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Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. and Magnus) Lams- -Scrib is one of the most devastating seed-borne diseases of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). In the present study, we evaluated the antifungal activity of Bunium persicum essential oil (EO) and its main constituents on mycelial growth, sporulation and spore germination inhibition of C. lindemuthianum. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of EO and its main constituents on decreasing the activity of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) produced by C. lindemuthianum, which are associated with disease progress. Also, the effects of seed treatment and foliar application of EO and its main constituent, cuminaldehyde, on anthracnose disease severity was investigated. The essential oil of B. persicum, was obtained by using a clevenger apparatus and its major constituents were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The EO was characterized by the presence of major compounds such as cuminaldehyde (37.7%), γ-terpinene (17.1%) and β-pinene (15.4%), which indicated antifungal effects against C. lindemuthianum. This pathogen did not grow in the presence of EO, cuminaldehyde and γ-terpinene, β-pinene at 1,500; 1,010 and 1,835 ppm concentrations, respectively. Also, sporulation and spore germination of C. lindemuthianum was completely inhibited by EO and cuminaldehyde. Synergistic effects of the main constituents showed that combing γ-terpinene with cuminaldehyde induced a synergistic activity against C. lindemuthianum and in combination with β-pinene caused an additive effect. Activities of pectinase, cellulase and xylanase, as main CWDEs, were decreased by EO and its main constituents at low concentration without affecting mycelial growth. Seed treatment and foliar application of peppermint EO and/or cuminaldehyde significantly reduced the development of bean anthracnose. We introduced B. persicum EO and constituents, cuminaldehyde and γ-terpinene, as possible control agents for bean anthracnose.

Due to inadequate efforts to reinforce nitrogen fixation capability of bean via symbiosis with rhizobia, improvement of bean productivity is still highly dependent on chemical fertilization. An advanced understanding of agro-ecosystem-bean-Rhizobium interaction is required to improve symbiosis efficiency. Thus, seasonal development of rhizobial nodulation was characterized according to 20 agro-ecological properties for 122 commercial bean fields. Principal component analysis identified soil texture as a major descriptor of agrosystem-bean-disease-Rhizobium interaction. Nonparametric correlation analysis indicated significant associations of root nodulation with bean class, fungicidal treatment of seed and soil, Fusarium root rot index, planting date and depth, soil texture, clay and sand content. Ordinal regression analysis demonstrated that rhizobial nodulation was improved by applying initial drought, heavier soil textures with greater organic matter and neutral pH, using herbicides and manure, growing white beans, irrigating every 7–9 days, later sowing in June, reducing disease and weed, shallower seeding, sowing beans after alfalfa, avoiding fungicidal treatment of seed and soil, and omitting urea application. This largescale study provided novel information on a comprehensive number of agronomic practices as potential tools for improving bean-Rhizobium symbiosis for sustainable legume production systems.

The high sensitivity of beans to herbicides is one of the limiting factors regarding the management of dicot weeds in bean crops. Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibition is an important mechanism of action that has unregistered molecules with potential use in bean crops. The objectives of this study were to investigate the tolerance of Brazilian bean cultivars to distinct PPO inhibitors and to determine the existence of cross-tolerance in cultivars to the different PPO inhibitor chemical groups. In the first and second experiments, the BRSMG Talismã, Jalo Precoce, BRS Esplendor, and IPR 81 cultivars were subjected to saflufenacil doses pre- (0, 9.6, 14.1, 20.5, 30.0, and 43.8 g a.i. ‧ ha–1) and post-emergence (0, 0.7, 1.0, 1.5, 2.1, and 3.1 g a.i. ‧ ha–1). In the third experiment, the tolerance of 28 bean genotypes to saflufenacil (20.5 g a.i. ‧ ha–1) in pre-emergence was determined. In the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh experiments, we investigated the cross-tolerance of bean to the fomesafen, flumioxazin, sulfentrazone, and saflufenacil herbicides, respectively. Even very low saflufenacil doses in post-emergence caused plants of all cultivars to die rapidly; therefore, the tolerance was much lower at this application time than in pre-emergence. There was high tolerance variability to saflufenacil among the 28 cultivars. The bean tolerance to fomesafen, flumioxazin, sulfentrazone, and saflufenacil applied pre-emergence depended on the cultivar and dose. Fomesafen was highlighted owing to its higher selectivity in relation to the different cultivars. No cross-tolerance pattern to the PPO inhibitor chemical groups applied in pre-emergence was observed among the evaluated bean cultivars. The results of this study could be of significance to farmers and technical assistance personnel, as well as for future research on cultivar breeding and the elucidation of biochemical and genetic mechanisms involved in herbicide tolerance.

Genotype x environment interactions represent a major challenge in identifying and selecting genotypes responsive to different climate and soil conditions. This research evaluated and selected pre-cultivars of carioca bean and early carioca bean based on adaptability, stability, and grain yield. In the 2014 crop season, two regional competition trials were conducted in the state of Pernambuco: carioca beans (14 genotypes in Arcoverde, Belém de São Francisco, Caruaru and São João) and early carioca beans (11 genotypes in Araripina, Arcoverde, and Caruaru) and, in the 2015 crop season, with early carioca beans (11 genotypes in Araripina, Arcoverde, and Brejão). Parameters were estimated by mixed models, and the selection was performed using the Harmonic Mean of Relative Performance of Genetic Values (HMRPGV) method following three strategies: i) selection based on predicted genetic value with no interaction; ii) selection according to predicted genetic value considering each location; and iii) simultaneous selection for grain yield, adaptability, and stability. The environments influenced the phenotypic expression of the carioca and early carioca bean genotypes, representing a specific adaptation. The genotypes BRS Notável, BRS Estilo and BRS Pérola, of carioca beans, and CNFC 15875, BRS Notável and CNFC 15630, of early carioca beans, had the best results in the environments tested, regarding, simultaneously, adaptability to different soil and climate conditions, performance stability, and grain yield. RESUMO: A interação genótipo x ambiente representa um grande desafio na identificação e seleção de genótipos responsivos às diversas condições de clima e solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar e selecionar pré-cultivares de feijão carioca e feijão carioca precoce com base na adaptabilidade, estabilidade e produtividade de grãos. Na safra 2014 foram conduzidos dois ensaios regionais de competição no estado de Pernambuco: feijão carioca (14 genótipos em Arcoverde, Belém de São Francisco, Caruaru e São João) e feijão carioca precoce (11 genótipos em Araripina, Arcoverde e Caruaru) e na safra de 2015 com feijão carioca precoce (11 genótipos, em Araripina, Arcoverde e Brejão). Os parâmetros foram estimados por meio de modelos mistos e a seleção foi realizada pelo método da Média Harmônica do Desempenho Relativo dos Valores Genéticos (MHPRVG), adotando-se três estratégias: i) seleção com base no valor genético predito, sem interação; ii) seleção com base no valor genético predito, considerando cada local; iii) seleção simultânea quanto à produtividade de grãos, adaptabilidade e estabilidade. Observou-se que os ambientes influenciaram na expressão fenotípica dos genótipos de feijão carioca e carioca precoce, configurando adaptação específica. Os genótipos BRS Notável, BRS Estilo e BRS Pérola, de feijão carioca, e CNFC 15875, BRS Notável e CNFC 15630, de feijão carioca precoce, apresentaram os melhores desempenhos nos ambientes testados, considerando-se, simultaneamente, a adaptabilidade a diferentes condições edafoclimáticas, estabilidade de desempenho e produtividade de grãos.

The nitrogen (N) supplying capacity of common bean plants through biological fixation is still questioned by farmers. This study aimed to investigate the nodulation, growth and production of common bean cultivars under field conditions, when subjected to topdressing Rhizobium tropici reinoculation applied at different rates, combined or not with Azospirillum brasilense. A randomized blocks design was used, in a 2 × 4 × 2 + 2 factorial arrangement, with four replications. The treatments consisted of two common bean cultivars (BRS-Estilo and BRS-Esteio) reinoculated with four R. tropici rates (0-, 1-, 2- and 4-fold the reference rate), combined or not with A. brasilense in co-inoculation. The additional treatments consisted of nitrogen fertilizer applications (20 and 50 kg ha-1 at planting and as topdressing, respectively) for both cultivars. The variables evaluated at the R6 stage were nodulation (number of active nodules and nodule dry weight) and morphological plant characteristics (root length and dry weight, plant height, shoot dry weight and N content), while, at harvest, the number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, 100-grain average weight and grain yield were evaluated. The topdressing reinoculation of R. tropici combined with A. brasilense at the V4 stage affected the nodulation process and agronomic characteristics of the common bean plants. When performed in addition to seed inoculation, it may totally replace the supply of mineral N in the crop, allowing the achievement of high yield levels. RESUMO A capacidade de fornecimento de nitrogênio (N) para o feijoeiro por meio de fixação biológica ainda é questionada por agricultores. Objetivou-se investigar a nodulação, crescimento e produção de cultivares de feijão comum em condições de campo, submetidas à reinoculação de Rhizobium tropici em cobertura aplicado em diferentes doses, em mistura ou não com Azospirillum brasilense. Empregou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 x 2 + 2, com quatro repetições, sendo duas cultivares (BRS-Estilo e BRS-Esteio) reinoculadas com quatro doses de R. trocipi em cobertura (0; 1; 2; e 4 vezes a dose referência), em mistura ou não com Azospirillum em co-inoculação. Como tratamentos adicionais, utilizou-se adubação nitrogenada (20 e 50 kg ha-1 na base e em cobertura, respectivamente) para ambas as cultivares. No estádio R6, foram avaliadas as características de nodulação (número de nódulos ativos e massa seca de nódulos) e morfológicas das plantas (comprimento e peso seco de raiz, altura de planta, peso seco da parte aérea e teor de N), e, na colheita, o número de vagens por planta, número de grãos por vagem, peso médio de 100 grãos e rendimento de grãos. A reinoculação em cobertura de R. tropici com A. brasilense realizada no estádio V4 infuenciou no processo de nodulação e características agronômicas do feijoeiro. Quando realizada em complementação à inoculação nas sementes, pode substituir totalmente o fornecimento de N mineral na cultura, permitindo a obtenção de elevados patamares de rendimento.

Breeding of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) shows restrictions in the genetic advance because of the effect of the environment. Therefore, the behavior of the yield components of genotypes varies according to the crop’s environment. The genotype x environment interaction can cause genotypes with high yields in one location not to behave in the same way in other localities, which limits the recommendation of cultivars for different environments. The objective of this research was to evaluate agronomic traits in new improved bean cultivars in high tropic environments, as well as to determine which cultivars show phenotypic stability for yield. Multi-environment tests were carried out during 2016 and 2017 in two regions of the department of Cundinamarca, in Colombia. Significant differences were found for the genotype x environment interaction and highly significant differences for the evaluation environments and genotypes. The greatest variation was attributed to genetic effects, followed by environmental effects and the genotype x environment interaction. The first two principal components for grain yield showed 88.86% of the variation of the genotype x environment interaction. Cultivars Serrania and Sutagao, of climbing growth habit, were identified as stable and with high yield potential, so they can be considered as a commercial alternative for bean growers.

Resumo Objetivando determinar a produção relativa do feijoeiro cv. Talismã, em função do índice diário de estresse hídrico (WSDI), realizou-se um experimento em lisímetros de drenagem, sob ambiente protegido, no campus da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, MG. Em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, os tratamentos consistiram de sete frações de lixiviação, equivalentes a 40, 31, 25, 23, 16, 14 e 3% da lâmina de água de irrigação sendo que, para a fração de lixiviação de 3% usou-se água doce (0,07 dS m-1) e, para os demais, água salina (2,0 dS m-1), e três repetições. O feijoeiro cv. Talismã mostrou-se sensível à salinidade, entretanto, a melhor eficiência de uso de água, em condição salina, foi para fração de lixiviação de 31% e, em geral, a eficiência diminuiu com a redução das frações de lixiviação; o WSDI é eficaz para se determinar a produção relativa do feijoeiro sob condições de salinidade do solo. Abstract With the objective of determining the yield of bean cv. Talismã as a function of the daily water stress index, an experiment was conducted in drainage lysimeters under greenhouse conditions at the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, MG. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design and consisted of seven leaching fractions corresponding to 40, 31, 25, 23, 16, 14 and 3% of the irrigation water depth. Fresh water (0.07 dS m-1) was used for the leaching fraction of 3%, and saline water (2.0 dS m-1) for the other treatments, both with three replications. The cv. Talismã bean showed to be sensitive to salinity, and the highest efficiency of water use, under saline conditions, was obtained for the leaching fraction of 31%. However, the efficiency tended to decrease as the leaching fractions were reduced. The daily water stress index showed to be efficient to determine the relative yield of the bean plant under saline conditions.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the reaction of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) lines to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the aggressiveness of the isolates, and the inheritance of resistance to white mold, under two environmental conditions. The experiments were carried out under field and greenhouse conditions. In each one, four isolates were inoculated in 14 common bean lines using the straw-test inoculation method and severity on plants. No common bean line with a high level of resistance to white mold was identified, and most of the lines were moderately resistant to the pathogen. In general, the BRS Campeiro, BRS Radiante, BRSMG Talismã, and Ouro Negro cultivars stand out for resistance. Under field conditions, the UFLA 3 isolate discriminates well the lines, while, under greenhouse conditions, UFLA 26 and UFLA 92 are the most aggressive isolates. Furthermore, according to the genetic study, most of the observed variation can be attributed to horizontal resistance, although a small part is associated with vertical resistance. Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a reação de linhagens de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris) ao fungo Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a agressividade dos isolados, e a herança de resistência ao mofo-branco, em duas condições ambientais. Os experimentos foram realizados em condições de campo e casa de vegetação. Em cada um deles, quatro isolados foram inoculados em 14 linhagens de feijoeiro-comum pelo método de inoculação “straw test” e a severidade nas plantas foi avaliada. Não se identificaram linhagens de feijão-comum com alto nível de resistência ao mofo-branco, e a maioria delas mostrou-se moderadamente resistente ao patógeno. Em geral, as cultivares BRS Campeiro, BRS Radiante, BRSMG Talismã e Ouro Negro destacam-se quanto à resistência. Na condição de campo, o isolado UFLA 3 discrimina bem as linhagens, enquanto, na casa de vegetação, UFLA 26 e UFLA 92 são os isolados mais agressivos. Além disso, de acordo com o estudo genético, a maior parte da variação encontrada pode ser atribuída à resistência horizontal, embora uma pequena parte esteja associada à resistência vertical.

A profundidade de semeadura pode afetar negativamente a emergência, desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de feijão e consequentemente o estande de plantas. Porém, o desempenho sob diferentes profundidades pode ser variável entre as cultivares. Objetivou-se neste estudo verificar o efeito de diferentes profundidades de semeadura sobre a emergência e o desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de cultivares de feijão. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento em blocos completamente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, com quatro repetições. Os fatores consistiram em quatro profundidades de semeadura (4, 8, 10 e 12 centímetros) e quatro cultivares de feijão (TAA Dama, BRS Estilo, IPR Tangará e IPR Tuiuiu). Foram avaliadas as variáveis emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência, comprimento de raiz principal, hipocótilo e epicótilo, e massa seca de plântulas. Observou-se que profundidades de semeadura entre 6 e 10 cm proporcionaram maior emergência de plântulas com 98%, e IVE de 11,3, além de favorecer o desempenho inicial de plântulas de feijão. Não houve diferença entre as cultivares para comprimento de hipocótilo e massa seca de plântulas. Concluiu-se que profundidades de semeadura entre 6 e 10 cm, de solo destorroado e descompactado, proporcionam maior emergência e consequente desempenho inicial de plântulas; no entanto, não havendo efeitos distinto das cultivares de feijão.

Drought compromises edible vegetable production worldwide, including common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) an economically important crop that is highly dependent on optimum rainfall or abundant irrigation. In the present study, phenotypic data of 26 Bulgarian common bean mutant lines and cultivars subjected to drought stress has been summarized, and drought stress reaction was evaluated by chlorophyll fluorescence and proteomics approaches. Several basic photosynthetic parameters were examined during treatment to evaluate the drought stress response, and the mutant lines showed different responses. Subsequently, a relationship was found between productivity and photosynthetic performance with the expression of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase through comparative 2D-gel based electrophoresis; accumulation of the well-known stress-related proteins markers dehydrins and small heat shock proteins was established as well. These findings support the further selection of drought tolerant common bean lines for a sustainable agriculture.

Adequate soil managements and use of agricultural machinery are essential for the economic viability of these practices and for the environmental preservation. In this context, sowing and fertilizer application practices are the most important activities, since they affect crop development and present high energy demand. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the energy demand of a tractor-planter-fertilizer unit for the sowing of common bean seeds in no-tillage system as a function of three soil water contents (28.7, 36.4, and 47.6%) and three soil fertilizer placement depths (0.06; 0.11 and 0.15 m). The final common bean grain yield was also evaluated. The lowest energy demand was found for the highest soil water content combined with the lowest soil fertilizer placement depth. The highest common bean grain yield was found for plants under soil water content of 36.4% and fertilizer placement depth of 0.11 m, reaching 4,186 kg ha-1.

he aims of this study were to investigate the genetic variability and the genotype × environment interaction for quality and yield traits in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), to evaluate the degree of informativeness of the evaluations of grain quality in only one environment, to estimate genetic parameters for grain quality traits, and to select lines with superior grain quality. We evaluated 81 carioca common bean lines in preliminary line trials in several environments for nutritional, technological, and commercial quality and selected the 20 superior lines, which were evaluated in validation trials in nine environments. Individual and combined ANOVAs were performed for all the traits. Correlations were estimated between Fe and Zn concentrations and yield; adaptability and phenotypic stability were analyzed; and superior genotypes were selected based on the Mulamba & Mock index. It is possible to increase the Fe, Zn, and crude protein concentrations and reduce cooking time; however, increasing crude fiber is a challenge. Preliminary evaluation of the quality traits in only one environment was effective and sufficient for selection of genotypes superior in Fe concentration, crude fiber, crude protein, and cooking time; and genetic gains can be obtained from selection for these traits. Genetic and phenotypic correlations were observed between Fe and Zn concentrations. The lines CNFC 16627, CNFC 16518, CNFC 16602, CNFC 16615, and CNFC 16520 are superior based on the selection index and are recommended for breeding for grain quality in carioca common bean. Made available in DSpace on 2021-09-10T15:05:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cs.pdf: 249903 bytes, checksum: ef9f181f778db91831b3f000202db229 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:07:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Nitrogen (N) is the nutrient most required by common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and the rational management of this element in the crop is very important for increasing the sustainability of agricultural systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic performance, qualitative performance and the response and efficiency of N use by 16 common bean cultivars with the commercial grain type “Carioca” in the autumn-winter season under irrigation. The experiment was conducted in a Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico (Oxisol) under conventional tillage. A randomized block design was used in split plots with four replicates. The plots were consisted of the common bean cultivars: ANFc 9, BRS Ametista, BRS Estilo, BRSMG Madrepérola, Pérola, IAC Alvorada, IAC Imperador, IAC Milênio, IAC Sintonia, IPR Andorinha, IPR Campos Gerais, IPR Tangará, IPR 139 (Juriti Claro), TAA Bola Cheia, TAA Dama and TAA Gol. The subplots comprised the absence and presence of nitrogen (0 and 100 kg ha−1 of N). The agronomic performance of common bean is affected by top-dressing N application, and the cultivars IPR Campos Gerais and IPR Tangará stood out under N application. The common bean cultivars BRS Estilo, IAC Imperador and IPR Campos Gerais are responsive and efficient in the use of N. The qualitative performance of common bean grains is influenced by the top-dressing N application, and the cultivar IAC Alvorada showed the best results. Top-dressing N application increases the protein content and decreases the cooking time of common bean grains. School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences São Paulo State University (Unesp) School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences São Paulo State University (Unesp)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the experimental precision of ten statistics in the evaluation of characters related to the technological quality of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) lines. Seventeen experiments were carried out between 2010 and 2019, with 116 common bean genotypes of different types of grain. Technological quality was determined for the following characters: mass of 100 grains, grain lightness value (L*), absorption, and cooking time. A significant genotype effect was obtained in 100% of the experiments for L* value and mass of 100 grains, in 76.92% for absorption, and in 94.12% for cooking time. The L* value and mass of 100 grains were determined with a high experimental precision by all statistics. Absorption and cooking time showed a high experimental precision, when analyzed by the following statistics: F-test value for genotype (Fc), genetic variation coefficient (GVC), relative variation coefficient (RVC), heritability (h2), and selective accuracy (SA). The statistics Fc, GVC, RVC, h2, and SA provided a high experimental precision in the evaluation of the characters related to technological quality in common bean lines. Selective accuracy is the most appropriate statistics to select superior common bean lines for grain and cooking quality in breeding programs. Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a precisão experimental de dez estatísticas, na avaliação de caracteres relacionados à qualidade tecnológica, em linhagens de feijão-comum (Phaseolus vulgaris). Dezessete experimentos foram realizados, entre 2010 e 2019, com 116 genótipos de feijão de diferentes tipos de grãos. A qualidade tecnológica foi quantificada para os seguintes caracteres: massa de 100 grãos, valor de luminosidade do grão (L*), absorção e tempo de cozimento. Obteve-se um efeito de genótipo significativo em 100% dos experimentos quanto ao valor de L* e à massa de 100 grãos, em 76,92% quanto à absorção e em 94,12% quanto ao cozimento. O valor de L* e a massa de 100 grãos foram determinados com alta precisão experimental por todas as estatísticas. A absorção e o tempo de cozimento mostraram alta precisão experimental, quando analisados pelas seguintes estatísticas: valor do teste F para genótipo (Fc), coeficiente de variação genética (CVG), coeficiente de variação relativa (CVR), herdabilidade (h2) e acurácia seletiva (AS). As estatísticas Fc, CVG, CVR, h2 e AS propiciaram alta precisão experimental na avaliação de caracteres da qualidade tecnológica em linhagens de feijão. A acurácia seletiva é a estatística mais apropriada, para selecionar linhagens de feijão superiores quanto à qualidade de grãos e de cozimento em programas de melhoramento.

The BRSMG Uai common bean cultivar (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) unites traits required by producers, such as high yield and upright stands, the latter of which is considerably improved in relation to previously released cultivars such as BRSMG Madrepérola and Pérola. However, the potential of the cultivar to form symbiotic relationships with rhizobia to fix N2 has not yet been assessed. Here, field experiments were conducted to assess the efficiency of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in the cultivar, and to compare this to the efficiencies of other genetic materials widely grown throughout Brazil (BRSMG Madrepérola and Pérola). Experiments were conducted on two Oxisols in Minas Gerais State, Brazil (one during the dry season in the south, and the other during the winter season in the Alto-Paranaíba region), under a no-tillage system over maize stover. A randomized block experimental design was implemented in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement with four replicates. Individual and combined Analysis of Variance were performed and the data were normalized. Homogeneity of the residual mean squares was observed. Significant effects of factors were identified by Scott-Knott tests and F tests. The BRSMG Uai cultivar responded to inoculation with the rhizobial strain CIAT 899, with yields similar to those achieved upon fertilization with 80 kg ha-1 of N-urea and to the yields of the BRSMG Madrepérola and Pérola cultivars inoculated with the same rhizobial strain. In terms of commercial use, this cultivar may be successful under either of the management practices adopted for N supply, and from the perspective of plant breeding, it has potential for inclusion in breeding programs directed toward improving BNF. The BRSMG Uai common bean cultivar (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) unites traits required by producers, such as high yield and upright stands, the latter of which is considerably improved in relation to previously released cultivars such as BRSMG Madrepérola and Pérola. However, the potential of the cultivar to form symbiotic relationships with rhizobia to fix N2 has not yet been assessed. Here, field experiments were conducted to assess the efficiency of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in the cultivar, and to compare this to the efficiencies of other genetic materials widely grown throughout Brazil (BRSMG Madrepérola and Pérola). Experiments were conducted on two Oxisols in Minas Gerais State, Brazil (one during the dry season in the south, and the other during the winter season in the Alto-Paranaíba region), under a no-tillage system over maize stover. A randomized block experimental design was implemented in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement with four replicates. Individual and combined Analysis of Variance were performed and the data were normalized. Homogeneity of the residual mean squares was observed. Significant effects of factors were identified by Scott-Knott tests and F tests. The BRSMG Uai cultivar responded to inoculation with the rhizobial strain CIAT 899, with yields similar to those achieved upon fertilization with 80 kg ha-1 of N-urea and to the yields of the BRSMG Madrepérola and Pérola cultivars inoculated with the same rhizobial strain. In terms of commercial use, this cultivar may be successful under either of the management practices adopted for N supply, and from the perspective of plant breeding, it has potential for inclusion in breeding programs directed toward improving BNF.

International audience; Global climate change, causing large parts of the world to become drier with longer drought periods, severely affects production of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The bean is worldwide the most produced and consumed food grain legume in the human diet. In common beans, adapted to moderate climates, exposure to drought/heat stress not only results in significant reduction of bean yield but also the nutritional value. This review explores the contribution of common beans to food and nutrient security as well as health. Also discussed is the existing knowledge of the impact of drought/heat stress, associated with a changing climate, specifically on iron (Fe) and phytic acid (PA) that are both among the most important mineral and anti-nutritional compounds found in common beans. Further discussed is how the application of modern "omics" tools contributes in common beans to higher drought/heat tolerance as well as to higher Fe and reduced PA content. Finally, possible future actions are discussed to develop new common bean varieties with both improved drought/heat tolerance and higher mineral (Fe) content.

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is one of the most consumed legume crops in the world, and Fusarium wilt, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli, is one of the major diseases affecting its production. Portugal holds a very promising common bean germplasm with an admixed genetic background that may reveal novel genetic resistance combinations between the original Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools. To identify new sources of Fusarium wilt resistance and detect resistance-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we explored, for the first time, a diverse collection of the underused Portuguese common bean germplasm by using genome-wide association analyses. The collection was evaluated for Fusarium wilt resistance under growth chamber conditions, with the highly virulent F. oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli strain FOP-SP1 race 6. Fourteen of the 162 Portuguese accessions evaluated were highly resistant and 71 intermediate. The same collection was genotyped with DNA sequencing arrays, and SNP–resistance associations were tested via a mixed linear model accounting for the genetic relatedness between accessions. The results from the association mapping revealed nine SNPs associated with resistance on chromosomes Pv04, Pv05, Pv07, and Pv08, indicating that Fusarium wilt resistance is under oligogenic control. Putative candidate genes related to phytoalexin biosynthesis, hypersensitive response, and plant primary metabolism were identified. The results reported here highlight the importance of exploring underused germplasm for new sources of resistance and provide new genomic targets for the development of functional markers to support selection in future disease resistance breeding programs., Fundação Para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Grant/Award Number: IF/01337/2014 FCT, Grant/Award Number: PTDC/AGR-TEC/3555/2012, Grant/Award Number: SFRH/BD/92160/2013, Grant/Award Number: UID/Multi/04551/2013. Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, Grant/Award Number: COST-STSM-FA1208-16703, Grant/Award Number: COST-STSM-FA1306-29560.

Bean rust caused by Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.: Pers.) Unger. is one of the most devastating fungal diseases in common beans. For the plains of Bulgaria, the disease has a sporadic spread but occurs annually in The Rhodope mountains. To determine the pathotype diversity in Northeastern Bulgaria, seventeen single uredinium isolates (SUIs) were obtained from a naturally occurring pathogen population. The virulent phenotype of the isolates to the differential set referred them to 16 pathotypes of four races. The pathotypes of race 20-16 had the highest frequency of isolation (56.3%), followed by the pathotypes of race 20-18 (31.2%) and the pathotypes of races 20-0 and 20-2 (6.3%). One pathotype was referred to the Andean-specific group of the pathogen and 15 pathotypes were referred to the nonspecific group of U. appendiculatus. All pathotypes had a completely different virulent/avirulent phenotype compared to those previously described in Bulgaria. This investigation is the first report for the distribution of pathotypes of races 20-16 and 20-18 in the country. The high pathotype diversity of U. appendiculatus in Bulgaria is due to genetic recombination during the sexual process which occurs in The Rhodope mountains, or to mutations in the pathogen population as a result of breeding pressure of the new varieties grown in the country., Ръждата по фасул, причинявана от Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.: Pers.) Unger, е едно от най-вредоносните гъбни заболявания по обикновения фасул. За равнинните части на България болестта има спорадичен характер, но се среща ежегодно в Родопите. За определяне на патотипното разнообразие на патогена в Североизточна България са изолирани 17 моносорови изолата. Вирулентният фенотип на изолатите към диференциращите сортове на ръждата по фасула отнася изолатите към 16 патотипа на четири раси. С най-голяма честота на изолиране са патотиповете на раса 20-16 (56,3%), следвани от раса 20-18 (31,2%) и раси 20-0 и 20-2 (6,3%) съответно. Един патотип е отнесен към Andean-специфичната група на патогена, а останалите 15 патотипа към неспецифичната група на U. аppendiculatus. Всички патотипове имат напълно различен вирулентен/авирулентен фенотип в сравнение с установените до момента в България. Патотиповете на раси 20-16 и 20-18 са нови за страната. Голямото патотипно разнообразие на U. appendiculatus в България се дължи на генетични рекомбинации през половия процес, който протича в Родопите или на мутации в популацията на патогена под дейстивие на селекционния натиск на новите сортове, които се отглеждат в страната.

The use of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture can cause uncontrolled gas emissions, such as N2O and CO2, leading to global warming and serious climate change. In this study, we evaluated the greenhouse gases emissions (GHGs) that are concomitant with applied different rates of N fertilization, such as 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, and 120% of the recommended dose in green beans grown under three irrigation systems (surface, subsurface, and drip irrigation). The obtained results showed that GHGs were positively correlated with increasing the rate of N fertilization. Meanwhile, the subsurface irrigation system followed by drip irrigation achieved the highest significant (p ≤ 0.05) values regarding the growth and pod yield attributes. Furthermore, N supplements at 90% and/or 100% of the recommended dose under the subsurface irrigation system led to the highest concentration of chlorophyll, vitamin C, total protein, and activities of antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POX). Proline and pod fibers were decreased in parallel with increasing the N rate, while water use efficiency (WUE) was improved with increasing the rate of N supplements up to 100% or 110% of the recommended dose.

Background: The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, is a quarantine pest of French beans that requires phytosanitary treatment to meet quarantine requirements for strict lucrative markets. In this study, the efficacy of hot water treatment against F. occidentalis eggs and its effects on the postharvest physicochemical quality parameters of French beans was evaluated. Results: The immersion time of 8.01 min (95% critical limits CL 7.77–8.24) was predicted by the probit model as the minimum time required to achieve a 99.9968% control level. Confirmatory tests with a large number of F. occidentalis eggs were performed to validate the estimated time to achieve probit-9 control level, and there were no survivors from the 50 103 eggs treated. Likewise, none of the 55 364 eggs exposed to 45 ± 0.2 °C for 7 min (observational time) survived. The effect of the treatment schedule on French beans quality parameters was assessed and there were no differences in weight loss, moisture content, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, and reducing sugars between treated and untreated samples. Conclusion: Our results indicate that hot water treatment (at 45 ± 0.2 °C for a duration of 8.01 min is an effective phytosanitary treatment for the control of Frankliniella occidentalis on French beans, with no significant impact on pods quality. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the response of the Garapiá, Triunfo, and BRS-FC104 bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars to the water deficit represented by the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW). The experimental design was completely randomized in a 3×2 bifactorial arrangement (cultivars × irrigation and no irrigation). Transpiration, growth, and yield were evaluated in the crop season and off-season. In the crop season, with a low atmospheric air demand (below 15 hPa in 55% of the days), 'Garapiá' presented early stomatal closure with the critical FTSW (FTSWc) of 0.36, but had the same yield as 'Triunfo', whose stomata closed late (FTSWc = 0.23). In the off-season, with a high atmospheric air demand (greater than 15 hPa in 83.3% of the days), 'Garapiá' presented an early stomatal closure (FTSWc = 0.17) and a higher yield (392.2 kg ha-1 more than 'Triunfo'). In the crop season and off-season, 'Garapiá' showed tolerance to water deficit in the reproductive period. Water deficit resulted in lower values of height, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, and leaf area. Both 'Garapiá' and 'Triunfo' showed a high yield in the crop season, but only 'Garapiá' in the off-season. 'Garapiá' presents tolerance to water deficit, with efficient stomatal control and high growth and yield.

The objective of this work was to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters of black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) lines for reaction to fusarium wilt (RFW), yield, and 100-seed weight (100SW) under conditions of a field naturally infested by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli, as well as to select lines that combine the desirable phenotypes for the three traits simultaneously. For this, 116 lines obtained from two segregating populations and five check cultivars were evaluated using an 11×11 triple lattice experimental design, in the winter crop seasons of 2015 and 2016, with sowing in May. The obtained heritability estimates were high: 91, 75, and 92% for RFW, yield, and 100SW, respectively. Significant genetic correlations of -0.93 were detected between RFW and yield and of -0.28 between RFW and 100SW, indicating that more resistant lines have a higher yield and a larger grain size. Direct selection for each trait led to increases of 34% in resistance to FW, 11% in yield, and 9.0% in 100SW. Simultaneous selection for the three traits led to high gains of 22.1% for RFW, 6.6% for yield, and 7.7% for 100SW. Therefore, there is genetic variability and a high possibility of success from selection. Five lines – CNFP 19237, CNFP 19346, CNFP 19320, CNFP 19291, and CNFP 19306 – show a higher genetic potential.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic variability of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes of different grain types as to macro- and micromineral concentrations, as well as to select superior genotypes by the multiplicative index. A total of 22 common bean genotypes were evaluated in experiments carried out in the dry and rainy seasons. The concentration of six minerals (potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, and copper) was determined, and the multiplicative index was applied to individual and combined experiments. There was a significant effect of the genotype × environment interaction on the concentration of all minerals, and, when the genotype effect was decomposed into grain types, the genotypes differed as to the concentration of three or more minerals. There is genetic variability in the concentration of macro- and microminerals in the common bean genotypes evaluated in the dry and rainy seasons. In the combined experiments, high heritability estimates (≥ 62.60%) and a greater total genetic gain (283.59%) are observed. The multiplicative index applied to combined experiments allows the selection of superior common bean genotypes of the following grain types: red (Amendoim comprido and Light Red Kidney), cranberry ('BRS Executivo' and 'Hooter'), and carioca ('IPR Siriri'), which have high phosphorus and iron concentrations; Amendoim comprido also stands out for its high potassium concentration.

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de verificar os períodos de interferência de plantas daninhas sobre os componentes de rendimento e a produtividade da cultura do feijoeiro comum, cv. IPR Tangará, cultivado em Curitibanos-SC. O experimento foi conduzido no ano agrícola de 2016/17, no município de Curitibanos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com 12 tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema fatorial 2 x 6. O primeiro fator foi representado por dois modelos de interferência sendo um período de convivência ou período anterior à interferência (PAI) e outro período de controle ou período total de prevenção a interferência (PTPI). O segundo fator foi composto por seis épocas crescentes em que a cultura conviveu ou foi mantida livre da presença das plantas daninhas (0, 7, 15, 30, 60, 102 dias após a emergência - DAE). Foram avaliados o estande de plantas em 2,0 metros, o número de vagens por planta, a massa de cem grãos e a produtividade. O período crítico de prevenção à interferência (PCPI) situou-se entre 5 e 54 DAE. A interferência das plantas daninhas durante todo o ciclo do feijoeiro reduziu o estande de plantas, o número de vagens por planta e a produtividade da cultivar IPR Tangará, sendo que esta última variável apresentou redução de 80,4%.

BRS FC104 is a carioca seeded common bean cultivar with super-early maturity (mean of 65 days; emergence to physiological maturity) and disease resistance superior to other early maturity carioca seeded cultivars. Is is recommended for growing in 21 Brazilian states and has high yield potential (3792 kg ha-1), a mean yield of 2186 kg ha-1, and 6.9% higher mean of the relative yield compared to the control cultivars. Made available in DSpace on 2020-01-02T18:07:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 35680.pdf: 263164 bytes, checksum: 5272ae4775132840be7cc12f5020ed6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019 Cultivar release.

Halo blight disease of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Pph), is responsible for severe losses in crop production worldwide. As the current agronomic techniques used are not effective, it is necessary to search for new ones which may prevent disease in common bean. In this study, we challenged four plant-based preparations (PBPs), with no other agronomic uses, as they come from industrial waste (grapevine pomace (RG) and hop residue (RH)) or wild plants (Urtica dioica (U) and Equisetum sp. (E)), to be used as immune defense elicitors against Pph in common bean. After studying their inhibitory effect against Pph growth by bioassays, the two most effective PBPs (RG and U) were applied in common bean plants. By measuring the total H2O2, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzymatic activities, as well as the expression of six defense-related genes—PR1, WRKY33, MAPKK, RIN4, and PAL1—, it was observed that U-PBP application involved a signaling redox process and the overexpression of all genes, mostly PR1. First infection trials in vitro suggested that the application of U-PBP involved protection against Pph. The elicitation of bean defense with U-PBP involved a decrease in some yield parameters, but without affecting the final production. All these findings suggest a future use of U-PBP to diminish halo blight disease.

Seed reserve mobilization is considered a post-germination process; however, seed storage protein mobilization occurs during germination. Thus, the knowledge of seed protein composition is important to understand various processes during germination, and it be associated with seed vigor. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize landrace genotypes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) through fractionation of seed storage proteins during germination and to verify the association between seed protein composition and seed vigor. Genotypes of the highest (55 and 81) and lowest (23 and 50) physiological quality were selected. Protein content analysis, profiling, and characterization were performed by combining different hydration times. Mass spectrometry involving in-gel digestion and MALDI-ToF analysis was employed for the qualitative identification of proteins. Glutelin extraction detected the enzyme lipoxygenase in genotypes 55 and 81 alone. In plants, this enzyme may be involved in diverse physiological processes, including growth and development, pest resistance, senescence, and response to wounding. In the process of germination, lipoxygenase removes reactive oxygen species during reserve mobilization; therefore, lipoxygenase may be a candidate biochemical marker for high-vigor genotypes. Seed reserve mobilization is considered a post-germination process; however, seed storage protein mobilization occurs during germination. Thus, the knowledge of seed protein composition is important to understand various processes during germination, and it be associated with seed vigor. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize landrace genotypes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) through fractionation of seed storage proteins during germination and to verify the association between seed protein composition and seed vigor. Genotypes of the highest (55 and 81) and lowest (23 and 50) physiological quality were selected. Protein content analysis, profiling, and characterization were performed by combining different hydration times. Mass spectrometry involving in-gel digestion and MALDI-ToF analysis was employed for the qualitative identification of proteins. Glutelin extraction detected the enzyme lipoxygenase in genotypes 55 and 81 alone. In plants, this enzyme may be involved in diverse physiological processes, including growth and development, pest resistance, senescence, and response to wounding. In the process of germination, lipoxygenase removes reactive oxygen species during reserve mobilization; therefore, lipoxygenase may be a candidate biochemical marker for high-vigor genotypes.

Assessing the potential drivers of farmers using pesticidal plants for crop protection is essential for wider adoption. However, few studies have focused on collaborative assessments of the underlying trade-offs when using pesticidal plant extracts for pest control. Smallholder farmers in northern Tanzania involved in farmer driven research assessing pesticidal plants evaluated the costs, benefits, trade-offs and areas for future investment. A questionnaire was used to collect demographic information from 77 farmers and their views on pest problems and crop protection in common bean production. This was followed by small focus group discussions (n = 9) using a participatory framework to elucidate the costs and benefits of adopting pesticidal plant technology. A multiple correspondence analysis showed that pesticidal plant use was associated with men greater than 50 years old, and synthetic pesticide use was associated with younger aged farmers and women. Farmers who used synthetics generally did not report the presence of common pest species found in common bean production, whereas farmers who used pesticidal plants were associated with more frequent reports of pest species. This participatory cost–benefit analysis highlighted that tools and processing challenges were the main costs to using pesticidal plants. The main benefit reported when using pesticidal plants was a general improvement to family health. Farmers expressed overall a positive outcome when using pesticidal plants for crop protection and recommended that future investments focus on improving access to tools and education regarding plant processing and extraction to improve uptake of the technology by smallholder farmers.

Seed germination is a complex process controlled by many factors, in which physical and biochemical mechanisms are involved and the mobilization of reserves is crucial for this process to occur. Although, seed reserve mobilization is usually thought to be a post-germination process, seed reserve proteins mobilization occurs during germination. This study quantified seed proteins of bean genotypes during different hydration times, in order to understand the process of protein mobilization and whether there is relationship of this biochemical component with seed vigor. This study was conducted using seeds with different levels of vigor, genotypes with highest (13, 42, 55 and 81) and lowest (07, 23, 44, 50, IPR-88-Uirapurú and Iapar 81) physiological quality. High vigor genotypes showed greater efficiency in hydrolysis and mobilization of protein component, because they presented low globulins content in cotyledons at radicle protrusion in relation to low vigor genotypes (07, 23 and 50). The protein alpha-amylase inhibitor, observed in all genotypes, is involved with the longer time needed for radicle protrusion, according to the band intensity difference in genotypes 07, 44 and Iapar 81. RESUMO: A germinação de sementes é um processo complexo controlado por muitos fatores, nos quais mecanismos físicos e bioquímicos estão envolvidos e a mobilização de reservas é decisiva para que esse processo ocorra. Embora a mobilização de reservas de sementes seja considerada um processo pós-germinativo, a mobilização das proteínas de reserva de sementes ocorre durante a germinação. Este estudo teve como objetivo quantificar as proteínas de sementes de genótipos de feijão durante os diferentes tempos de hidratação, a fim de compreender o processo de mobilização proteica e se há relação desse componente bioquímico com o vigor das sementes. Este estudo foi realizado utilizando sementes com diferentes níveis de vigor, genótipos com maior (13, 42, 55 e 81) e menor (07, 23, 44, 50, IPR-88-Uirapurú e Iapar 81) qualidade fisiológica. Os genótipos de alto vigor apresentaram maior eficiência na hidrólise e mobilização do componente proteico, pois apresentaram baixo teor de globulinas nos cotilédones na protrusão radicular em relação aos genótipos de baixo vigor (07, 23 e 50). A proteína inibidora da alfa-amilase, observada em todos os genótipos, está envolvida com o maior tempo necessário para a protrusão da radícula, de acordo com a diferença de intensidade da banda nos genótipos 07, 44 e Iapar 81.

Common bean is a species belonging to the Phaseolus genus of the Leguminosae family. It has economic importance due to being rich in protein, vitamin A and C, and minerals. Being one of the most cultivated species of legumes, the determination of genetic diversity in bean genotypes or populations has an important role in terms of our genetic resources. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic structure of 94 genotypes which were cultivated in different parts of the world and our country with SSR and SNP markers. 10 SSR loci and 73 SNP primers were used for the determination of genetic structure in commercial cultivars and breeding lines. All of the SSR and SNP loci used in the study were found to be polymorphic. A total of 89 alleles were identified for 10 SSR loci. Mean number of alleles per locus (Na = 8.9), effective allele number (Ne = 3.731), Shannon information index (I = 1.468), observed heterozygosity (Ho = 0.023), and expected heterozygosity (He = 0.654) were calculated based on SSR analysis. According to the results of Bayesian-based STRUCTURE analysis using SSR and SNP data, 94 bean genotypes were genetically divided into three main clusters. According to genetic distance based UPGMA dendrogram obtained from SNP analysis, 94 bean genotypes were divided into 2 main clusters corresponding Mesoamerican and Andean gene pools. The obtained results provide important information about the genetic structures of the studied bean cultivars and breeding lines. With the obtained results, it will be possible to develop breeding programs to develop new cultivars by using our gene resources. Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Scientific Research Projects Unit [NKUBAP.03.YL.18.171] This study was funded by Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Scientific Research Projects Unit (Project No: NKUBAP.03.YL.18.171).

It has been well documented that phytohormones plays a pivotal role in combating ill effects of various abiotic stresses in crop plants. Out of various phytohormones, worldwide researcher has recognized salicylic acid as potent stress alleviator through modulation in plant metabolic processes. Therefore, present study was designed with an aim to dissect out the role of salicylic acid (through seed) mediated amelioration of heavy metal stress in the presence and absence of kinetin or calcium in Phaseolus vulgaris plants. Seeds were soaked in salicylic acid (0.1 mM) either alone or in combination with kinetin (30 ppm) or calcium chloride (40 mM) before sowing and then seedlings were exposed to toxic concentration of nickel (2.5 mM) and lead (0.5 mM). Salicylic acid alone and in combination with kinetin or calcium improved growth traits, photosynthetic pigment, carbohydrate contents, and nitrogenous constituents along with activities of carbonic anhydrase, nitrate reductase, catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase of Phaseolus vulgaris plants. However, nickel and/or lead showed oxidative damage through increased electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde and reduced uptake of mineral ions. Moreover, plants raised from seeds soaked in salicylic acid in combination with kinetin or calcium showed enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes and proline accumulation under nickel and/or lead stress in Phaseolus vulgaris plants. This study revealed the efficiency of pre-sowing seed soaked in salicylic acid either alone or in alternate combination with kinetin and calcium on neutralizing the toxic effect generated from nickel and/or lead in Phaseolus vulgaris plants and could be employed as sustainable agricultural technique in removal of nickel and lead stresses from plants.

Ferulago campestris is an aromatic plant, distributed in Mediterranean Europe, and a source of essential oils (EOs) regarded as promising alternatives to synthetic herbicides and pesticides. F. campestris EO, hydrodistilled and analyzed, was tested for its antigerminative activity and for its effect on radicle elongation, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and lipid peroxidation on four infesting weed species (Papaver rhoeas, Taraxacum campylodes, Poa annua, and Setaria verticillata) and on Phaseolus vulgaris. Its repellent ability was also tested against Acanthoscelides obtectus, a pest commonly affecting P. vulgaris during storage. Moreover, a chitosan coating layer was developed with the addition of F. campestris EO and tested for its toxic and oviposition-deterring effects against A. obtectus. Myrcene, α-pinene, and γ-terpinene were detected as the main compounds in F. campestris EO. The EO demonstrated a selective in vitro antigerminative activity towards the weed species, without affecting the bean seeds. Moreover, the chitosan coating layer exerted a dose-dependent repellent effect against A. obtectus adults, thus effectively protecting the bean seeds, while preserving their germinative ability. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on a chitosan–EO coating proposed with the aim of protecting bean seeds for sowing from insect attack.

Accurate assessment of plant symptoms plays a key role for measuring the impact of pathogens during plant-pathogen interaction. Common bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. phaseoli and Xanthomonas citri pv. fuscans (Xpp-Xcf) is a major threat to common bean. The pathogenicity of these bacteria is variable among strains, and depends mainly on a type III secretion system and associated type III effectors such as transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs). Because the impact of a single gene is often small and difficult to detect, a discriminating methodology is required to distinguish the slight phenotype changes induced during the progression of the disease. Here, we compared two different inoculation and symptom assessment methods for their ability to distinguish two tal mutants from their corresponding wild-type strains. Interestingly, rub-inoculation of the first leaves combined with symptom assessment by machine learning-based imaging allowed significant distinction between wild-type and mutant strains. By contrast, dip-inoculation of first trifoliate leaves combined with chlorophyll fluorescence imaging did not differentiate the strains. Furthermore, the new method developed here led to the miniaturization of pathogenicity tests and significant time savings.

Background Root rot pathogens reported to cause considerable losses in both the quality and productivity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.). It is an aggressive crop disease with detriment economic influence caused by Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani among other soil-borne fungal pathogens. Destructive plant diseases such as root rot have been managed in the last decades using synthetic pesticides. Main body Seeking of economical and eco-friendly alternatives to combat aggressive soil-borne fungal pathogens that cause significant yield losses is urgently needed. Trichoderma emerged as promising antagonist that inhibits pathogens including those inducing root rot disease. Detailed studies for managing common bean and pea root rot disease using different Trichoderma species (T. harzianum, T. hamatum, T. viride, T. koningii, T. asperellum, T. atroviridae, T. lignorum, T. virens, T. longibrachiatum, T. cerinum, and T. album) were reported both in vitro and in vivo with promotion of plant growth and induction of systemic defense. The wide scale application of selected metabolites produced by Trichoderma spp. to induce host resistance and/or to promote crop yield, may represent a powerful tool for the implementation of integrated pest management strategies. Conclusions Biological management of common bean and pea root rot-inducing pathogens using various species of the Trichoderma fungus might have taken place during the recent years. Trichoderma species and their secondary metabolites are useful in the development of protection against root rot to bestow high-yielding common bean and pea crops.

Meloidogyne enterolobii is known as the most aggressive root-knot nematode (RKN) in Brazil. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivated in the experimental field in Morrinhos, Southern Goiás State, exhibited symptoms typical to those caused by RKN. In order to clarify the etiology of the disease, root systems were analyzed. Typical galls of varying thickness were observed, with thickening larger than 3 cm in diameter containing RKN females inside roots and egg masses on the root surface. The identification of the nematode species was confirmed by isoenzyme electrophoresis (esterase and malate dehydrogenase phenotypes). This is the first report of M. enterolobii in Goiás and in Brazil parasitizing common bean under field conditions. This result is an alert to producers and to the State phytosanitary defense authorities, in order to prevent the further dissemination of this pest, especially in fields of common bean and industrial tomato in the State. RESUMO: Meloidogyne enterolobii é considerada uma das espécies de nematoide de galhas mais agressivas presentes no Brasil. Feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivado em um campo experimental em Morrinhos, na região sul do estado de Goiás, apresentou sintomas característicos de nematoide de galhas radiculares. Para esclarecer a etiologia da doença, os sistemas radiculares foram analisados. Foram observadas galhas típicas da infecção por Meloidogyne spp., com espessuras maiores que 3 cm de diâmetro, contendo em seu interior fêmeas e massas de ovos na superfície radicular. A identificação foi realizada por meio da eletroforese de isoenzimas (fenótipos esterase e malato desidrogenase). Este é o primeiro relato da diagnose em condições natural de campo de M. enterolobii em Goiás e no Brasil parasitando feijoeiro. Esta ocorrência deve servir de alerta aos produtores e às autoridades de defesa fitossanitária do Estado, a fim de impedir a disseminação desse patógeno, principalmente nos campos da produção de feijoeiro e tomate industrial em Goiás.

Background: The use of desiccant herbicides can allow the anticipation of common bean harvesting by providing a reduction in the humidity of plants and grains. Objective: Determine the effect of doses of desiccant herbicides on the moisture content of the plants (stems, leaves and grains), in the 100 grains mass, grain yield and physiological quality of the seeds of two contrasting common bean cultivars. Methods: The experimental design for each cultivar (BRS FC 104, super early cycle, 60 days from sowing to harvesting and BRS Estilo, normal cycle, 90 days from sowing to harvesting) as in randomized blocks in the factorial scheme 4 x 3 x 4, with four replications. Treatments consisted of four herbicides (ammonium glufosinate (200 g L-1 of active ingredient, ai), glyphosate (480 g L -1 of acid equivalent), diquat (200 g L -1 of ai) and paraquat (200 g L-1 of ai), with three doses (200 g L-1, 400 g L-1 and 600 g L-1 of ai per ha for ammonium glufosinate, diquat and paraquat, and 480 g L -1, 960 g L-1 and 1,440 g L-1 of ae per ha for glyphosate) with evaluations of the variables at 0, 3, 5 and 7 days after application of the herbicide. Results: All desiccants used provided faster drying of the botanical structures allowing faster harvesting in relation to control plants. The dosage of 200 g L-1 of the ai ha¹ in the cultivar BRS FC 104 and 1,440 g L-1 of ae per ha for glyphosate and 600 g L -1 of ai per ha for the others dessicants in the cultivar BRS Estilo were those that provided best plant drying. The use of desiccants in plants of common bean did not affect crop grain yield. The dosage of 600 g L -1 of ai per ha of the ammonium glufosinate desiccant provided a reduction in vigor and normal seedlings and an increase in abnormal seedlings in the cultivar BRS FC 104. Conclusion: All desiccant herbicides used allowed anticipation of common bean harvesting. Made available in DSpace on 2021-12-02T14:00:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 aws-2021.pdf: 210036 bytes, checksum: 04088a06626cabf4f2d2ef8f02067167 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

The bean is a world-class crop and requires adequate water management for higher yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and the production and to fit multiple regression models to estimate the production components, total biomass accumulation and grain yield of ‘Rosinha’ bean under levels of replacement of evapotranspired water. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four repetitions. Treatments consisted of fractions of crop evapotranspiration (25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150% ETc). Growth variables (plant height, number of leaves, leaf area per plant, leaf area index, stem dry mass and leaf dry mass) and production components (number of pods per plant, pod length, pod diameter, pod dry mass, total biomass, pod mass per plant, grain yield) were evaluated. Measurements of growth variables carried out at 35 days after sowing were used to fit multiple regression models to estimate dry pod mass, total biomass accumulation and grain yield of common bean. Higher growth and yield of common bean, ‘Rosinha’, are obtained with irrigation depth corresponding to 100% of the evapotranspired water.

Resumen Introducción. Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) es una de las principales plagas del ejote francés (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), leguminosa para consumo en vainas inmaduras, y es vector del virus del mosaico dorado, que afecta la calidad y rendimiento del cultivo, con pérdidas hasta del 100%. Su control es poco efectivo, debido a que muchos productos químicos ya no controlan la plaga. El ejote francés dentro de los productos no tradicionales en Guatemala, ocupa el segundo lugar en la exportación. Asegurar un buen manejo fitosanitario con baja carga química por plaguicidas, son factores importantes para poder exportarlo. Objetivo. La investigación tuvo por objetivo determinar la efectividad de la combinación entre flupyradifurone y Beauveria bassiana para el control de la mosca blanca en el cultivo del ejote francés. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó de febrero a diciembre de 2018 en Parramos, Chimaltenango, Guatemala. Se establecieron siete parcelas de 100 m², correspondientes a cada tratamiento. Se muestrearon moscas blancas semanalmente durante dos ciclos de cultivo, también se colectaron en cada parcela enemigos naturales de estas. Se realizaron tres aplicaciones de cada tratamiento en cada ciclo del cultivo y se muestrearon las plantas divididas en tres estratos (alto, medio, bajo). Resultados. Los tratamientos que presentaron el mejor control de la población de mosca blanca (ninfas y adultos) al realizar la prueba de Tukey (0,05), fueron flupyradifurone (1 l ha-1) + B. bassiana y flupyradifurone (0,75 l ha-1) + B. bassiana. La mayor distribución de las poblaciones de mosca blanca se encontró en los estratos alto y medio. Conclusión. La combinación de flupyradifurone (0,75 l ha-1) con B. bassiana puede ser empleado dentro de un manejo integrado de plagas, y se presenta como una alternativa de control de la mosca blanca, que ha adquirido resistencia a algunos agroquímicos. Abstract Introduction. Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) is one of the main pests of the French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), legume for consumption in inmature pods, and is a vector of the golden mosaic virus, which affects the quality and yield of the crop reaching losses of up to 100%, being difficult to control because many chemicals no longer control the pest. The French bean within the non-traditional products in Guatemala, occupies the second place in the export. Ensuring a good phytosanitary management with low chemical load by pesticides are important factors to be able to export it. Objective. The objective of the investigation was to determine the effectiveness of the combination between Flupyradifurone and Beauveria bassiana for the control of whitefly in French bean cultivation. Materials and methods. The study was conducted from February to December 2018 in Parramos, Chimaltenango, Guatemala. Seven plots of 100 m² were established corresponding to each treatment. Weekly, whiteflies were sampled during two cultivation cycles, and natural enemies of these were also collected on each plot. Three applications of each treatment were made in each crop cycle, and the plants were sampled divided into three strata (high, medium, low). Results. The treatments that showed the best control of the whitefly population (nymphs and adults) when performing the Tukey test (0,05), were flupyradifurone (1 l ha-1) + B. bassiana, and flupyradifurone (0.75 l ha-1) + B. bassiana. The largest distribution of whitefly populations was found in the upper and middle strata. Conclusion. The combination of flupyradifurone (0,05) with B. bassiana can be used within an integrated pest management, and is presented as an alternative control of whiteflies, which has acquired resistance to some agrochemicals.

A field experiment has been conducted to determine the effects of different irrigation water and AMF (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi) biofertilizer, photosynthesis activator and traditional fertilizer dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) on yield and growth parameters in Nevsehir Province of Turkey in 2015. The experiment has been carried out using three replications in a split plot design with three different irrigation types as main plots and AMF biofertilizer (ERS), photosynthesis activator (Multigreen-Mg), traditional fertilization (TF-Control), ERS + Mg, ERS + TF and TF + Mg applied as subplots. The number of pods per plant, the length of pods, the number of grains per pod, the weight of grains per plant, the yield of grains, 1000 seed weight, the number of grains per plant, protein yield, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi rate have been evaluated as yield and growth criteria in the study. In the experiment, as well as the treatment x irrigation interaction, the plant height, pod number per plant, pod lenght, grain number per pod, grain weight per plant, grain yield, 1000 seed weight, grain number per plant, protein rate/grain, protein yield, root weight and AMF colonization parameters, were the other studied properties that were found to be significant. The results obtained were 877.6 mm for I100 irrigation treatment, 512.2 mm for I50 irrigation treatment and 40.19 mm water for I30 irrigation treatment. Regarding the growth parameters of dry bean, the highest PH was in ERS + Mg (67.66 cm), the lowest PH was in ERS (54.33 cm); In I50, the highest Plant Height (PH) was in ERS + Mg (65.66 cm), the lowest PH was in TF-Control (53.00 cm); and in I30, the highest PH was in TF-Control (50.66 cm), and the lowest PH was again in ERS + Mg (44.33 cm). For protein yield (PY) value, ERS + Mg, ERS + TF, TF + Mg have been placed in the same group, in I100 and I50 irrigation treatment. The highest value was ERS + TF (34.90 kg da−1) in I100, The lowest value was TF-control (19.90 kg da−1) in I30 irrigation treatment. In terms of mycorrhiza colonization ratio, ERS has been ranked first in all irrigation treatments, while the highest mycorrhiza colonization has been observed in I30 irrigation treatment (26.30%). ERS was followed by ERS + Mg (23.33%). As expected, the lowest mycorrhiza colonization ratio in all irrigation treatments have been observed in TF-control treatment, while the highest mycorrhiza colonization ratio has been respectively observed in I30 and I50 irrigation topics. The highest root weight (RW) in I100 irrigation treatment was observed in ERS (15.06 g plant−1) and it was observed in ERS (19.05 g plant−1; 26.30 g plant−1) in I50 and I30 irrigation treatments. The lowest RW in all irrigation treatments has been observed in TF + Mg (4.43 g plant−1, 6.40 g plant−1, 10.26 g plant−1), respectively.

Currently, there is no information available about the spatio-temporal distribution of micronutrients in sandy mulching soils widely used in the southeast of Spain; therefore, in this experiment, we aimed to characterize the spatio-temporal distribution of micronutrients in the wet bulb zone in two sand-mulched soils. Four different factors were considered over the experiment: (a) soil model, (b) time sampling, (c) distance from the emitter, and (d) depth. Each soil was divided into four blocks and the soil sample per block was composed of 20 subsamples. The micronutrient concentration was determined in each soil sample through atomic absorption spectrometry determinations. To establish the relationship between factors, a multifactor ANOVA test analysis was conducted. The results obtained reported a higher micronutrient concentration in the soil profile than in the sand layer. Moreover, in the soil profile, there was a decrease in micronutrient concentration in distance for Fe (from 10.4 to 7.9 mg kg−1), Zn (from 4.0 to 3.5 mg kg−1), Mn (from 23.9 to 16.2 mg kg−1), and Cu forms (from 2.5 to 1.5 mg kg−1). Moreover, there was a decrease in micronutrients with depth for Fe (from 10.5 to 8.0 mg kg−1), Zn (from 4.0 to 3.7 mg kg−1), Mn (22.0 to 17.2 mg kg−1), and Cu (from 2.1 to 1.7 mg kg−1). Higher micronutrient concentration after green bean crop harvest was related to the highest organic matter content, with the following values for Fe (12.3 mg kg−1), Zn (4.0 mg kg−1), Mn (23.6 mg kg−1), and Cu (2.0 mg kg−1) in the soil profile. The fertigation management of the crop did not modify the micronutrient concentrations in distance in the sand layer due to the reduced exchange capacity of the sand with micronutrients.

Maize is Germany’s most important fodder and energy crop. However, pure maize cultivation has ecological disadvantages. Moreover, its yield is low in crude protein, an important feed quality parameter. Maize–bean intercropping can potentially address both issues. A bean variety specially developed for intercropping was first introduced in 2016. Using this variety, a network of institutions conducted 13 field trials from 2017 to 2020 on four sites in Germany. We sought to determine the effects of stand density and nitrogen (N) fertilization on dry matter yield, crude protein yield, and soil mineral N content (Nmin) at harvest of intercropped vs. pure maize. The three intercropping bean densities we tested (7.5, 5.5, and 4 plants/m2) produced non-significantly different yields of dry matter or crude protein, given a maize density of 7.5–8 plants/m2. Intercropping was inferior to pure maize in dry matter yield, but non-significantly different in crude protein yield. Under neither cropping strategy were significant losses in dry matter or crude protein yield recorded with reduced compared to full N fertilization. At full fertilization, however, both pure maize systems and the 8/4 maize–bean intercrop system left significantly higher Nmin at harvest than the other variants of the corresponding system or N fertilization level and thus an increased risk of nitrate leaching. We encourage further optimization of yield performance in maize–bean intercropping, e.g., through breeding or promotion of biological N fixation via rhizobia inoculation. Furthermore, we recommend reducing N fertilization levels in maize cultivation.

The fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is the major pathogen affecting common beans yield worldwide and an adequate disease quantification is demanded in some trials. However, a set of standard area diagrams (SADs) to aid visual assessment of severity of white mold (SWM) is lacking. This study developed SADs consisting of eight color images of diseased leaflets with severity values that ranged from 0.4 to 53.7%. Twenty raters [10 experienced (ER) and 10 inexperienced (IR)] validated the SADs by assessing the same set of 50 images twice, the first without SADs and the second using it as an aid. The SADs significantly improved both accuracy and precision for IR as evidenced by increases from 0.86 to 0.98 in the coefficients of bias (Cb) from 0.93 to 0.98 in correlation coefficient (r) and from 0.86 to 0.96 in overall agreement [Lin's concordance correlation coefficients (ρc)] without and with SADs, respectively, whereas for ER only precision (r) was improved by SADs. The SWM estimates were also more reliable because inter-rater reliability (coefficient of determination, R2) was significantly increased for both ER and IR by using SADs. Therefore, the SADs presented is thought to be a valuable tool to provide accurate, precise and reliable estimates of the SWM on common bean leaflets in epidemiological studies, evaluation of disease control methods, assessment of aggressiveness of pathogen isolates, disease resistance and other types of surveys regarding the common beans-S. sclerotiorum interaction.

Viral diseases are a major threat for common bean production. According to recent surveys, >15 different viruses belonging to 11 genera were shown to infect common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Tanzania. Virus management requires an understanding of how viruses survive from one season to the next. During this study, we explored the possibility that alternative host plants have a central role in the survival of common bean viruses. We used next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques to sequence virus-derived small interfering RNAs together with conventional reverse-transcription PCRs (RT-PCRs) to detect viruses in wild plants. Leaf samples for RNA extraction and NGS were collected from 1,430 wild plants around and within common bean fields in four agricultural zones in Tanzania. At least partial genome sequences of viruses potentially belonging to 25 genera were detected. The greatest virus diversity was detected in the eastern and northern zones, whereas wild plants in the Lake zone and especially in the southern highlands zone showed only a few viruses. The RT-PCR analysis of all collected plant samples confirmed the presence of yam bean mosaic virus and peanut mottle virus in wild legume plants. Of all viruses detected, only two viruses, cucumber mosaic virus and a novel bromovirus related to cowpea chlorotic mottle virus and brome mosaic virus, were mechanically transmitted from wild plants to common bean plants. The data generated during this study are crucial for the development of viral disease management strategies and predicting crop viral disease outbreaks in different agricultural regions in Tanzania and beyond. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .

The objective of this work was to investigate the genetic control of black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and to select parents and segregating populations with high resistance to Fusarium wilt, high yield, and greater 100-seed weight (100SW), using a partial diallel cross. Twenty-five populations were obtained from two groups of parents – the first with five parents resistant to and the second with five parents susceptible to Fusarium wilt. The segregating populations were evaluated in experiments in three years/generations for reaction to Fusarium wilt, yield, and 100SW in an area naturally infested with the pathogen. The diallel analysis showed additive and nonadditive effects in control of the three studied traits, with predominance of additive effects. CNFP 15194, CNFP 15207, and 'BRS Esplendor' are the genotypes with high and negative general combining ability estimates (gi = -0.59, -0.76, and -0.13, respectively), being recommended for use as parents for resistance to Fusarium wilt. Among them, CNFP 15194 also forms populations with a greater 100SW (gi = 0.69). The BRS FP403 cultivar is recommended as a parent to increase yield (gi = 218) and 100SW (gi = 1.46). Six populations were selected to obtain black bean lines that combine resistance to Fusarium wilt, high yield, and high 100SW. Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o controle genético de feijãopreto (Phaseolus vulgaris) e selecionar genitores e populações segregantes com alta resistência à murcha-de-fusário, alta produtividade e maior massa de 100 grãos (M100), com uso de um dialelo parcial. Foram obtidas 25 populações de dois grupos de genitores – o primeiro com cinco genitores resistentes e o segundo com cinco genitores suscetíveis à murcha-de-fusário. As populações segregantes foram avaliadas em experimentos, em três anos/ gerações, quanto a reação à murcha-de-fusário, produtividade e M100, em uma área naturalmente infestada com o patógeno. A análise dialélica mostrou efeitos aditivos e não aditivos no controle das três características estudadas, com predominância dos efeitos aditivos. CNFP 15194, CNFP 15207 e 'BRS Esplendor' são os genótipos com estimativas de capacidade geral de combinação alta e negativa (gi = -0,59, -0,76 e -0,13, respectivamente), sendo recomendados para uso como genitores para resistência à murcha-de-fusário. Entre eles, CNFP 15194 também forma populações com maior M100 (gi = 0,69). Já a cultivar BRS FP403 é recomendada como genitor para aumentar a produtividade (gi = 218) e a M100 (gi = 1,46). Seis populações foram selecionadas para obter linhagens de feijão-preto que combinam resistência à murcha-de-fusário, alta produtividade e maior M100.

The initial development of common bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) relying on symbiotic nitrogen (N) can be limited by delayed active N2 fixation, requiring supplemental N which in turn may inhibit the symbiosis. Five experiments were carried out in hydroponics to identify the initiation of nodulation and nitrogenase activity in common bean cultivars, and the effects of additions of mineral N on plant nodulation and growth. Three experiments evaluated the initial growth of five inoculated bean cultivars in the absence or presence of mineral N, and two experiments evaluated the effect of the moment of mineral N addition until the beginning of reproductive stage. The first root nodules appeared 10 days after plant transplant (DAT) and nitrogenase activity initiated 11 DAT. Cultivars of large seeds had lower initial nodulation and nitrogenase activity than those of small seeds. Inoculated plants showed limited shoot growth that lasted until 21-25 DAT as compared to inoculated plants receiving mineral N. Addition of mineral N reduced nodule mass more intensively than nodule number and more strongly nitrogenase activity. Nitrogen applied until 15 DAT enhanced nodulation and nitrogenase activity without limiting shoot growth, as compared to plants receiving N throughout their growth. Otherwise, plants that received N after 15 DAT had lower nodule mass and nitrogenase activity than plants only inoculated. The results indicate that symbiotic N did not suffice to an adequate growth of common beans and some supplemental N is necessary. This N should be added in the beginning of growth cycle to stimulate plant growth without inhibiting further nodulation and N fixation. The initial development of common bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) relying on symbiotic nitrogen (N) can be limited by delayed active N2 fixation, requiring supplemental N which in turn may inhibit the symbiosis. Five experiments were carried out in hydroponics to identify the initiation of nodulation and nitrogenase activity in common bean cultivars, and the effects of additions of mineral N on plant nodulation and growth. Three experiments evaluated the initial growth of five inoculated bean cultivars in the absence or presence of mineral N, and two experiments evaluated the effect of the moment of mineral N addition until the beginning of reproductive stage. The first root nodules appeared 10 days after plant transplant (DAT) and nitrogenase activity initiated 11 DAT. Cultivars of large seeds had lower initial nodulation and nitrogenase activity than those of small seeds. Inoculated plants showed limited shoot growth that lasted until 21-25 DAT as compared to inoculated plants receiving mineral N. Addition of mineral N reduced nodule mass more intensively than nodule number and more strongly nitrogenase activity. Nitrogen applied until 15 DAT enhanced nodulation and nitrogenase activity without limiting shoot growth, as compared to plants receiving N throughout their growth. Otherwise, plants that received N after 15 DAT had lower nodule mass and nitrogenase activity than plants only inoculated. The results indicate that symbiotic N did not suffice to an adequate growth of common beans and some supplemental N is necessary. This N should be added in the beginning of growth cycle to stimulate plant growth without inhibiting further nodulation and N fixation.

Yield response data of crops to soil and water management are vital for maximizing profits. This research aimed to evaluate the yield of the ‘IPR Andorinha’ bean cultivar under distinct irrigation depths (0, 25, 48, 100 and 130 % of the net irrigation depth) and tillage systems (no-tillage and conventional tillage), during the Brazilian fall season. The experimental design was in strips with subdivided plots and four replications, with the factor soil management in the plot and irrigation depths in the subplot. No-tillage had an average grain yield 26.5 % higher than that of the conventional tillage. Both the soil management treatments presented a quadratic response (R2 > 90 %) to the irrigation depths applied, and the maximum yields were reached at 63.8 % (y = 2,452 kg ha-1) and 81.8 % (y = 1,789 kg ha-1) of the irrigation depth, respectively for the no-tillage and conventional tillage. However, the irrigation of bean cropped in the Brazilian fall season is not economically feasible for the no-tillage and conventional tillage when the price of the water millimeter is 43.19 and 33.27 times higher than the price of the bean kilogram, respectively, resulting in yields of 1,345.2 and 699.4 kg ha-1. RESUMO Dados de produtividade das culturas em função do manejo do solo e da água são essenciais para a maximização dos lucros. Objetivou-se avaliar a produtividade da cultivar de feijoeiro ‘IPR Andorinha’ sob diferentes lâminas de irrigação (0, 25, 48, 100 e 130 % da lâmina líquida de irrigação) e sistemas de cultivo (plantio direto e convencional), no outono. O delineamento experimental foi em faixas com parcelas subdivididas e quarto repetições, com o fator manejo do solo na parcela e lâminas de irrigação na subparcela. O plantio direto apresentou produtividade de grãos 26,5 % superior à do convencional. Ambos os tratamentos para manejo do solo apresentaram resposta quadrática (R2 > 90 %) às lâminas de irrigação aplicadas, e as produtividades máximas foram alcançadas com 63,8 % (y = 2.452 kg ha-1) e 81,8 % (y = 1.789 kg ha-1) da lâmina líquida, respectivamente para o plantio direto e convencional. Entretanto, o cultivo irrigado do feijoeiro no outono não é economicamente viável no plantio direto e convencional quando o preço do milímetro de água for 43,19 e 33,27 vezes superior ao do quilograma de feijão, respectivamente, resultando em produtividades de 1.345,2 e 699,4 kg ha-1.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the interaction between genotypes and environment for seed-coat darkening of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seeds, in order to select lines that combine slow darkening, upright plants, resistance to lodging, and higher yield and 100-grain weight, with good adaptability and stability for these traits. Forty four pre-selected lines, originating from crosses between one cultivar with slow darkening and prostrate plants and four cultivars with normal darkening and upright plants, were evaluated in field trials conducted in 15 environments (combinations of locations, crop seasons, and years). Considering the mean values, adaptability, and stability for each isolated trait, most of the lines presented satisfactory performance: 75% for slow darkening, 48% for high yield, 59% for upright plants, 84% for resistance to lodging, and 68% for 100-grain weight. The effects of environments and of the genotype by environment interaction are important for the five studied traits. The CNFC 16754 and CNFC 16820 lines present slow seed-coat darkening, high yield and 100-grain weight, more upright plant architecture, and greater resistance to lodging, besides high adaptability and stability for these traits, which shows their potential for recommendation as new cultivars and confirms that it is possible to join desirable phenotypes for the five traits evaluated. Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a interação entre genótipos e ambientes para o escurecimento de grãos de feijão carioca (Phaseolus vulgaris), a fim de selecionar linhagens que associem escurecimento lento, arquitetura ereta, tolerância ao acamamento, e maior produtividade e peso de 100 grãos, com boa adaptabilidade e estabilidade para esses caracteres. Foram avaliadas 44 linhagens pré-selecionadas, oriundas de cruzamentos entre uma cultivar com escurecimento lento e arquitetura prostrada e quatro cultivares com escurecimento normal e arquitetura ereta, em experimentos de campo conduzidos em 15 ambientes (combinações de locais, épocas de semeadura e anos). Ao se considerar as médias, a adaptabilidade e a estabilidade para cada caráter isoladamente, a maior parte das linhagens apresentou desempenho satisfatório: 75% para escurecimento lento, 48% para alta produtividade, 59% para arquitetura ereta, 84% para tolerância ao acamamento e 68% para peso de 100 grãos. Os efeitos dos ambientes e da interação entre genótipos e ambientes são importantes para os cinco caracteres estudados. As linhagens CNFC 16754 e CNFC 16820 apresentam escurecimento lento dos grãos, alta produtividade e peso de 100 grãos, plantas mais eretas e alta tolerância ao acamamento, além de alta adaptabilidade e estabilidade para esses caracteres, o que mostra o seu potencial para recomendação como novas cultivares e confirma que é possível reunir fenótipos desejáveis para os cinco caracteres avaliados.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of molten and ground alkaline potassium-silicate rocks (K1) and of ground phonolite rock (K2) as sources of potassium for upland rice (Oryza sativa) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) crops, in comparison with the traditional source (KCl). Two experiments ? one with each crop ? were conducted on a Typic Haplorthox in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The treatments consisted of three sources (KCl, K1, and K2) and four rates (0, 20, 40, and 80 kg ha-1 K2O) of K. Regardless of the used source, K fertilization increased the leaf K content and grain yield of the upland rice and common bean crops. The agronomic efficiency index (AEI) of the alternative K sources varied according to the crop. For upland rice, the AEI of K2 was 8% higher than that of KCl at the recommended K rate, but similar at the highest rate. For common bean, the AEI values of K1 were close to that of KCl at the rates of 40 and 80 kg ha-1 K2O. The alternative sources K1 and K2 supply K and increase the grain yield of common bean and upland rice, respectively, similarly to KCl. Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de rochas potássio-silicáticas alcalinas fundidas e moídas (K1) e de rocha fonolito moída (K2) como fontes de potássio para as culturas do arroz de terras altas (Oryza sativa) e do feijão comum (Phaseolus vulgaris), em comparação à fonte tradicional (KCl). Dois experimentos ? um com cada cultura ? foram conduzidos em Latossolo Vermelho argiloso, tendo-se utilizado delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de três fontes (KCl, K1 e K2) e quatro doses (0, 20, 40 e 80 kg ha-1 de K2O) de K. Independentemente da fonte utilizada, a adubação potássica incrementou o teor foliar de K e a produtividade de grãos das culturas do arroz de terras altas e do feijão comum. O índice de eficiência agronômica (IEA) das fontes alternativas de K variou de acordo com a cultura. Para o arroz de terras altas, o IEA do K2 foi 8% mais alto que o do KCl na dose de K recomendada, mas semelhante na maior dose. Para o feijão, os valores do IEA do K1 foram próximos ao do KCl nas doses de 40 e 80 kg ha-1 de K2O. As fontes alternativas K1 e K2 fornecem K e aumentam a produtividade de grãos do feijão comum e do arroz de terras altas, respectivamente, de forma semelhante ao KCl. Made available in DSpace on 2021-10-28T14:00:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5970.pdf: 895237 bytes, checksum: 0f2651c1db04fe0b09974e18021283ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:48:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Besides nitrogen fertilization (N), other processes constitute sources capable of supplying large amounts of N to plants, such as biological nitrogen fixation. In general, the inoculation technique exclusively in the seed, contributes on average up to 40% of the N acquired by the common bean crop. Another possible alternative, not widely used, is the reinoculation of the legume. The technique consists of reinoculation of the culture in areas that have already been inoculated at the time of sowing (inoculum in seed + inoculum in topdressing), also considered a supplementary inoculation. Thus, we believe the hypothesis that nitrogen fertilization, commonly used, could be partially or totally replaced by inoculation in seed, supplemented with inoculation in topdressing (reinoculation). The experiment was carried out in the 2019/2020 harvest, in the rainy season, in the experimental area belonging to the Goiás State University, Goiás, Brazil. The treatments consisted of two common bean cultivars, submitted to four methods of nitrogen supply: conventional, with the application of mineral N (60 kg ha-1); inoculation in seed + supplementary reinoculation in topdressing; inoculation exclusively in seed; inoculation exclusively in topdressing. The inoculation with Rhizobium tropici was efficient for increasing the number of nodules per plant, with results superior to the nitrogen fertilization of 20 and 40 kg ha−1 of N in the base and topdressing, respectively. Inoculation in seed combined with supplementary reinoculation in topdressing increases 2827 kg ha−1 in the grain yield of beans belonging to the BRS Valente cultivar, compared to the mineral nitrogen fertilization. Department of Crop Science College of Agricultural Science–São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Agricultural Engineering State University of Goiás Department of Agronomy UNESP Department of Agronomy Federal University of Lavras Department of Crop Science College of Agricultural Science–São Paulo State University (UNESP) Department of Agronomy UNESP

The objective of this work was to evaluate the grain yield and stability of common bean genotypes, as well as the representativeness and discrimination ability of locations in multi-environment trials (METs), using the GGE biplot analysis. The grain yield of 27 genotypes was evaluated in 16 trials carried out in nine locations, in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, during the first and second crop seasons of 2014/2015 and 2015/2016. A randomized complete block design with three replicates was used. As the trials were neither conducted in all locations, nor in all growing seasons of both years, a highly unbalanced dataset was used. Genotype 5 (CHC 01-175-1) was the most productive and stable, common bean genotype and can be considered the closest one to the ideal for the target region. Furthermore, this genotype performs well in both crop seasons, outperforming all the evaluated checks; therefore, it has the potential to be released as a new cultivar. Chapecó can be considered the ideal location for the selection of common bean genotypes, in the state of Santa Catarina, since it shows high representativeness and discrimination ability in the rainy and dry crop seasons. Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o rendimento de grãos e a estabilidade de genótipos de feijão, além da representatividade e da discriminância de locais em ensaios multiambientes, por meio de análises GGE biplot. O rendimento de grãos de 27 genótipos foi avaliado em 16 ensaios, realizados em nove locais do estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, na primeira e na segunda safras de 2014/2015 e 2015/2016. Utilizou-se um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Como os testes não foram realizados em todos os locais nem em todas as estações de cultivo de ambos os anos, um conjunto de dados altamente desbalanceado foi usado. O genótipo 5 (CHC 01-175-1) foi o mais produtivo e estável, e pode ser considerado o mais próximo ao ideal para a região-alvo. Além disso, esse genótipo apresentou desempenho satisfatório tanto para a primeira quanto para a segunda safras, tendo superado o desempenho de todas as testemunhas utilizadas nos ensaios; portanto, esse genótipo tem potencial para ser lançado como uma nova cultivar. Chapecó pode ser considerado o local ideal de seleção de genótipos de feijão, no estado de Santa Catarina, pois apresenta elevada discriminância e representavidade, tanto para primeira quanto para a segunda safra.