. The pasture is characterized by the level 3, strong degradation grade. Reduced soil fertility, high number of animals with intense stomping and the plant consumption threatens the sustainability of this pasture. KEYWORDS: Degradation, semi-arid, forage. RESUMO: As pastagens nativas favorecem a produção animal no estado de Alagoas e sua importância está no baixo custo de produção, na resiliência destas espécies as condições edafoclimáticas da região e na diversidade de espécies forrageiras. Entretanto, tanto o conhecimento sobre a flora agrostológica espontânea no semiárido, quanto o reconhecimento do processo de degradação, são ainda incipientes. O estudo avaliou o estádio de degradação de pasto nativo no município de Cacimbinhas-AL usando parâmetros relacionados ao solo. A analise associou dados de fertilidade, declividade do terreno, cobertura vegetal por dois métodos - Stocking (1994) adaptado por Magalhães et al. (2004) e do quadrado e o histórico de uso e manejo da terra. A espécie forrageira nativa foi coletada e identificada por análise morfológica. A pastagem constituída por Digitaria horizontalis willd, gramínea popularmente conhecido como milhã se desenvolve sobre um solo com baixa fertilidade. A mobilização excessiva decorrente do uso em sistema integrado lavoura-pecuária associada ao superpastejo favoreceram a compactação, a erosão superficial e comprometem o desenvolvimento da forrageira. Os dados da cobertura do solo associados aos da fertilidade e manejo possibilitaram identificar e compreender a dinâmica dos processos que determinam o estadio de degradação do pasto nativo. Pelo método do quadrado apenas 7,8% do solo estava descoberto e em 23,18% da área havia capim milhã. Esses valores divergem dos encontrados pelo método de Stocking que foram respectivamente 8% para o capim milhã, 89,5% para solo desprovido de vegetação e 2,5% para áreas cobertas por ervas invasoras. O método de Stocking acentuou os valores de áreas descobertas, fato atribuído ao tamanho reduzido da área de coleta de informação usado nesta técnica. A pastagem encontra-se com nível 3, forte grau de degradação. A redução da fertilidade do solo, o excesso de lotação com intenso pisoteio e o consumo da planta são fatores que comprometem a sustentabilidade desse pasto. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Degradação, semiárido, forragem.

The experiment was conducted to study effect of soil application of cattle urine and nitrogen levels on growth, yield and nutrient uptake by maize (fodder) in Inceptisol at the Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry and Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, College of Agriculture, Pune, during Kharif-2019. There were seven treatment viz., 1) Absolute control; 2) Recommended dose of fertilizers 100:50:50 kg ha-1 N, P2O5 and K2O; 3) General recommended dose of fertilizers 100:50:50 kg ha-1 N, P2O5 and K2O + FYM @ 5 t ha-1; 4) 25% RDN + 75% N through cattle urine + FYM @ 5 t ha-1; 5) 50% RDN + 50% N through cattle urine + + FYM @ 5 t ha-1; 6) 75% RDN + 25% N + FYM @ 5 t ha-1; 7) 100% N through cattle urine + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 and three replications in completely randomized design. Periodical plant height and number of functional leaves at 20, 40 and 60 DAS was found to be significantly higher with the soil application 50% RDN through urea + 50% N through cattle urine along with FYM @ 5 t ha-1. The magnitude of increase in the leaf area was found higher from 494 to 969 cm2 at 40 to 60 DAS than 20 to 40 DAS (203 to 494 cm2) with the application of 75% RDN through urea + 25% N through cattle urine + FYM @ 5 t ha-1. Soil application of 75% RDN through urea + 25% N through cattle urine with FYM @ 5 t ha-1 reported significantly higher chlorophyll in fodder maize. Soil application of 75% RDN through urea + 25% N through cattle urine + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 reported significantly higher nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, iron, zinc and copper uptake by fodder maize. Similar treatment also recorded significantly higher green fodder (984 g pot-1) and dry matter (423.11 g pot-1) yield of maize. Similar treatment also found superior for nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, iron, zinc and copper uptake by fodder maize.

Relevance. The most important condition for the growth of crop production is the correct use of arable land, improving the structure of crops. Methodology . The research was carried out on the basis of the scientific principles and approaches set out in the methodological guidelines: “Agroecological assessment of land, design of adaptive landscape systems of agriculture and agrotechnologies” (Moscow: RASKHN, 2005, ed. academicians of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences A.L. Ivanov and V.I. Kiryushin). Results. For a more efficient use of arable land, increasing the yield of major agricultural crops, meeting the needs of farms with crop production, improving soil fertility, we have developed a structure of sown areas taking into account the specific agro-climatic conditions of the regions. Mozdok district: winter cereals in the structure of sown areas should occupy 42%, corn for grain — 15%, legumes — 7%, sunflower — 12%, fodder —16–17%. Kirovsky district: in the structure of sown areas, winter cereals should occupy 31%, corn for grain — 32%, legumes — 7%, fodder — 16–17%. Alagirsky district: for winter crops in the structure of sown areas it is necessary to allocate 22% of arable land, for corn for grain — 34%, industrial and vegetables — 7%, fodder crops up to 37–40%. Irafsky district: winter crops in the structure of sown areas should occupy 22%, corn for grain — 30%, fodder crops — up to 45%. Digorsky district: in the structure of sown areas, winter crops should occupy 28%, corn for grain — 30%, legumes — 7%, forage crops — up to 30%. Right-bank region: winter cereals — 26%, corn for grain — 30%, legumes — 7%, industrial crops and vegetables — 14%, fodder — 23%. Prigorodny district: the share of winter grains should account for 32% of arable land, corn for grain — 27%, potatoes and vegetables — 19% and forage crops — 17%. Ardon region: winter cereals — 27%, corn for grain — 27%, legumes — 7%, potatoes and vegetables — 11%, forage crops — 28%.

Field experiment was conducted during summerseason,2018 on sandy loam soils of dryland farm of S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University to study radiation use efficiency of fodder sorghum crop. The experiment was in four times of sowing viz., I FN of January, II FN of January, I FN of February and II FN of February with three fodder sorghum varieties viz., CSV 21 F, CSV 30 F and CSV 32 F. Efficiency of thermal and radiation energy conversion into dry biomass was computed using thermal and radiation indices.Results obtained during study revealed that early planting of crop CSV 32 F resulted in higher thermal use efficiency and radiation use efficiencies with higher fodder yield compared to delayed sowings. The correlation studies between RUE and TUE to LAI, dry matter accumulation and green fodder yield showed at significant positive linear relationship. The regression coefficients between meteorological indices viz., RUE and TUE and crop parameters viz., LAI, dry matter production, green fodder yieldwere significantly influenced by varieties at varied times of sowing. Conversion efficiency of radiation and thermal energy to accumulation of dry matter varied much with times of sowing and varieties.

Los cereales invernales poseen características útiles para la producción de forraje y presentan generalmente adecuada calidad nutritiva. En la generación de nuevas variedades es necesario cuantificar la interacción genotipo ambiente (IGA) para realizar una selección más eficiente. Los objetivos fueron analizar la interacción genotipo ambiente (IGA) en fracciones de forraje de 22 líneas de trigos harineros imberbes y tres testigos comerciales de otra especie, a través de tres muestreos. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones en cuatro ambientes, realizando muestreos a los 75, 90 y 105 días después de la siembra. Se determinó la producción de forraje seco total y de sus fracciones, analizándolos mediante el modelo AMMI. Los resultados indicaron que trece líneas de trigo junto con la cebada presentaron características deseables para producción de forraje seco total a través de los muestreos realizados de acuerdo con la superioridad sobre la media general. El testigo avena se consideró la menos productiva. La porción de tallos fue la de mayor aportación al rendimiento de forraje seco, seguida de las hojas y espigas. Hubo presencia de la IGA en las fracciones de forraje, así como en el total.

Experiments were conducted during rabi season of 2019 and 2020 at the Department of Agronomy, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai to assess the performance of fodder maize (Zea mays L.) under varying combinations of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers. An experiment was laid out in split plot design with four organic treatments in main-plots viz., No manure, farm yard manure (25 t/ha), vermicompost (12 t/ ha), poultry manure (12 t /ha) and four fertilizer treatments in subplots with levels of No fertilizer, 125% RDF, 100% RDF, 75% RDF. Recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) for fodder maize crop is 60 kg N ha-1: 40 kg P2O5 ha-1: 20 kg K2O ha-1. The organic manures were applied as per the N equivalent basis to inorganic nutrient recommendation. The results revealed that all the maize growth parameters, green and dry fodder yield were significantly affected with the application of organic manures and fertilizer levels. Growth parameters viz., taller plants, more number of leaves per plant, higher leaf area index, stem girth, leaf stem ratio were observed under the combined application of poultry manure @ 12 t/ha and fertilizer level of 75% RDF. The highest green matter yield and dry fodder yield were recorded with the integrated application of poultry manure @ 12 t/ ha along with the fertilizer level of 75 % RDF.

Agronomic use of cement kiln dust (CKD) improves sandy soil properties and promotes growth and development of plants to enhance crop yield. Field experiments were carried out on a private farm at a newly reclaimed land in the Western district of Nile valley, El-Minia Governorate, Egypt. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of white and black cement kiln dusts applied at six rates (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 Mg feddan-1) to sandy loam soil on some soil chemical properties, growth, yield, and heavy metals uptake of lead, nickel and cadmium by wheat and fodder sorghum plants. The results indicated that white and black CKDs are considered to be safe by-product materials in terms of pH and content of lead, nickel, and cadmium, however; they are potentially hazard in terms of salinity build up in the investigated soil. Heavy metals concentration in the investigated soil was in the following descending order: Lead > Nickel > Cadmium. The investigated soil remains at a safe level of lead and nickel, while in a potential level of unsafe cadmium. The highest value of wheat yield and fodder sorghum was recorded when white CKD was applied at the rate of 16 Mg feddan-1. From these results, it could be recommended to apply white CKD at an application rate of 16 Mg feddan-1 only once for common crops cultivated in sandy soils under conditions of El-Minia Governorate, Egypt.