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Background Depression has been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases; however, its impact on cardiac and lung function remains unclear, especially when accounting for potential gene–environment interactions. Methods We developed a novel polygenic and gene–environment interaction risk score (PGIRS) integrating the major genetic effect and gene–environment interaction effect of depression-associated loci. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) demonstrating major genetic effect or environmental interaction effect were obtained from genome-wide SNP association and SNP-environment interaction analyses of depression. We then calculated the depression PGIRS for non-depressed individuals, using smoking and alcohol consumption as environmental factors. Using linear regression analysis, we assessed the associations of PGIRS and conventional polygenic risk score (PRS) with lung function (N  = 42 886) and cardiac function (N  = 1791) in the subjects with or without exposing to smoking and alcohol drinking. Results We detected significant associations of depression PGIRS with cardiac and lung function, contrary to conventional depression PRS. Among smokers, forced vital capacity exhibited a negative association with PGIRS (β  = −0.037, FDR = 1.00 × 10−8), contrasting with no significant association with PRS (β  = −0.002, FDR = 0.943). In drinkers, we observed a positive association between cardiac index with PGIRS (β  = 0.088, FDR = 0.010), whereas no such association was found with PRS (β  = 0.040, FDR = 0.265). Notably, in individuals who both smoked and drank, forced expiratory volume in 1-second demonstrated a negative association with PGIRS (β  = −0.042, FDR = 6.30 × 10−9), but not with PRS (β  = −0.003, FDR = 0.857). Conclusions Our findings underscore the profound impact of depression on cardiac and lung function, highlighting the enhanced efficacy of considering gene–environment interactions in PRS-based studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoking and alcohol consumption were associated with the development of depression and anxiety. 3′UTR APA quantitative trait loci (3'aQTLs) have been associated with multiple health states and conditions. Our aim is to evaluate the interactive effects of 3'aQTLs-alcohol consumption/tobacco smoking on the risk of anxiety and depression. The 3'aQTL data of 13 brain regions were extracted from the large-scale 3'aQTL atlas. The phenotype data (frequency of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking, anxiety score, self-reported anxiety, depression score and self-reported depression) of 90,399–103,011 adults aged 40–69 years living in the UK and contributing to the UK Biobank during 2006–2010, were obtained from the UK Biobank cohort. The frequency of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking of each subject were defined by the amount of smoking and alcohol drinking of self-reported, respectively. The continuous alcohol consumption/smoking terms were further categorized in tertiles. 3'aQTL-by-environmental interaction analysis was then performed to evaluate the associations of gene-smoking/alcohol consumption interactions with anxiety and depression using generalized linear model (GLM) of PLINK 2.0 with an additive mode of inheritance. Furthermore, GLM was also used to explore the relationship between alcohol consumption/smoking with hazard of anxiety/depression stratified by allele for the significant genotyped SNPs that modified the alcohol consumption/smoking-anxiety/depression association. The interaction analysis identified several candidate 3'aQTLs-alcohol consumption interactions, such as rs7602638 located in PPP3R1 (β = 0.08, P = 6.50 × 10−6) for anxiety score; rs10925518 located in RYR2 (OR = 0.95, P = 3.06 × 10−5) for self-reported depression. Interestingly, we also observed that the interactions between TMOD1 (β = 0.18, P = 3.30 × 10−8 for anxiety score; β = 0.17, P = 1.42 × 10−6 for depression score), ZNF407 (β = 0.17, P = 2.11 × 10−6 for anxiety score; β = 0.15, P = 4.26 × 10−5 for depression score) and alcohol consumption was not only associated with anxiety, but related to depression. Besides, we found that relationship between alcohol consumption and hazard of anxiety/depression was significantly different for different SNPs genotypes, such as rs34505550 in TMOD1 (AA: OR = 1.03, P = 1.79 × 10−6; AG: OR = 1.00, P = 0.94; GG: OR = 1.00, P = 0.21) for self-reported anxiety. The identified 3'aQTLs-alcohol consumption/smoking interactions were associated with depression and anxiety, and its potential biological mechanisms need to be further revealed. Our study identified important interactions between candidate 3'aQTL and alcohol consumption/smoking on depression and anxiety, and found that the 3'aQTL may modify the associations between consumption/smoking with depression and anxiety. These findings may help to further explore the pathogenesis of depression and anxiety. • Interaction between rs7602638 located in PPP3R1 and alcohol consumption was positively associated with anxiety score. • Interaction between rs10925518 in RYR2 and alcohol consumption was negatively correlated with self-reported depression. • Interactions between TMOD1, NLRP1, ZNF407 and alcohol consumption were positively associated with anxiety and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]