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Objectives: It's evident that women have a longer life expectancy than men. This study investigates the spatiotemporal trends of gender gaps in life expectancy (GGLE). It demonstrates the spatiotemporal difference of the influence factors of population-weighted air pollution (pwPM 2.5 ) and urbanization on GGLE. Methods: Panel data on GGLE and influencing factors from 134 countries from 1960 to 2018 are collected. The Bayesian spatiotemporal model is performed. Results: The results show an obvious spatial heterogeneity worldwide with a continuously increasing trend of GGLE. Bayesian spatiotemporal regression reveals a significant positive relationship between pwPM 2.5 , urbanization, and GGLE with the spatial random effects. Further, the regression coefficients present obvious geographic disparities across space worldwide. Conclusion: In sum, social-economic development and air quality improvement should be considered comprehensively in global policy to make a fair chance for both genders to maximize their health gains., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they do not have any conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Ren, Wang, Liu, Yin and Fan.)

Rationale: Evidence for the association between fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and mortality among patients with tuberculosis (TB) is limited. Whether greenness protects air pollution-related mortality among patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is completely unknown., Methods: 2305 patients reported in Zhejiang and Ningxia were followed up from MDR-TB diagnosis until death, loss to follow-up or end of the study (31 December 2019), with an average follow-up of 1724 days per patient. 16-day averages of contemporaneous Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in the 500 m buffer of patient's residence, annual average PM 2.5 and estimated oxidant capacity O x were assigned to patients regarding their geocoded home addresses. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate HRs per 10 μg/m 3 exposure to PM 2.5 and all-cause mortality among the cohort and individuals across the three tertiles, adjusting for potential covariates., Results: HRs of 1.702 (95% CI 1.680 to 1.725) and 1.169 (1.162 to 1.175) were observed for PM 2.5 associated with mortality for the full cohort and individuals with the greatest tertile of NDVI. Exposures to PM 2.5 were stronger in association with mortality for younger patients (HR 2.434 (2.432 to 2.435)), female (2.209 (1.874 to 2.845)), patients in rural (1.780 (1.731 to 1.829)) and from Ningxia (1.221 (1.078 to 1.385)). Cumulative exposures increased the HRs of PM 2.5 -related mortality, while greater greenness flattened the risk with HRs reduced in 0.188-0.194 on average., Conclusions: Individuals with MDR-TB could benefit from greenness by having attenuated associations between PM 2.5 and mortality. Improving greener space and air quality may contribute to lower the risk of mortality from TB/MDR-TB and other diseases., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

This study examined the impact of temporary air quality control measures on reducing pollutants during the 2022 Winter Olympics in China, utilizing real-time monitoring data from 2017 and 2022 to assess spatial and temporal variations in critical air pollutant concentrations. The results showed that concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, CO, SO2, and NO2 in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region during the Olympic Games showed a marked decrease compared to the historical period, with reductions of 36.59%, 20.35%, 33.95%, 28.90%, and 22.70%, respectively. Significant north–south spatial differences were observed in Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei Province during the Olympic period. The cities of Zhangjiakou, Chengde, Qinhuangdao, Beijing, and Tangshan showed the most significant pollution reduction. Based on assessments conducted during the Olympic period, it was noted that more than 95% of the daily average concentrations of pollutants are below the maximum values set by the World Health Organization for the interim target. Our research shows that provisional regulations effectively control the emission of air pollutants, providing a solid reference and basis for ensuring air quality during major international events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground-level ozone ( O 3 ) is a well-known atmospheric pollutant aside from particulate matter. China as a global populous country is facing serious surface O 3 pollution. To detect the complex spatiotemporal transformation of the population exposure to ambient O 3 pollution in China from 2005 to 2019, the Bayesian multi-stage spatiotemporal evolution hierarchy model was employed. To insight the drivers of the population exposure to ambient O 3 pollution in China, a Bayesian spatiotemporal LASSO regression model (BST-LASSO-RM) and a spatiotemporal propensity score matching (STPSM) were firstly applied; then, a spatiotemporal causal inference method integrating the BST-LASSO-RM and STPSM was presented. The results show that the spatial pattern of the annual population-weighted ground-level O 3 ( P W G L O 3 ) concentrations, representing population exposure to ambient O 3 , in China has transformed since 2014. Most regions (72.2%) experienced a decreasing trend in P W G L O 3 pollution in the early stage, but in the late stage, most areas (79.3%) underwent an increasing trend. Some drivers on P W G L O 3 concentrations have partial spatial spillover effects. The P W G L O 3 concentrations in a region can be driven by this region's surrounding areas' economic factors, wind speed, and P W G L O 3 concentrations. The major drivers with six local factors in 2005–2014 changed to five local factors and one spatial adjacent factor in 2015–2019. The driving of the traffic and green factors have no spatial spillover effects. Three traffic factors showed a negative driving effect in the early stage, but only one, bus ridership per capita (BRPC), retains the negative driving effect in the late stage. The factor with the maximum driving contribution is BRPC in the early stage, but P M 2.5 pollution in the late stage, and the corresponding driving contribution is 17.57%. Green area per capita and urban green coverage rates have positive driving effects. The driving effects of the climate factors intensified from the early to the later stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]