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Summer dust aerosol in the Taklimakan Desert (TD) affects not only the albedo of the snow and ice sheets on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) but also air quality and precipitation in the downstream areas. In this study, the summer extreme dust activity in the TD was jointly investigated by using satellite observations and MERRA-2 reanalysis datasets and divided into two states: dust active period and dust inactive period. The horizontal and vertical distribution of summer dust during both the dust active and inactive periods, as derived from the MERRA-2 dataset, is consistent with satellite observations. By comparing the upper-level circulation and surface meteorological elements at two periods, we identify the South Asian High (SAH) as the dominant factor driving the extreme dust activity in the TD during summer. When the SAH is centered on the Iranian Plateau (IP), the dust aerosol in the TD exhibits increased activity and is lifted to higher altitudes due to significantly enhanced westerly winds, near-surface wind speed, and an ascending motion. Conversely, when the SAH is centered on the TP, the summer dust activity shows the opposite behavior. These new findings on the regulatory mechanism of the SAH on the summer dust activity in the TD are highly significant for understanding the occurrence and transport of summer Asian dust and its potential impact on heavy precipitation in the downstream areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]