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Objective: Calotropis procera latex protein (CpLP) is a popular anti-inflammatory and therefore we aimed to study its effects on inflammatory bone loss., Design: Male Wistar rats were subjected to a ligature of molars. Groups of rats received intraperitoneally CpLP (0.3 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, or 3 mg/kg) or saline (0.9% NaCl) one hour before ligature and then daily up to 11 days, compared to naïve. Gingiva was evaluated by myeloperoxidase activity and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) expression by ELISA. Bone resorption was evaluated in the region between the cement-enamel junction and the alveolar bone crest. The histology considered alveolar bone resorption and cementum integrity, leukocyte infiltration, and attachment level, followed by immunohistochemistry bone markers between 1 st and 2 nd molars. Systemically, the weight of the body and organs, and a leukogram were performed., Results: The periodontitis significantly increased myeloperoxidase activity and the IL-1β level. The increased bone resorption was histologically corroborated by periodontal destruction, leukocyte influx, and attachment loss, as well as the increasing receptor activator of the nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) ratio, and Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)+ cells when compared to naïve. CpLP significantly reduced myeloperoxidase activity, level of IL-1β, alveolar bone resorption, periodontal destruction, leukocyte influx, and attachment loss. The CpLp also reduced the RANKL/OPG ratio and TRAP+ cells, when compared with the saline group, and did not affect the systemic parameters., Conclusions: CpLP exhibited a periodontal protective effect by reducing inflammation and restricting osteoclastic alveolar bone resorption in this rat model., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The aim of this work was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antiresorptive effects of Calendula officinalis (CLO) on alveolar bone loss (ABL) in rats., Material and Methods: Male Wistar rats were subjected to ABL by ligature with nylon thread around the second upper left molar. The contralateral hemimaxillae were used as control. Rats received saline solution (SAL) or CLO (10, 30, or 90 mg/kg) 30 min before ligature and daily until the 11th day. The maxillae were removed and prepared for macroscopic, radiographic, micro-tomographic, histopathologic, histometric analysis, and immunohistochemical localization of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG). The gingival tissues were used to quantify the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) concentrations by ELISA. Blood samples were collected for leukogram and to evaluate the bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) activity and serum levels of aspartate and alanine transaminases (AST/ALT)., Results: The bone loss induced by 11 days of ligature induced bone loss, reduced levels of BALP, leukocyte infiltration, increased MPO activity, gingival concentrations of TNF-α and IL-1β, and RANKL while reduced OPG immunoexpressions in the periodontal tissue and leukocytosis. Of the CLO, 90 mg/kg reduced bone loss, neutrophilia, the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators, and RANKL expression, while it increased OPG immunopositive cells and BALP serum levels, when compared to SAL. CLO did not affect either kidney or liver function, indicated by serum AST/ALT levels., Conclusion: The present data suggests that CLO reduced inflammatory bone resorption in experimental periodontitis, which may be mediated by its anti-inflammatory properties and its effects on bone metabolism., Clinical Relevance: CLO can be a potential therapeutical adjuvant in the treatment of periodontitis.

Background: Matricaria recutita L. (chamomile) has demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity. Accordingly, the ability of the Matricaria recutita extract (MRE) to inhibit proinflammatory cytokines and its influence on alveolar bone resorption (ABR) in rats., Methods: Wistar rats were subjected to ABR by ligature with nylon thread in the second upper-left molar, with contralateral hemiarcade as control. Rats received polysorbate TW80 (vehicle) or MRE (10, 30, and 90 mg/kg) 1 hour before ligature and daily until day 11. The periodontium was analyzed by macroscopy, histometry, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry for the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). The gingival tissue was used to quantify the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blood samples were collected to evaluate bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP), leukogram, and dosages of aspartate and alanine transaminases, urea, and creatinine. Aspects of liver, kidneys, spleen, and body mass variations were also evaluated., Results: The 11 days of ligature induced bone resorption, low levels of BALP, leukocyte infiltration; increase of MPO, TNF-α, and IL-1β; immunostaining increase for RANKL and TRAP; reduction of OPG and leukocytosis, which were significantly prevented by MRE, except for the low levels of BALP and the leukocytosis. Additionally, MRE did not alter organs or body weights of rats., Conclusion: MRE prevented the inflammation and ABR by reducing TNF-α and IL-1β, preventing the osteoclast activation via the RANKL-OPG axis, without interfering with bone anabolism.

Background and Objective: Atorvastatin (ATV) has bone anabolic properties, and alendronate (ALD) is an important antiresorptive drug. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the combination of ALD and ATV on ligature-induced alveolar bone loss in rats., Material and Methods: Periodontitis was induced by ligature in 78 Wistar rats. Groups of six rats prophylactically received 0.9% saline (SAL), ALD (0.01 or 0.25 mg/kg subcutaneously) or ATV (0.3 or 27 mg/kg by gavage). Then, groups of six rats received the combination of ALD+ATV (0.25 mg/kg + 27 mg/kg, 0.01 mg/kg + 0.3 mg/kg, 0.25 mg/kg + 0.3 mg/kg or 0.01 mg/kg + 27 mg/kg) prophylactically. An extra group of six rats received therapeutic SAL or a lower-dose combination of ALD+ATV (0.01 mg/kg + 0.3 mg/kg, respectively) therapeutically. Three extra groups of six rats each received SAL or a lower-dose combination of ALD+ATV (0.01 mg/kg + 0.3 mg/kg, respectively) prophylactically or therapeutically for histometric and immunohistochemical analyses. The rats were killed on day 11 after ligature placement, and the maxillae were removed and processed for macroscopic, histomorphometric and TRAP immunohistochemical analyses. Gingival samples were collected to evaluate myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Blood samples were collected to measure serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) and transaminase levels and for hematological studies. Rats were weighed daily., Results: All combined therapies prevented alveolar bone loss when compared with SAL or low doses of monotherapy (ALD or ATV) (p < 0.05). The lower-dose combination of ALD+ATV (0.01 mg/kg + 0.3 mg/kg, respectively), administered either prophylactically (39.0%) or therapeutically (53.5%), prevented alveolar bone loss. Decreases in bone and cementum resorption, in leukocyte infiltration and in immunostaining for TRAP and MPO activity corroborated the morphometric findings. The lower-dose combination of ALD+ATV (0.01 mg/kg + 0.3 mg/kg, respectively) prevented BALP reduction (p < 0.05) and did not alter the level of serum transaminases. Moreover, the lower-dose combination of ALD+ATV (0.01 mg/kg + 0.3 mg/kg, respectively) also reduced neutrophilia and lymphomonocytosis and did not cause weight loss when compared with administration of SAL., Conclusion: The lower-dose combination of ALD+ATV (0.01 mg/kg + 0.3 mg/kg, respectively) demonstrated a protective effect on alveolar bone loss., (© 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: The study aims to evaluate the effect of alendronate (ALD) on bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) serum levels on periodontal bone loss in Wistar rats., Design: Periodontitis was induced by ligature around the upper second molar in 36 male Wistar rats (± 200 g). Groups of six animals received 0.9% saline (SAL) or ALD (0.01; 0.05; 0.25 mgkg(-1), s.c.), over 11 days; then they were sacrificed and their maxillae were removed to be defleshed and stained for macroscopic or histopathological analysis. Blood samples were collected for BALP, transaminases and total alkaline phosphatase (TALP) serum dosage, and haematologic study. Rats were weighed daily., Results: Periodontitis induction caused reduction of BALP, intense alveolar bone loss (ABL), cementum and periodontal ligament destructions and intense leucocyte infiltration seen microscopically. Systemically, periodontitis induced leucocytosis, weight loss and TALP reduction. ALD (0.25 mgkg(-1)) prevented BALP reduction (19.17 ± 1.36 Ul(-1)) when compared to SAL (13.6 ± 1.5), as well as prevented ABL, by 57.2%, when compared to SAL (4.80+0.18 mm(2)), which was corroborated by histological findings (ALD 0.25 mgkg(-1)=1.5 (1-2) and SAL=3 (2-3)) (p<0.05). ALD did not alter transaminases but reduced TALP levels (p<0.05). ALD 0.25 mgkg(-1) reduced 6th-h neutrophilia (2.50 ± 0.22cell × 10(3)mm(-3)) and 7th- (12.29 ± 0.66) and 11th-day lymphomonocytosis (15.74 ± 0.52) when compared to SAL (5.20 ± 0.28; 18.24 ± 1.05; and 23.21 ± 1.48, respectively). ALD did not alter the weight loss., Conclusion: ALD prevented BALP reduction and ABL and reduced inflammatory infiltrate, without causing systemic alterations., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Atorvastatin (ATV) on alveolar bone loss induced in rats. Periodontitis was induced by ligature placement around the upper second left molar in a total of 24 male Wistar rats (± 200 g). Groups of 6 animals received via oral gavage either saline or ATV (1, 3 and 9 mg/kg) during 11 days. After this time, the animals were sacrificed and their maxillae were removed, defleshed, radiographed by Digora System®, and latter stained to be photographed using a digital camera. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Bonferroni test at 5% significance level and presented as mean ± SEM. ATV (9 mg/kg) caused a significant increase on gray tone variation of over 48% (118.3 ± 12.0 gray tones) when compared to saline (79.8 ± 6.2 gray tones), indicating greater radiographic density. These data were corroborated by macroscopic findings, where ATV (9 mg/kg) reduced alveolar bone loss by over 47% (p<0.05), when compared to the group of untreated animals (saline). In summary, ATV was able to prevent alveolar bone loss seen on a ligature-induced periodontitis model.