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A fire alarm system (FAS) is a system comprising signalling-alarm devices, which automatically detect and transmit information about fire, but also receivers of fire alarms and receivers for damage signals. Fire alarm systems function in different environmental conditions. During operation they should be in state of fitness. This is determined by the reliability of the assembled units and rational management of the operation process. Therefore a reliability and operational analysis of fire alarm systems as a whole is essential. This article presents an authorial model and an operational and reliability analysis of FAS, which is exploited in a transport building. It also demonstrates relationships occurring in the analysed system, where to an addressable fire alarm central unit with detection loops and control-monitoring loops alarm device lines (with monitored relay outputs for actuation of alarm-signalling devices) were connected. Research and analysis of results for representative FAS, which were exploited in similar environmental conditions, were conducted in order to determine operational and reliability parameters of the investigated system. FAS computer simulation was run during the time t = 1 year of safety system operation. This led to the calculation of the probability value of the analysed FAS staying in the examined operational states.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of bell-and-pad alarm therapy to body-worn alarm therapy for the management of monosymptomatic enuresis in children 6 to 16 years of age. Design A prospective, randomized, adaptive clinical control trial. Subjects and setting The sample comprised 86 children who attended a continence clinic for treatment of monosymptomatic enuresis and met the criteria for enuresis alarm therapy as per International Children's Continence Society (ICCS) guidelines. Subjects were randomly allocated to an experimental group (body-worn alarm, n = 41) or a control group (bell-and-pad alarm, n = 45). The study setting was a single-site specialist continence service in regional Victoria, Australia. Treatment was administered in the child's home. Methods Alarm therapy was administered by the child and/or parent for an initial period of 8 weeks at which time the child underwent a review with the continence nurse specialist. If the child had achieved 14 consecutive dry nights, the therapy was deemed successful and ceased. Children who had not become dry continued therapy for a further 8 weeks up to a maximum of 16 weeks, with a final review was instituted. Each child kept a diary for the duration of alarm therapy to report on frequency of wet/dry nights, times of alarm, response to alarm, and response to sensation to void (without alarm). The 2 types of alarm devices were compared with respect to categorical variables using dichotomous cross-tabulations and χ tests of independence based on the most positive outcome versus the other outcomes. Results Dryness in accordance with the criteria outlined by the ICCS guidelines was achieved in 18 children (43.9%) in the body-worn alarm group versus 29 children (64.4%) in the routine (bell-and-pad) group (P = .056). The bell-and-pad alarm performed better on 7 out of the 9 indicators, including the primary outcome measure of the child attained dryness for 14 nights or more, nightly alarm use, alarm woke child, alarm woke parent (P = .022), false (positive) alarms (P = .039), child turned alarm off and went back to sleep (P = .003), and child was compliant with alarm use. The body-worn device produced higher proportions of the most positive outcomes for 2 of the 9 indicators: relapse (P = .076) and false (negative) nonalarms (P = .066). Conclusions Study findings suggests that the bell-and-pad alarm is preferable to the body-worn alarm. Additional research is recommended using other body-worn alarm devices across a larger population in order to establish the more definitive findings needed for clinical decision-making.

With the economic development and the improvement of living standards, the aging problem has become more and more serious, and the health and safety of the elderly have also attracted much attention. In order to detect and rescue the elderly when they fall and monitor the vital signs of the elderly in real time, this paper designs an elderly health monitoring and fall prevention positioning alarm device. The device is based on STM32 single chip microcomputer system and adopts modular design. It is equipped with SIM800 C mobile communication module and GPS positioning module. When the old man falls unexpectedly and does not stand up in a certain period of time, the device automatically calls the bound guardian’s cell phone and sends SMS to display the location and state of the old man. Sensors such as body temperature, heart rate and step number are integrated to detect the health data of the elderly in real time, and alarm quickly when the data are abnormal. At the same time, cloud monitoring app is developed based on E4A platform to monitor the physical state of the elderly in real time. The experimental results show that the device can correctly identify most fall states, and the false alarm rate and missed alarm rate are low. It can effectively distinguish fall and daily life behavior. The test accuracy reaches 92 %, and has high stability and reliability.

The alarm device is very important in a vehicle, especially on four-wheeled vehicles. Alarm device installed to avoid in case of danger of theft or destruction of the car. So designed car alarm system that can send short message to car owner who use AT89S52 microcontroller. The hardware arrangement of the car alarm system uses the SMS-based AT89S52 microcontroller in this design, consisting of four main parts of the circuit, the minimum system circuit of microcontroller, power supply, serial communication, Input / Output. In SMS text sent from Wavecom M1306B modem and received by mobile (mobile phone) to SMS center or SMS Center flows in form of PDU (Protocol Data Unit). In the sms format is divided into several segments of data that each segment has a specific purpose. The segments are: SMS center number, destination number, bytes for the purpose of setting this SMS and most important is the SMS content that has been changed in the form of a PDU. To be able to send or upload SMS data to the modem and ordered the modem to send SMS data it required AT Command instructions.

Detecting down-hole incidents in the shale-gas well fracturing process plays an important role in ensuring that the fracturing operations are carried out smoothly. This paper proposes a method to monitor down-hole incidents by extracting the qualitative trend of process variables (QTPV) using qualitative trend analysis. This is based on the consideration that QTPV is similar at different magnitudes of down-hole incidents and that deviations from the normal pattern may indicate a possible incident. Based on this, this paper presents a real-time diagnosis and alarm method of down-hole incidents using a multi-class support vector machine ( MCSVM ) model for qualitative trend classification in real-time. Compared with the traditional modelling process in which process data is directly used as the input item to develop the MCSVM classifier, the proposed method can achieve higher global accuracy, as well as lower false and missing alarm rates, even with limited incident cases. Moreover, successful real-time diagnosis and alarm of down-hole incidents (cracks forming in the strata, channelling near the wellbore area, and sand plugs) are demonstrated. The results suggest that the presented method is a reasonable starting point for monitoring down-hole incidents during the shale-gas well fracturing process. This approach can be integrated into a real-time monitoring and alarm device for field application during fracturing operations.

After receiving high doses of radioiodine the patients have to remain isolated within the “restricted area”, until the radioactivity of the body drops below a certain level. The aim of this paper was to present our alarming system designed to discover patients who attempt to abandon the “restricted area” and inform medical staff about the event. The system consists of a survey-meter with a pancake probe directed towards the corridor. The survey-meter is connected to a trigger circuit which gives a signal in the case when the measured count rate exceeds a preset value. This signal sets “on” the alarm device, blinking light, programmable siren and IP camera, in order to warn the patient and inform the personnel when such a case occurs. In order to test the consistency and sensitivity of our system we measured ten times the ambient dose equivalent, H*(10), from the source of 925 MBq (25 mCi) 131I, kept at a distance of 1 m. The average ambient dose equivalent was 77.73 ± 31.57 (0.084 mSvh-1 per MBq, or 3.1 mSvh-1 per mCi). We measured ten times the same source at various distances (1-2.25 m) from the probe. In each position, the system was triggered. Also we tested the system on 40 patients treated with radioiodine instructed to pass through the corridor. Each of their attempts triggered the system. According to our experience gained over the past few years, this alarm system intended for patients receiving radionuclide therapy ensures a high level of safety for both the patients and medical staff. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 175007 and Grant no. III41007]

The purpose of this paper was to develop a real-time alarm monitoring system that can detect the fatigue driving state through wireless communication. The drivers’ electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were recorded from occipital electrodes. Seven EEG rhythms with different frequency bands as gamma, hbeta, beta, sigma, alpha, theta and delta waves were extracted. They were simultaneously assessed using relative operating characteristic (ROC) curves and grey relational analysis to select one as the fatigue feature. The research results showed that the performance of theta wave was the best one. Therefore, theta wave was used as fatigue feature in the following alarm device. The real-time alarm monitoring system based on the result has been developed, once the threshold was settled by using the data of the first ten minutes driving period. The developed system can detect driver fatigue and give alarm to indicate the onset of fatigue automatically.

This study aims to design an alarming device for patients requiring wrist rehabilitation. Wrist injury due to accident, sports, stroke, and prolonged hand immobilization often requires physical therapy for rehabilitation to reduce pain, improve range of motion (ROM), and regain strength and function. Physical therapists use a goniometer to measure ROM. Although systematic treatment for wrist rehabilitation is physical therapy, current researchers are seeking an alternative and self-educative procedure based on engineering principles. This paper proposes a self-educative assessment and progress tracking design by exploiting an engineering design. This design is aided by a microcontroller, interfaced with sensors and display unit to measure wrist orientation of patients. The sensors measure the ROM of patients. This system uses a buzzer as an alarm tool for the patients during therapy. If the patients have achieved targeted movements, a beep sound would be produced to notify the patients. Thus, patients will be attentive in the treatment and motivated to proceed with the therapy. Visualization of the ROM through the display unit and alarm signal acts as an educating platform. The prototype was administered on five subjects with reduced ROM in wrist. Results showed that the proposed design increases ROM and self-educate the patients with wrist injuries (p

This paper mainly takes the present safe storage cabinet as the research object, carries on the research and the development. Through communicating requirements with enterprises, a set of intelligent safe storage cabinet management system developed to realize centralized management of safe storage cabinet and solve the problem of integrated control of chemical management information and detection information of multiple safe storage cabinets. The system consists of hardware and software. The main functions of the software are various gas detection, temperature and humidity detection, personnel management, chemical use management, alarm and related equipment control. The hardware mainly consists of control center, access control identification, security storage cabinet control, air conditioning control, filtering, and exhaust control and alarm device. The intelligent safety storage cabinet management system solves the complexity of chemical management in large chemical enterprises and greatly improves the work efficiency. With high safety and reliability, the system can understand the status of each storage cabinet in the chemical warehouse in real time and deal with emergencies in time. In the realization of chemical role of information management. The intelligent management of safe storage cabinets in chemical warehouses can achieve real-time control and other aspects have certain innovation.

For the needs that add reversal monitoring and alarm feature to reactor coolant pump of TNPS Unit 1&2, this article analyze the basic measuring principle of several frequently used reversal detector and compare their advantages and disadvantages, chose the most suitable hall sensors for the site condition through comprehensive comparison, then combine with the full-scope digital instrument and control (I&C) system to implement reversal monitoring and alarm device. Practice proved that the device can accurately detect the reversal of reactor coolant pump and raise an alarm to remind operator take response measures at time. This study significantly reduces the risk of motor damage and provides reference for the other similar important rotating equipment's state monitoring.

In the recent past, a few fire warning and alarm systems have been presented based on a combination of a smoke sensor and an alarm device to design a life-safety system. However, such fire alarm systems are sometimes error-prone and can react to non-actual indicators of fire presence classified as false warnings. There is a need for high-quality and intelligent fire alarm systems that use multiple sensor values (such as a signal from a flame detector, humidity, heat, and smoke sensors, etc.) to detect true incidents of fire. An Adaptive neuro-fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is used in this paper to calculate the maximum likelihood of the true presence of fire and generate fire alert. The novel idea proposed in this paper is to use ANFIS for the identification of a true fire incident by using change rate of smoke, the change rate of temperature, and humidity in the presence of fire. The model consists of sensors to collect vital data from sensor nodes where Fuzzy logic converts the raw data in a linguistic variable which is trained in ANFIS to get the probability of fire occurrence. The proposed idea also generates alerts with a message sent directly to the user&rsquo, s smartphone. Our system uses small size, cost-effective sensors and ensures that this solution is reproducible. MATLAB-based simulation is used for the experiments and the results show a satisfactory output.

At present, with the rapid development of society, it brings convenience to people's work and life, but also brings many potential safety hazards. Fire is the most common and frequent occurrence of these hazards. Therefore, this paper designs and implements a fire alarm device based on singlechip. When a fire occurs, a large number of smokes and higher temperatures will be generated. The device can detect smoke signals and temperature signals through smoke sensor detection module and temperature sensor detection module, and send them to singlechip to decide whether to alarm. In the specific implementation process, it is divided into two parts: The first part is the hardware design, including singlechip module, sensor module, display module, alarm module and key module. The second part is the software design, which uses C language to develop the alarm system through Keil uVision 4 software. At the same time, in order to make it more convenient for users to use, emergency alarm key and threshold adjustment key are designed, which can realize emergency alarm function and threshold parameter preset function. The experimental results show that the device has stable structure, good performance and practical value.

Drop-out fuse is a common circuit protection device. When a short fault occurs in the circuit, the fusion pipe will drop and the fuse will be disconnected, so as to isolate the fault line. However, in practical application, there is no reliable means and device for remote monitoring, resulting in the failure information can not be found in time. Although the traditional drop-out fuse alarm device can play the role of fault alarm. It has the disadvantages of large time difference and high cost. Based on this, a set of status monitoring and alarm device according to the drop characteristics of drop-out fuse after failure has been developed. The inclination and temperature of the fusion pipe are monitored by sensors in real time, and the data is sent to the master station through wireless communication. When a fault occurs, the operation and maintenance staff can be notified in time to repair the fault point. Through experimental demonstration, it can be concluded that the fuse status monitoring and fault alarm device has stable performance, convenient control and high cost performance. If it is applied to the distribution network, it can shorten the outage time, reduce economic losses and increase user satisfaction.

For many engineering fields, the air flow should be controlled into a safety range to ensure the production safely. A novel flow measurement device was designed for large safety range. A separable structure of the device was proposed to meet the convenience to carry. Magnet and magnetic fluid was selected as an inducting core. The characteristics of the inducting core were researched. The working principle of the measurement and alarm device for air flow safety was introduced and analyzed. The separable structure was designed to achieve two modes of the measuring and alarm device that one mode is for measuring and alarming work and the other mode is for storing and transporting conveniently. A pipe was designed for the air to pass through. Two coils were designed and chosen to be set up at two ends of the pipe to detect the changes of the internal magnetic flux and then alarm for the changes. An adjustment element was designed and set into the pipe to adjust the position of the inducting core to satisfy the requirements of the working conditions. The designed device is feasible to keep the air flow safely and to alarm when the air flow exceeds safety range.

In this study, a novel enuresis alarm device using a miniaturized radio frequency module and disposable sensors made with inexpensive conductive ink was used to teach toilet use for urination with three participants with severe intellectual disability (two males and one female; aged 7–15 years) in a private special education school setting. At study entry, the participants did not use the toilet for urination independently, despite prior training attempts using standard behavioral interventions. For each participant, the enuresis alarm was used as part of a manualized behavior modification program. Two of the participants progressed markedly in the acquisition of toileting skills during participation in the program, but results for the third participant were less clear. Data suggest high staff satisfaction with the device and procedure and several possible advantages over standard behavioral intervention. Thus, an enuresis alarm that comprises state-of-the-art technology may be useful for teaching toileting skills in classroom settings for some individuals with developmental disabilities.

C-type Clip is a class of connection fittings used for outdoor power distribution equipment and is suitable for the connecting aerial cable with equipment and switch branches. As the monitoring part on the C-type Clip, the currently Overheating Alarm Device still exist some problems. For example, the pop-up device will become unreliable after using too much times. These problems can be solved by using the characteristic of the ferrite soft magnetic material, which can contribute to ejecting and recycling alarm devices. This kind of material will lose the magnetic when achieving the Curie temperature and recover the magnetic when its temperature is lower than the Curie temperature. Use SolidWorks to model the improved Overheating Alarm Device and use ANSYS software to simulate the temperature distribution of ferrite soft magnetic material in a certain period of time. Compared with the reliability of original device, the result of optimization and improvement shows that the reliability of improved device has reached from 80% to 95%.

Wind turbine monitoring alarm device consists of sensing unit, data acquisition module, storage unit and comparison unit. The sensing unit is mounted inside the wind turbine to measure first data including temperature, velocity and acceleration. The data acquisition module is electrically connected to the sensing unit for receiving the first data and configured with a transmitter for transmitting the first data. The storage unit is electrically connected to the data acquisition module. The storage unit is provided with a receiver for receiving the first data transmitted by the transmitter and saves the first data as a warning value. The comparison unit is electrically connected to the sensing and memory unit. The unit compares the second data measured by the sensing unit with the first data used as the warning value. The warning indicator issues a warning if the second data is outside the warning range. The alarm indication relating to the fan monitoring alarm described in the comparison unit gives an alarm via audible and visual alarms.

Highway maintenance often involves the use of mobile work zones for various types of low-speed moving operations, such as striping and sweeping. The speed differential between the moving operation and traffic and the increasing problem of distracted driving can lead to potential collisions between approaching vehicles and the moving work zone. One novel tool for mitigating this problem is a mobile work zone alarm system. This paper describes the field evaluation of two types of mobile work zone alarm devices: an alarm device and a directional audio system (DAS). Three modes of operation were tested: continuous, manual, and actuated. The components of the evaluation included sound level testing, analysis of merging distances and speeds, and observations of driving behavior. The sound levels for the tested configurations were within national noise standards. All tested configurations increased the merging distance of vehicles except for the alarm actuated setup. The DAS continuous setup also reduced vehicle merging speeds and the standard deviation of merging distance. Some undesirable driver behaviors were occasionally observed, but it was unclear whether these driver behaviors were caused by the presence of the mobile work zone alarm device. Factors such as horizontal and vertical curves and movement of the vehicle with the truck-mounted attenuator caused false alarms and false negatives. The research demonstrated that mobile work zone alarms have the potential to be an effective tool in improving safety. Further refinements to the systems could improve effectiveness.

Aiming at the demand of anti-theft and got back for vehicle, the author puts forward a new design mind of anti-theft device. The device takes STC89C52 microcontroller as the control core, the GPS module and the GSM module are connected to the microcontroller serial port through the electronic switch chip. Once the car is stolen, the device will send out sound and light alarm and send car location message to the owner at the same time, helping the owner to get back the car. Field tests show that the alarm device is reliable and has a positive effect on the car theft.

This paper summarizes the position detection and location estimation method, and it has a analysis of the position type alarm classification and related technical problems based on that; Position type alarm system related control algorithm is proposed and the related design, combined with the actual design of the circuit debugging steps and specific experimental parameters is given, the practice shows that the stability and reliability of design.

In this study, we make a study of a new two-level configure gas technology. This technology can expend the configure gas device's dilution ratio and combined with inner set baffled spiral cast to achieve a full-sacle configure gas of SF6 and air. Further to make the SF6 leaking alarm testing device to be not only a multi-function portable device but also have the advantages like compact structure, light weight, large dilution ratio, high accuracy, degree of automation and so on. And this device can solve the situation of SF 6 leaking alarm device can't calibrate conveniently in indoor workplace, such as electric power system GIS obviously.

The article introduces the research and application situation of coupling alarm in pressure operation, and comprehensive analysis advantages and disadvantages of two coupling alarms which used widely, according to the defections of coupling alarms, the article puts forward some key problems and solutions. it is concluded that coupling alarm will be a development trend in the future pressure operation, which can be extended future.

Recoil distance is an important evaluation index to reflect the performance of gun recoil mechanism. It can not allow to fire of artillery if recoil distance exceeding the prescribed distance. So it played an important role to ensure the normal firing of artillery. Previous artillery recoil distance is read by artificial indicator through the recoil, which affects the firing efficiency and has no conducive to the implementation of fast attack. This paper designed the gun recoil distance memory and alarm device by using the sensor technology and SCM programming. The device not only can record the recoil distance of each firing projectile and the total number of it but also can alarm if the recoil distance exceeds the specified maximum. The device effectively solves the problem that the recoil indicator artificial read and record. It has practical significance to improve the efficiency of the shooting.

Introduced one ultrasonic ranging alarm device based on SN8P2501B microcomputer, it mainly included ultrasonic emission circuit, receiving circuit, keyboard, alarm circuit and the software. Compared with the traditional ranging methods, the system used 555 time-base circuit to produce ultrasonic, and designed a temperature compensation circuit to eliminate effect of sound velocity produced by the environment temperature. The practical application results show that the ranging system is stable , reliable and highly accurate, so the technology and methods adopted in the system are highly practical and worthy of being used abroad.

Drivers drunk driving can bring a lot of harm. The paper studies a device that is placed in the car to detect whether the driver is drunk driving. The system consists of a core processor, an alcohol sensor, a display device, and an alarm device. The fitting curve of the alcohol sensor was determined through experiments, and the correspondence between the output voltage and the alcohol concentration was obtained. The design can detect the state of the driver’s alcohol concentration in real time in the car. When the system thinks that the driver’s alcohol concentration exceeds a certain value, a voice alarm is issued, and the device can effectively prevent the driver from drunk driving.

Because of the complex environment of high temperature, high pressure in the well, the deformation, the tilt and the vibration of the tube in the process of uprooted and insert pipe string by snubbing operation device of the oil-gas field, the present coupling alarm device has high false alarm rate. According to the mathematical principle of 3 points determined a circle and collecting information by analogy proximity sensors, the position of tube at the detection surface is determined. The fuzzy algorithm is used to distinguish the diameter of the detection surface which is pipe diameter or coupling diameter, so as to realize the intelligent alarm of the coupling. In this paper, the configuration design of coupling alarm device that includes information acquisition, processing, control and other parts is designed by WinCC flexible software. In addition, the data of detection and calculation is displayed on the monitoring screen in real time and accurately. Experimental simulations verified the intelligent alarm method can accurately collect distance information, identify the position of the coupling and visualize the relevant data.

To avoid the criminal behavior of excavating the group of ancient tombs, this paper designs an alarm system for ancient cemetery based on ZigBee. It capture shock wave made by Luoyang shovel and explosion through the vibration, and after the corresponding signal conditioning and conversion, the ZigBee network transfers it to the control system to analysis and judge, so as to drive alarm device and achieve the effect of guard against theft, making use of ZigBee short-range wireless communications technology for data transmission, so that the system will not only significantly reduces the amount of equipment, but also makes the system placed flexibly and moves easily. The results proved that the system is used simply, fast and efficiently, which makes up the monitoring shortage of underground activity in the modern security technology, also it has a broad application prospects.

Objective: Nocturnal enuresis is a common problem among children. This multifactorial disease is a source of stress of the families. Therefore, it is important how to approach the disorder, plan the treatment in order to provide a satisfactory cure rate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long term results of alarm therapy after an initial response. Materials Methods: The study consisted of 36 of 50 patients with nocturnal enuresis, that were responded alarm therapy after three months treatment. At the end of the second year, detailed interviews with the parents of the children were recorded. Results: It was found that only 6 (16.7%) patients achieved complete dryness with the alarm device and no different treatment modalities were needed after the initial success. The remaining 30 (83.3%) patients had recurrence in the subsequent period and 25 (%83.3) of them tried retreatment. Conclusions: In long term follow up recurrence rates are high and families may seek different treatment approaches. Recurrence probabilities should be emphasized to the families at the beginning of the alarm treatment for monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis.

With the development of social economy and the progress of science and technology, the dangers of fire for human is obvious. Therefore, carries on the effective prevention and control, reduce the loss brought by the fire to the smallest degree is the key of the current research on fire prevention and control technology, develop all kinds of fire alarm device for this people, common are based on the cable network and wireless network Fire alarm system, but these alarm system construction cost is higher, difficult to maintain, poor reliability, are not suitable for use in the bad environment, so a single based on cable or wireless fire alarm system can not be widely used. This paper will design a set of independent type fire alarm system based on electric power carrier. This system adopts the power carrier communication technology, electric power carrier as a unique communication mode in the power system, with the existing power line as a carrier to transmit the fire alarm signal, the biggest characteristic is don't need

The leak of coal gas and natural gas sometimes cause explosive accidents, which is great threat to people’s lives and property. In order to avoid similar disasters, we have designed a small portable alarm circuit which uses gas sensors as the main component to monitor the methane concentration. Different from former alarming devices, the design uses a SCM to sample three same sensor circuits. Once the density is exceeded, the SCM immediately drives the following alarm device to alarm, which can make up for the shortcoming of a single sensor.

AT89S52 microcontroller was the center controler for wireless temperature measurement and alarm system, through temperature measurement circuit and remote wireless alarm circuit, realized the temperature detection and off-limit alarm of the ambient temperature. The system was composed of temperature acquisition circuit, display circuit and alarm circuit. Temperature sensor was DS18B20, real-time temperature displayed via LED displayer. Users can customize the alarm lower limit and superior limit. when the ambient temperature exceeds the alarm limit, the microcontroller will start the sound and light alarm, and remote wireless alarm. Temperature measurement range from -40 °C to +85 °C, measurement accuracy is 0.5 °C, wireless alarm distance is up to 100 meters. This system is of high precision, wide temperature measurement, and timely alarm.

Based on the development of forestry machinery and the causes for tractor accident, this paper analyzed the necessity of improving the small skidding tractors. Then the automatic overload alarm and automatic anti-tipping alarm were designed through the research on overload and tipping point of small skidding tractors. The main parameters of the devices were calculated, the operational principle was described and the two wiring diagrams were given. The feasibility of these two alarm devices is proved theoretically in this paper. Two ways are provided to improve the safety of logging operations of the tractor and an effective research method for its intelligent development in China is planed.

An alarm device consisting of data collection module, control module and radio frequency module for locating people submerged beneath water is investigated. By combining the magnetic field distribution information and acceleration sensor, the alarm device is able to simulate submerged person movement path in the data collection module. STC89C51 is selected as the main control chip in the control module for alarm switching, information encoding and control of radio frequency mode. A third-generation wireless transceiver chip nRF2401 is adopted in the radio frequency module, allowing data transmission in the international ISM frequency range. The implementation based on the geomagnetic sensor that is simple in design, boasts full functions and has excellent drowning detection sensitivity. Additional wireless emission coordinate capability will improve efficiency and shipwreck rescue and maritime navigation in the future.

Background: The brain is dependent on constant glucose supply and hypoglycaemia results in reduced cognition, unconsciousness, seizures, and possible death. Prevention of hypoglycaemia is accordingly a key point in diabetes treatment. The effect of hypoglycemia on the electrical activity of the brain is well described. We propose an alarm device for severe hypoglycaemia based on continuous electroencephalography (EEG), real-time data analysis by an automated algorithm and an auditory alarm. Methods and results: People with type 1 diabetes (T1D) were exposed to hypoglycaemia by excess insulin administration. EEG was scored visually by neurophysiologists for deviations compatible with neuroglycopenia. From these initial experiments, a multiparameter algorithm was developed by applying an artificial neural network. Subsequently series of experiments were conducted in T1D patients in order to improve the algorithm and to test its clinical applicability. Thus people with T1D with normal, reduced, or absent awareness of hypoglycaemia were exposed to hypoglycaemia both during daytime and during sleep. EEG was analyzed by the automated algorithm. All patients developed hypoglycaemia-associated EEG changes. During the sleep experiments, these changes occurred irrespective of sleep stage, and the majority of patients woke up when they received an auditory alarm at the onset of hypoglycaemia-associated EEG changes. We found that the EEG changes were independent of diabetes duration, awareness status, and counter-regulatory hormone response. In subsequent studies, a miniaturized partly implanted EEG recorder was tested. The device consists of a small implant recording the EEG and an external device which wirelessly receives EEG and gives an alarm when hypoglycaemia-associated EEG changes are apparent. In preliminary studies of one month duration, we found that the device was well tolerated and successfully warned the patients in time to take appropriate action before severe hypoglycaemia was present. Conclusion: The results obtained so far hold promises for the development of an EEG-based alarm for severe hypoglycaemia in people with T1D. Hypoglycaemia-associated EEG changes seem to be a general feature which makes a common algorithm applicable. Further studies are needed to define the sensitivity and tolerability of the partly implanted EEG-based device for severe hypoglycaemia during long-term use.

In many fire emergencies, the auditory fire alarm signals are very important to save the occupant's life. But as the sound insulation of building elements has been improved, it is more difficult for occupant to recognize the fire alarm signals when the audible fire alarm worked. This is the first study to show the sound attenuation of audible fire alarm device in apartments. We measured and analyzed the sound attenuation level in seven units. The result showed that it was not sufficient to detect the sound from the fire alarm device in bedrooms. Whether the fire alarm device worked or not, the differences of sound level in bedrooms were below 1$\sim$10 dBA. To give the minimum sound level 60 dBA in bedrooms, the proper sound levels from alarm device installed in livingrooms were suggested using computer simulation.

The purpose of this study is to achieve real-time acquisition and monitoring of temperature in large-scale industrial or agricultural production scene, and timely detect abnormal temperature. FPGA chip, multi temperature sensor and alarm control module three parts consist of FPGA alarm system obtained based on multi temperature sensor. Multi temperature sensor is used for the acquisition of relevant temperature signal in the production site, and the transmission of the collected data through the way of digital signal chip to the FPGA chip for further processing. The FPGA chip is responsible for the parameter setting, the temperature signal acquisition and the threshold comparison and so on, and according to the data processing result, it can send out the normal response control signal to the alarm module. The alarm module contains the pre-warning lights and the alarm device that it can receive the control signal and realize alarm response. The results showed that the test in planting flowers in greenhouse showed that the system is sensitive in response and small in error of temperature acquisition, in accordance with the requirements for use. As a result, the system can be widely used in the temperature monitoring in the production scene, suitable for being promoted in a variety of occasions needing for monitoring the temperature.

Abnormal and excessive plantar pressure is a major risk factor for the development of foot ulcers in patients with loss of protective pain sensation. Repeated pressure with each step can result in inflammation at specific points, followed by ulcer formation. Patients with peripheral nerve disease are unable to prevent the development of such lesions, which often lead to amputation. For this reason, it has been suggested that a fundamental therapeutic intervention should be the reduction of high plantar pressure. We have developed a portable, battery-operated ambulatory foot pressure device (AFPD) which has two important functions: (1) to determine the areas of high plantar pressure, and (2) to provide an acoustic alarm, adjusted to a specific pressure load, which is triggered when weight-bearing exceeds the predetermined plantar pressure. A memory of plantar pressure parameters allows for downloading of the data and sequential analysis during the investigation period. Such an alarm device could replace the lack of pain sensation and may play an important role in the prevention of ulcer development and lower extremity amputation.

Drowsiness is one of the major risk factors causing accidents that result in a large number of damage. Drivers and industrial workers probably have a large effect on several mishaps occurring from drowsiness. Therefore, advanced technology to reduce these accidental rates is a very challenging problem. Nowadays, there have been many drowsiness detectors using electroencephalogram (EEG), however, the cost is still high and the use of this is uncomfortable in long-term monitoring because most of them require wiring and conventional wet electrodes. The purpose of this paper is to develop a portable wireless device that can automatically detect the drowsiness in real time by using the EEG and electrooculogram (EOG). The silver (Ag) conducting fabric consolidated in a headband used as dry electrodes can acquire signal from the user's forehead. The signal was sent via the wireless communication of XBee® 802.15.4 to a standalone microcontroller to analyze drowsiness using the proposed algorithm. The alarm will ring when the drowsiness occurs. Besides, the automatic drowsiness detection and alarm device yields the real-time detection accuracy of approximately 81%.

The behavior of an onboard alarm system called Air Traffic Collision and Avoidance System (ACAS) has been scrutinized to provide some evidence with respect to its role in monitoring and controlling Air Traffic Management. Its behavior was then contrasted to the 'interdependent matrix' proposed by Johnson, Bradshaw, Feltovich, Jonker, (2010) whose aim is to characterize coactive design. ACAS turned out to be more 'useful' to monitor traffic than 'necessary' to avoid mid air collision. However it scored low on those dimensions associated with coactive design.

A microcontroller based on alarm device is developed for detecting a combine working station preventing crop conveying pipeline blocked by excessive feed-in quantity so as to avoid driving belt or driving wheel being damaged. An Atmel 89C2051 single chip microcontroller is employed as the core of the device to make the system simple in structure and small in size. Using Hall effect tachometric transducers detecting the magnetic induction pulses induced by magnetic steel pieces attached on belt wheel, the wheel rotate speed is detected. Moreover, with some filtering measures and logical judgements, pseudo pulses are filtered out. According to the measured speed, the belt wheel spin tendency is estimated, at the same time, audible and visual alarm signal are also emitted to warn operator to reduce the operating speed so that wheel blocking and belt spin are avoided, thus crop loss is reduced. The system achieves a low cost, high reliable equipment for detecting combine working station automatically with acousto-optic alarm.

The basic idea of the prediction is founded on our previously published theory, in which the vapour lock is mainly caused by the bubble growth below the brake-fluid boiling point. According to this theory, a brake pedal becomes spongy due to the bubble growth, and fluid pressure may be lost upon further growth. Hence it is most important for drivers to be able to determine the beginning of the bubble growth in a hydraulic brake because they can predict the vapour lock. Therefore, we developed an alarm device for vapour lock, which can sense the bubble growth, using a simple sensor with 2 short conducting wires embedded in disk calliper housing. Using this device, we are altered to bubble growth in the disk calliper housing by the light of the alarm lamp. In this report, the outline of this alarm device and the significance of the adoption of the device in automobiles are explained.

As a cost-effective mobile development platform, MTK support the functions of recording video and sending multimedia message. In this paper, an anti-theft monitoring alarm system based on MTK is proposed and implemented. The design based on a high performance MTK chip of MT6226. The sensors and the alarm device attached to MT6226 through the interface of GPIO. Once one of the sensors detect abnormal signal, MT6226 call the thread of recording video, driving the alarm device. Then the MTK send a multimedia message which compressed by the video to the master. The experiment results show that the anti-theft monitoring alarm system based on MTK platform have achieved good performance on cost-effective and flexibility, which make up for the inadequacy of existing monitoring systems. KeywordsMTK, Multimedia message, MT6226, Monitoring system

This paper presents the design and evaluation of an oxygen low-pressure alarm for use in conjunction with medical oxygen cylinders. Patients, who are dependent on oxygen supply through portable, high pressure oxygen cylinders, rely on staff vigilance to ensure that the volume of oxygen in the cylinder does not drop below a critical level, thereby compromising their safety. To minimise such risks, a low cost, mechanically driven, easy to interface, low pressure alarm was developed to generate an audible warning intended to alert patients and their carers of depleting oxygen pressure levels. The device is designed to interface with portable medical oxygen cylinders and their pressure regulators. It implements a spring-loaded diaphragm mechanism, which opens a vent when the pressure level in the cylinder drops below a pre-set level of 15 bars (1.5 MPa). The gas then passes through a nozzle incorporating an orifice, thus generating an audible whistling sound. The proposed device is compact and cost effective in terms of manufacture and power consumption. (4 pages)

In this paper, a system based on ZigBee is designed to monitor angle of the jib of the crane. With inclinometer sensor, the angle of jib can be measured. And the data are transmitted to the remote monitoring center through the wireless module CC2530. When angle is out of the alarm range, system starts the alarm device to warn the crane operator. Tests and experiments have shown that the system is stable and reliable, and can be widely used in industrial control field.

According to the phenomenon that high-voltage places may endanger personal safety, we have designed high-voltage approaching alarm equipment powered by solar energy, taking the high-performance low-power chip ATmega64 as the control core. This paper mainly introduces the system's battery charge and discharge circuit, voice alarm circuit, GSM communication circuit, the main CPU circuit and power supply circuit, etc. The high-voltage alarm device has the characteristic of high reliability, simple operation, low power consumption and high charging efficiency.

Large magnitude earthquakes may cause significant losses of life and property. Designing an earthquake alarm to detect the magnitude of the quake and give an alarm. A method is described in the present disclosure which includes detecting a longitudinal wave of a seismic movement by an accelerometer. Determining whether a magnitude of the longitudinal wave exceeds a predetermined threshold, and wirelessly transmitting an alarm notification indicating seismic movement to at least one alarm device. If making many alarm devices, they can form a network and communicate each other.

A wireless safety device for gas leakage detection is proposed. The device is intended for use in household safety where appliances and heaters that use natural gas and liquid petroleum gas (LPG) may be a source of risk. The system also can be used for other applications in the industry or plants that depend on LPG and natural gas in their operations. The system design consists of two main modules: the detection and transmission module, and the receiving module. The detection and transmitting module detects the change of gas concentration using a special sensing circuit built for this purpose. This module checks if a change in concentration of gas(es) has exceeded a certain pre-determined threshold. If the sensor detects a change in gas concentration, it activates and audiovisual alarm and sends a signal to the receiver module. The receiver module acts as a mobile alarm device to allow the mobility within the house premises. The system was tested using LPG and the alarm was activated as a result of change in concentration.

For solving level alarm of high pressure vessels or corrosive liquid vessels, a new non-contact level alarm device was designed by using ultrasonic wave. The attenuation characteristics of ultrasonic echo wave remained in the wall of vessels is analyzed when the medium in vessels is liquid or gas. A new method for measuring fixed-point liquid level was proposed by using this principle, and the system of level alarm was proposed. In this way, the transducer is only needed to touch to the outside surface of the wall of vessels. The device is very suitable for measuring fixed-point liquid level of high pressure vessels or corrosive liquid vessels, and has the merits of high sensitivity and reliability.

A new gas alarm is presented which is based on solid electrolytes with high ionic conductivities. The operating principle of the device is the compensation of the cell voltage and measurement of the direction of the electrical current. Also, the general microelectronic circuit designs are discussed. Several advantages are found in comparison with other types of gas sensors.

The solar water heater has advantages of low cost, no pollution, safety, energy conservation and is very suitable for users in rural area. But many now used solar water heater has no alarm device resulting water and resource wasting because of forgetting to turn off the valve after water sailing upstream. To overcome this defect, an intelligent annunciator for solar water heater installed at the end of the return pipe is presented and designed in order to remind the user. Firstly, the advantages and disadvantages of automatic and manual sailing upstream are compared concluding that manual sailing upstream is more trustiness. Then an annunciator for solar water heater is studied and ameliorated. Its principle, parameters index and functions are introduced. The annunciator uses CD4069 chip as the core circuit with very little assistant circuit. It can provide sound and light alarm at the same time. This annunciator for solar water heater water is very simple in production, low cost, the use of safe and convenient. The annunciator is applicable to all solar power products, including various types of early installation of solar power water heaters and water tanks without changing their structures. It can meet family and industrial environmental applications.