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Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of death among women worldwide. It affects in general women older than 40 years old. Medical images analysis is one of the most promising research areas since it provides facilities for diagnosis and decision-making of several diseases such as BC. This paper conducts a Structured Literature Review (SLR) of the use of Machine Learning (ML) and Image Processing (IP) techniques to deal with BC imaging. A set of 530 papers published between 2000 and August 2019 were selected and analyzed according to ten criteria: year and publication channel, empirical type, research type, medical task, machine learning techniques, datasets used, validation methods, performance measures and image processing techniques which include image pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction and feature selection. Results showed that diagnosis was the most used medical task and that Deep Learning techniques (DL) were largely used to perform classification. Furthermore, we found out that classification was the most ML objective investigated followed by prediction and clustering. Most of the selected studies used Mammograms as imaging modalities rather than Ultrasound or Magnetic Resonance Imaging with the use of public or private datasets with MIAS as the most frequently investigated public dataset. As for image processing techniques, the majority of the selected studies pre-process their input images by reducing the noise and normalizing the colors, and some of them use segmentation to extract the region of interest with the thresholding method. For feature extraction, we note that researchers extracted the relevant features using classical feature extraction techniques (e.g. Texture features, Shape features, etc.) or DL techniques (e. g. VGG16, VGG19, ResNet, etc.), and finally few papers used feature selection techniques in particular the filter methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining computational technologies and humanities is an ongoing effort aimed at making resources such as texts, images, audio, video, and other artifacts digitally available, searchable, and analyzable. In recent years, deep neural networks (DNN) dominate the field of automatic text analysis and natural language processing (NLP), in some cases presenting a super‐human performance. DNNs are the state‐of‐the‐art machine learning algorithms solving many NLP tasks that are relevant for Digital Humanities (DH) research, such as spell checking, language detection, entity extraction, author detection, question answering, and other tasks. These supervised algorithms learn patterns from a large number of "right" and "wrong" examples and apply them to new examples. However, using DNNs for analyzing the text resources in DH research presents two main challenges: (un)availability of training data and a need for domain adaptation. This paper explores these challenges by analyzing multiple use‐cases of DH studies in recent literature and their possible solutions and lays out a practical decision model for DH experts for when and how to choose the appropriate deep learning approaches for their research. Moreover, in this paper, we aim to raise awareness of the benefits of utilizing deep learning models in the DH community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone age assessment (BAA) is an essential topic in the clinical practice of evaluating the biological maturity of children. Because the manual method is time-consuming and prone to observer variability, it is attractive to develop computer-aided and automated methods for BAA. In this paper, we present a fully automatic BAA method. To eliminate noise in a raw X-ray image, we start with using U-Net to precisely segment hand mask image from a raw X-ray image. Even though U-Net can perform the segmentation with high precision, it needs a bigger annotated dataset. To alleviate the annotation burden, we propose to use deep active learning (AL) to select unlabeled data samples with sufficient information intentionally. These samples are given to Oracle for annotation. After that, they are then used for subsequential training. In the beginning, only 300 data are manually annotated and then the improved U-Net within the AL framework can robustly segment all the 12611 images in RSNA dataset. The AL segmentation model achieved a Dice score at 0.95 in the annotated testing set. To optimize the learning process, we employ six off-the-shell deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) with pretrained weights on ImageNet. We use them to extract features of preprocessed hand images with a transfer learning technique. In the end, a variety of ensemble regression algorithms are applied to perform BAA. Besides, we choose a specific CNN to extract features and explain why we select that CNN. Experimental results show that the proposed approach achieved discrepancy between manual and predicted bone age of about 6.96 and 7.35 months for male and female cohorts, respectively, on the RSNA dataset. These accuracies are comparable to state-of-the-art performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has been increasingly attempted in assisting clinicians for real-time treatment of sepsis. While a value function quantifies the performance of policies in such decision-making processes, most value-based DRL algorithms cannot evaluate the target value function precisely and are not as safe as clinical experts. In this study, we propose a Weighted Dueling Double Deep Q-Network with embedded human Expertise (WD3QNE). A target Q value function with adaptive dynamic weight is designed to improve the estimate accuracy and human expertise in decision-making is leveraged. In addition, the random forest algorithm is employed for feature selection to improve model interpretability. We test our algorithm against state-of-the-art value function methods in terms of expected return, survival rate, action distribution and external validation. The results demonstrate that WD3QNE obtains the highest survival rate of 97.81% in MIMIC-III dataset. Our proposed method is capable of providing reliable treatment decisions with embedded clinician expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem that is solved in the research is to increase the efficiency of assessing the state of the monitoring object while ensuring the given reliability, regardless of the hierarchy of the monitoring object. The object of research is decision support systems. The subject of the research is the process of evaluating the monitoring object using bio-inspired algorithms. The hypothesis of the research is the need to increase the efficiency of the assessment of the state of the monitoring object with the given reliability. In the course of the research, an improved method of increasing the efficiency of decision-making based on bio-inspired algorithms was proposed. General provisions of artificial intelligence theory were used to solve the problem of analyzing the object state in intelligent decision support systems. The essence of improvement is to use the following procedures: – taking into account the type of uncertainty about the state of the monitoring object (full uncertainty, partial uncertainty and full awareness); – taking into account the degree of noise in the data on the state of the monitoring object. Noise refers to the degree of information distortion created by the enemy’s means of electronic and cyber warfare; – using the ant colony optimization algorithm and the genetic algorithm to find the path metric while assessing the state of the monitoring object; – deep learning of synthesized ants using evolving artificial neural networks. An example of using the proposed method in assessing the state of the operational situation of a group of troops (forces) is presented. The specified example showed a 15–22 % increase in the efficiency of data processing using additional improved procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem that is solved in the study is to increase the efficiency of decision-making regarding the state of the control object while ensuring a given reliability, regardless of the object’s hierarchy. The object of the study is decision support systems. The subject of the study is the process of assessment and parametric control of the state of the control object using the firefly algorithm. The hypothesis of the study is an increase in the efficiency of assessing the state of the control object with a given reliability. In the course of the study, an improved method of parametric control of the control object based on the improved firefly algorithm was proposed. General provisions of artificial intelligence theory were used for solving the problem of object state analysis and subsequent parametric control in intelligent decision support systems. The essence of improvement is to use the following procedures: − taking into account the type of uncertainty about the state of the control object (complete uncertainty, partial uncertainty and complete awareness); − taking into account the noise of data on the state of the control object. Data noise refers to the degree of information distortion created by the enemy’s electronic and cyber warfare; − using the improved firefly algorithm to find the path metric while assessing the state of the control object; − deep learning of the synthesized ants using evolving artificial neural networks. The application of the proposed method is presented on the example of assessing the state of the operational situation of a group of troops (forces). The specified example showed a 17–20 % increase in the efficiency of data processing using additional improved procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]