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This study involved the preparation of an all-solid-state ion-selective electrode (ASS-ISE) with copper and a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT/PSS) conversion layer through electrode deposition. The morphology of the PEDOT/PSS film was characterized, and the performance of the copper ion-selective film was optimized. Additionally, a microfluidic chip for the ASS-ISE with copper was designed and prepared. An integrated microfluidic chip test system with an ASS-ISE was developed using a self-constructed potential detection device. The accuracy of the system was validated through comparison testing with atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The experimental findings indicate that the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the integrated ASS-ISE with the copper microfluidic chip test system is 4.54%, as compared to the industry standard method. This value complies with the stipulated requirement of an RSD ≤ 5% in DL/T 955-2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amino acids such as phenylalanine (Phe) are key building blocks of proteins and other biomolecules. Although recent advancements in electrochemical sensors have enabled the rapid detection of Phe, these sensors are often destructive as they irreversibly oxidise Phe. In addition, most of them rely on biorecognition elements, which suffer from limited stability at ambient conditions and sensitivity towards environmental fluctuations. Herein, we report the first example of ion transfer voltammetry of Phe using an all‐solid‐state ion‐selective electrode (ISE). The reversibility of this technique enables both the sensor and the Phe sample to be reused. The optimal voltammetric ISE (VISE) exhibits near Nernstian response (56.8 mV/decade) towards Phe and selectivity against amino acids of all classes (hydrophobic, hydrophilic and charged). Voltammetric interrogation of the ISE significantly enhances sensitivity, linear range, selectivity, and stability as compared to traditional open circuit potential measurements. Phe levels in a commercial nutritional supplement and drinking waters were determined to demonstrate the viability of our sensor in real life applications. This proof‐of‐concept can be applied to develop VISEs for other amino acids and biological ions for healthcare and nutrition sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new solid-contact ion-selective electrode (ISE) sensitive to lead (II) ions, obtained by modifying a polymer membrane with a nanocomposite of carbon nanofibers and an ionic liquid 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, is presented. Electrodes with a different amount of nanocomposite in the membrane (0–9% w/w), in which a platinum wire or a glassy carbon electrode was used as an internal electrode, were tested. Potentiometric and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were carried out to determine the effect of the ion-sensitive membrane modification on the analytical and electrical parameters of the ion-selective electrode. It was found that the addition of the nanocomposite causes beneficial changes in the properties of the membrane, i.e., a decrease in resistance and an increase in capacitance and hydrophobicity. As a result, the electrodes with the modified membrane were characterized by a lower limit of detection, a wider measuring range and better selectivity compared to the unmodified electrode. Moreover, a significant improvement in the stability and reversibility of the electrode potential was observed, and additionally, they were resistant to changes in the redox potential of the sample. The best parameters were shown by the electrode obtained with the use of a platinum wire as the inner electrode with a membrane containing 6% of the nanocomposite. The electrode exhibited a Nernstian response to lead ions over a wide concentration range, 1.0 × 10−8–1.0 × 10−2 mol L−1, with a slope of 31.5 mV/decade and detection limit of 6.0 × 10−9 mol L−1. In addition, the proposed sensor showed very good long term stability and worked properly 4 months after its preparation without essential changes in the E0 or slope values. It was used to analyze a real sample and correct results of lead content determination were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study involved the preparation of an all-solid-state ion-selective electrode (ASS-ISE) with copper and a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT/PSS) conversion layer through electrode deposition. The morphology of the PEDOT/PSS film was characterized, and the performance of the copper ion-selective film was optimized. Additionally, a microfluidic chip for the ASS-ISE with copper was designed and prepared. An integrated microfluidic chip test system with an ASS-ISE was developed using a self-constructed potential detection device. The accuracy of the system was validated through comparison testing with atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The experimental findings indicate that the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the integrated ASS-ISE with the copper microfluidic chip test system is 4.54%, as compared to the industry standard method. This value complies with the stipulated requirement of an RSD ≤ 5% in DL/T 955-2016.

This paper reviews the development of all-solid-state ion-selective electrodes (ASSISEs) for agricultural crop detection. Both nutrient ions and heavy metal ions inside and outside the plant have a significant influence on crop growth. This review begins with the detection principle of ASSISEs. The second section introduces the key characteristics of ASSISE and demonstrates its feasibility in crop detection based on previous research. The third section considers the development of ASSISEs in the detection of corps internally and externally (e.g., crop nutrition, heavy metal pollution, soil salinization, N enrichment, and sensor miniaturization, etc.) and discusses the interference of the test environment. The suggestions and conclusions discussed in this paper may provide the foundation for additional research into ion detection for crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the development of all-solid-state ion-selective electrodes (ASSISEs) for agricultural crop detection. Both nutrient ions and heavy metal ions inside and outside the plant have a significant influence on crop growth. This review begins with the detection principle of ASSISEs. The second section introduces the key characteristics of ASSISE and demonstrates its feasibility in crop detection based on previous research. The third section considers the development of ASSISEs in the detection of corps internally and externally (e.g., crop nutrition, heavy metal pollution, soil salinization, N enrichment, and sensor miniaturization, etc.) and discusses the interference of the test environment. The suggestions and conclusions discussed in this paper may provide the foundation for additional research into ion detection for crops.

Nanostructured materials have attracted considerable interest over the last few decades to enhance sensing capabilities thanks to their unique properties and large surface area. In particular, noble metal nanostructures offer several advantages including high stability, non-toxicity and excellent electrochemical behaviour. However, in recent years the great expansion of point-of-care (POC) and wearable systems and the attempt to perform measurements in tiny spaces have also risen the need of increasing sensors miniaturization. Fast constant potential electrodeposition techniques have been proven to be an efficient way to obtain conformal platinum and gold nanostructured layers on macro-electrodes. However, this technique is not effective on micro-electrodes. In this paper, we investigate an alternative one-step deposition technique of platinum nanoflowers on micro-electrodes by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The effective deposition of platinum nanoflowers with similar properties to the ones deposited on macro-electrodes is confirmed by morphological analysis and by the similar roughness factor (~200) and capacitance (~18 μ F/mm 2 ). The electrochemical behaviour of the nanostructured layer is then tested in an solid-contact (SC) L i + -selective micro-electrode and compared to the case of macro-electrodes. The sensor offers Nernstian calibration with same response time (~15 s) and a one-order of magnitude smaller limit of detection (LOD) ( 2.6 × 10 − 6 ) with respect to the macro-ion-selective sensors (ISE). Finally, sensor reversibility and stability in both wet and dry conditions is proven.

An all-solid-state polymeric membrane Ca2+-selective electrode based on hydrophobic octadecylamine-functionalized graphene oxide has been developed. The hydrophobic composite in the ion-selective membrane not only acts as a transduction element to improve the potential stability for the all-solid-state Ca2+-selective electrode, but also is used to immobilize Ca2+ ionophore with lipophilic side chains through hydrophobic interactions. The developed all-solid-state Ca2+-selective electrode shows a stable potential response in the linear range of 3.0×10−7-1.0×10−3 M with a slope of 24.7±0.3 mV/dec, and the detection limit is (1.6±0.2 )×10−7 M ( n=3). Additionally, due to the hydrophobicity and electrical conductivity of the composite, the proposed all-solid-state ion-selective electrode exhibits an improved stability with the absence of water layer between the ion-selective membrane and the underlying glassy carbon electrode. This work provides a simple, efficient and low-cost methodology for developing stable and robust all-solid-state ion-selective electrode with ionophore immobilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for direct potentiometric determination of lead(II) ion in native, untreated environmental samples of groundwater is reported. In a filtered sample, when applying a solid-state (PbS/Ag2S) ion-selective electrode in tuned galvanostatic polarization (TGP) mode, a concentration of 17.2±1.6 µg dm−3 was measured. The potentiometric results are compared with those obtained using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), 18.0±0.4 µg dm−3 and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV), 24.3±0.5 µg dm−3. Owing to limitations of other methods, the analysis of Pb2+ in the untreated and non-filtered samples was only possible with the ion-selective electrode solid-state electrode. The described method can be an attractive alternative to existing methods of Pb2+ determination that are used to monitor groundwater pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Electrochemical properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with hexacyanoferrate(II,III) ions (PEDOT(HCF)) were studied in the presence of Cu2+ ions. Voltammetric and EDAX studies revealed retention of hexacyanoferrate anions in the polymer film and accumulation of Cu(II) cations, as well as formation of solid copper hexacyanoferrate near the polymer surface. Accumulation of Cu2+ ions was found to be advantageous from the point of view of PEDOT(HCF) applications as a solid contact (ion-to-electron transducer) in all-solid-state Cu2+-selective electrodes with solvent polymeric polyvinyl chloride (PVC) based membrane, containing Cu2+-selective ionophore. Binding of Cu2+ ions in the conducting polymer layer results in analyte ions flux into the transducer phase. Thus, pronounced enhancement of selectivity of the all-solid-state Cu2+-selective electrode or lower detection limit of the potentiometric response range was achieved, reaching under optimised conditions 10−7 M CuSO4. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Nanostructured materials have attracted considerable interest over the last few decades to enhance sensing capabilities thanks to their unique properties and large surface area. In particular, noble metal nanostructures offer several advantages including high stability, non-toxicity and excellent electrochemical behaviour. However, in recent years the great expansion of point-of-care (POC) and wearable systems and the attempt to perform measurements in tiny spaces have also risen the need of increasing sensors miniaturization. Fast constant potential electrodeposition techniques have been proven to be an efficient way to obtain conformal platinum and gold nanostructured layers on macro-electrodes. However, this technique is not effective on micro-electrodes. In this paper, we investigate an alternative one-step deposition technique of platinum nanoflowers on micro-electrodes by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The effective deposition of platinum nanoflowers with similar properties to the ones deposited on macro-electrodes is confirmed by morphological analysis and by the similar roughness factor (~200) and capacitance (~18 μ F/mm 2 ). The electrochemical behaviour of the nanostructured layer is then tested in an solid-contact (SC) L i + -selective micro-electrode and compared to the case of macro-electrodes. The sensor offers Nernstian calibration with same response time (~15 s) and a one-order of magnitude smaller limit of detection (LOD) ( 2.6 × 10 − 6 ) with respect to the macro-ion-selective sensors (ISE). Finally, sensor reversibility and stability in both wet and dry conditions is proven. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]