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This paper investigates the pressure placed by cities on their environment with respect to urban air pollution. The analysis employs a spatially explicit global dataset of emissions to estimate urban emissions of four pollutants from a sample of 8038 cities world-wide in 2005. A cross-sectional regression analysis is then conducted to examine the association of urban air pollution with socioeconomic and geographical factors. The results confirm that urban pollution is associated primarily, but not exclusively, with demographics. The results suggest that urban pollution is likely to increase with population growth and that economic modernisation is unlikely to provide much relief from the pressures placed by coming population growth. The findings suggest that policy-makers must focus on reducing the emissions intensity of production activities within cities, especially from the energy sector, if they are to avoid rapid growth in urban air pollution in coming decades. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency''s Self-Policing Policy (more commonly referred to as the Audit Policy) waives or reduces penalties when companies voluntarily discover, disclose, and correct environmental violations. One goal of the Audit Policy is to encourage companies to conduct environmental audits in order to identify poor environmental performance. Thus, the regulatory flexibility associated with the Audit Policy should reduce subsequent chemical emissions. While several studies examine predictors of the Audit Policy, no studies examine if facilities that use the Policy decrease their chemical emissions as a result. The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of the Audit Policy on changes in Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) emissions among a sample of 178 facilities operating in the chemical and allied product industry. The results of that analysis suggest that facilities that use the policy have similar subsequent emissions trends as facilities that do not use the policy. Moreover, the results also suggest that formal enforcement actions are the best predictor of TRI reductions. These findings persist despite other regulator and company controls. In terms of environmental policy, the results suggest that self-policing may not improve or deteriorate environmental performance in the chemical and allied products industry. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In contrast to many discussions based on annual emissions, this article presents calculations and projections of cumulative contributions to the stock of atmospheric CO2 by the major players, China, Europe, India, Japan and the USA, for the period 1900-2080. Although relative contributions to the climate problem are changing dramatically, notably due to the rapid industrialization of China, long-term responsibilities for enhanced global warming have not been transparently quantified in the literature. The analysis shows that if current trends continue, by the middle of this century China will overtake the USA as the major cumulative contributor to atmospheric concentrations of CO2. This has enormous implications for the debate on the ethical responsibilities of the major greenhouse gas emitters. Effective climate policy will require both the recognition of shared responsibility and an unprecedented degree of cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Clean Air Act establishes New Source Review (NSR) programs that apply to construction or modification of major stationary sources. In 2002 and 2003, EPA revised its rules to narrow NSR's coverage of renovations. Congress mandated a National Research Council study of the revisions' impacts. In that study, we used an electricity-sector model to explore possible effects of the equipment replacement provision (ERP), the principal NSR change directed at power plants. We find that, assuming implementation of the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), tight enforcement of the prerevision NSR rules would likely lead to no or limited decreases in national emissions compared to policies such as ERP. However, emissions might shift forward in time because the previous NSR rules would depress allowance prices, discouraging banking and encouraging allowance use. Only under the most aggressive prerevision NSR enforcement scenario, in which essentially all coal capacity is compelled to retrofit controls by 2020, do NOx emissions fall below ERP levels. Even then, total 2007-2020 SO2 emissions are unaffected. Further decreases in national emissions could be accomplished more cheaply by tighter emissions caps than through NSR because caps provide incentives for efficient operating strategies, such as fuel switching, as well as retrofits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass combustion emissions make a significant contribution to the overall particulate pollution in the troposphere. Wildland or prescribed burns and residential wood combustion emissions can vary due to differences in fuel, season, time of day, and the nature of the combustion. Inadequate understanding of the relevance of these biomass combustion emissions is due to the lack of characterization of open combustion emissions and the limited understanding of the differences between these and residential wood combustion. To provide new insight to biomass combustion emissions, sampling was conducted in several types of conditions. Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) were collected during four separate prescribed burns in three different ecosystems, Mariposa Sequoia Grove within Yosemite National Park, CA, desert brushes of central rural Nevada, and Toiyabye National Forest near Lake Tahoe, NV. SVOC samples were also collected under controlled conditions for several wildland fuels, including conifer needles, wildland grasses, and sagebrush. Fireplace emissions from simulated residential wood combustion were also collected and are included here for comparison. A high degree of variability was found in the emissions of organic carbon, elemental carbon, levoglucosan, methoxy phenols, and organic acids. The variability in the emissions of levoglucosan does not correlate with the PM2.5 gravimetric mass and thus may affect source apportionment estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an overview of the mercury control technologies aimed at lessening the mercury emissions from coal-fired electric utility boilers in the U.S. The author stressed that mercury emissions from anthropogenic emission sources posed a global threat that needs to be subsided. In response, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency proclaimed the Clean Air Mercury Rule to permanently cap and abridge emissions of mercury from coal-fired power plants. Another regulation promulgated is the Clean Air Interstate Rule, which compels further reduction of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from these power plants. Among the control technologies stressed include flue-gas desulfurization and limestone forced- oxidation.

Chemical mass balance receptor models (CMBs) use measured pollutant concentrations, along with source information, to apportion the contributions of primary sources to the measured concentrations. CMBs can be used to evaluate the accuracy of the emission inventories that underlie State Implementation Plan (SIP) modeling, by providing an allocation of emissions to individual source categories. CMBs, however, traditionally have not accounted for the chemical reaction and differential deposition or fractionation that occur between the source and receptor. This means that they have historically had severe limitations in apportioning secondary particulate matter (PM), which is an especially important component of fine PM (PM2.5). Stafford and Liljestrand developed a method to account for fractionation in CMBs using depletion factors based on a solution of the steady-state advection-dispersion equation, including gravitational settling, dry deposition, and first-order chemical reaction. In the research presented here, the method of Stafford and Liljestrand was tested using gaseous and PM ambient concentration data from the Los Angeles, CA, air shed, along with traffic source profiles specific to Los Angeles and the CMB7 receptor model of the U.S. Environment Protection Agency. Including fractionation increased nitrate apportioned from 5% and 6% to 83% and 86% for Claremont, CA, and Long Beach, CA, respectively. This is significant, because CMBs have historically had difficulty apportioning nitrate. Including fractionation increased the ammonium apportioned by a factor of 7. The method could be used in future case studies to apportion secondary organic carbon as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emissions factor modeling component of the motor vehicle emissions inventory (MVEI) modeling suite is currently being revised by the California Air Resources Board (CARB). One of the proposed changes in modeling philosophy is a shift from using link-based travel activity data to trip-based travel data for preparing mobile emissions inventories. Also as part of the revisions, new speed correction factors (SCFs) will be developed by CARB for the revised model. The new SCFs will be derived from vehicle emissions on 15 new driving cycles, each constructed to represent a typical trip at a specific average speed. This paper discusses how the new SCFs will affect transportation conformity and emissions inventory development, and evaluates the differences in total emissions produced by trip-based and link-based distributions of speed and vehicle miles of travel (VMT). We simulated both link-based and trip-based speed-VMT distributions using travel data from the Sacramento and San Diego travel demand models. On the basis of the simulation results, there is reason to expect that mobile emissions inventories constructed using the proposed trip-based philosophy will differ markedly from those constructed in the current manner. Noting that results may vary by region, increases are expected in the CO and HC inventory levels, with concomitant decreases in the NO[subx] mobile emissions inventories.

The non-participation of the United States in the recently ratified Kyoto Protocol is a matter for global concern because it is estimated that the country produces 24% of all greenhouse-gas emissions worldwide. Here we analyse the commitment of individual states and municipalities to addressing this problem and find that, despite the federal policy, between 24 and 35% of the US population are currently (or soon will be) engaged in policies directed towards significantly reducing anthropogenic climate change. The importance of this sub-national effort, which we estimate corresponds to 27–49% of the gross domestic product, will depend — like the targets adopted in Kyoto — on the real reductions achieved in greenhouse-gas emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports that as the result of testing the air emissions from more than 30,000 indoor office furnishings and products-including many office cubicles-over 30 years, Marilyn Black, a scientist, attests that most newer office furniture and equipment produce much fewer potentially toxic emissions than their predecessors. A typical cubicle has at least a dozen components, including coatings, varnishes, fiberglass, textiles, fabrics, adhesives, and finishes. By making the first measurements of the emissions coming from cubicles in the mid-1980s, it was revealed that some of those components were sources of toxic compounds. That was an incentive for action, especially given that some of Black first cubicle tests were conducted as part of a legal settlement. Employees had alleged that the cubicles inside U.S. Environmental Protection Agency buildings-including the water side Mall headquarters in emitting off of furniture, carpeting, and wall coverings were pretty much staying in the building and being recirculated.

The article reports on the first national study of air pollutants from dairy cow, swine and poultry farms launched by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Researchers will measure emissions of hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and other gases from livestock farms in nine states across the country. The agency will then create a model to enable individual operations to check whether they need a permit. However, some environmentalists opposes the study because for them it is not comprehensive and may underestimate emissions.

The article cites key findings from a study conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) showing that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, specifically carbon dioxide, have continued to increase in the United States from 1990 to 2004. The EPA notes that carbon dioxide accounts for most of the GHG emissions and that industries, transportation and energy producers are the biggest sources of GHG emissions. Concerns are raised that the United States will not meet its target to reduce GHG emissions by 18% by 2012.

The article reports that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is extending the public comment period on proposed changes to the New Source Review (NSR) permitting program to February 17, 2006. The changes aim to provide consistency on how states implement the program for electric-generating units. The changes would work to standardize the emissions tests used in NSR to determine whether a physical or operational change at a power plant would cause emission increases that would require the plant to install additional pollution controls.

This article reports that the dampdown on particle air pollution in the U.S. and similar regulations expected in Europe are forcing diesel vehicle manufacturers and industries to update technologies and look for new ones. In the U.S., efforts are mainly focused on trucks, buses, and larger diesel engines, which produce a major fraction of fine-particle emissions. Several Environmental Protection Agency diesel regulations issued since 2000 will steeply reduce emissions by 2015. The French company Peugeot launched its first diesel car with a catalyst particle filter 5 years ago. These filters are quite expensive in the range of $1 million to $2 million for a small power plant using low-sulfur fuel.

The article discusses how a recent study of three proposed plans to reduce emissions from coal-fired power plants in the United States rated the Bush administration's Clear Skies Act the weakest of the three. The report, Dirty Air, Dirty Power, commissioned by the government and conducted by the international research firm Abt Associates, found that although the Clear Skies Act would save 14,000 lives, the most aggressive of the three, a bill introduced by Senator James Jeffords (I-VT), would save as many as 22,000 lives. The third plan, Senator Thomas Carper's (D-DE) bill, would save 16,000 lives. Industry representatives, along with the administration's chief environmental policy adviser, attacked the report for focusing on just one emission source. According to the report, pollution from power plants kills nearly 24,000 Americans each year under current policies. Reauthorization of the Clean Air Act, the report says, will save 4,000 more lives than the proposed Clear Skies Act. However, congressional action may be far off, as the 2004 election campaigns have put a hold on major legislation this year.

Discusses science and environment issues on the agenda of the 101st Congress of the United States. Number of bills introduced in the House of Representatives focusing on acid rain and industrial emissions; Details of legislation aimed at leasing the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge for oil and gas exploration; Details of a bill that would establish the American Heritage Trust Fund, a method to financing acquisition of land for conservation outside the appropriation process; Details of a bill aimed at biological diversity conservation; Cash value of science scholarships to strengthen science education in the U.S.