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Parental allergic diseases and smoking influence respiratory disease in the offspring but it is not known whether they influence fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in the offspring. We investigated whether parental allergic diseases, parental smoking and FeNO levels in parents were associated with FeNO levels in their offspring. We studied 609 offspring aged 16–47 years from the Respiratory Health in Northern Europe, Spain and Australia generation (RHINESSA) study with parental information from the Respiratory Health in Northern Europe (RHINE) III study and the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) III. Linear regression models were used to assess the association between offspring FeNO and parental FeNO, allergic rhinitis, asthma and smoking, while adjusting for potential confounding factors. Parental allergic rhinitis was significantly associated with higher FeNO in the offspring, both on the paternal and maternal side (percent change: 20.3 % [95%CI 5.0–37.7], p = 0.008, and 13.8 % [0.4–28.9], p = 0.043, respectively). Parental allergic rhinitis with asthma in any parent was also significantly associated with higher offspring FeNO (16.2 % [0.9–33.9], p = 0.037). However, parental asthma alone and smoking were not associated with offspring FeNO. Parental FeNO was not associated with offspring FeNO after full adjustments for offspring and parental factors. Parental allergic rhinitis but not parental asthma was associated with higher levels of FeNO in offspring. These findings suggest that parental allergic rhinitis status should be considered when interpreting FeNO levels in offspring beyond childhood. • Parental allergic rhinitis but not parental asthma is associated with higher levels of FeNO in offspring beyond childhood. • Parental smoking is not associated with FeNO in offspring beyond childhood. • Parental FeNO levels do not relate to offspring FeNO levels after taking into account offspring allergic disease/status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The aetiology of allergic respiratory disease in children is not yet fully understood. Environmental factors are believed to play a major part. The amount of green vegetation surrounding the home (residential greenness) has been recently identified as a potentially important exposure Objectives Our goal was to provide a systematic review and quantitative summary of the evidence regarding the relationship between residential greenness and allergic respiratory diseases in children. Methods Peer-reviewed literature published prior to 1 March 2017 was systematically searched using nine electronic databases. Meta-analyses were conducted if at least three studies published risk estimates for the same outcome and exposure measures. Results We included 11 articles across broad outcomes of asthma and allergic rhinitis. Reported effects were inconsistent with varying measures to define residential greenness. Only limited meta-analysis could be conducted, with the pooled odds ratios for asthma (OR 1.01 95%CI 0.93, 1.09; I 2 68.1%) and allergic rhinitis (OR 0.99 95%CI 0.87, 1.12; I 2 72.9%) being significantly heterogeneous. Conclusions Inconsistencies between the studies were too large to accurately assess the association between residential greenness and allergic respiratory disease. A standardised global measure of greenness which accounts for seasonal variation at a specific relevant buffer size is needed to create a more cohesive body of evidence and for future examination of the effect of residential greenness on allergic respiratory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]