Search

The whole complex of air protection activities has been planned in the RF with its aim to reduce levels of ambient air pollution. It is being implemented actively now and as a result the quality of the environment should improve for more than 7 million people. In this study, an algorithm has been suggested for assessing effectiveness of air protection activities. It includes six subsequent stages. The algorithm was tested at heat and power enterprises located in a region participating in the Clean Air Federal project. As a result, it was established that these enterprises were sources of potential public health risks; 70 % of them belonged to high risk categories. Until air protection activities are implemented, heat and power enterprises pollute ambient air in some areas in the city (up to 29.9 single maximum MPC; up to 6.9 average daily MPC; up to 19.0 average annual MPC), create unacceptable health risks (up to 25.8 HI for acute exposure, 22.7 HI for chronic exposure, CRT is up to 3.28∙10-4), and cause more than 87 thousand additional disease cases. Implementation of air protection activities at heat and power enterprises will reduce local levels of ambient air pollution but we still expect hygienic standards to be violated for 10 chemicals up to 3–22 MPC and high health risks are likely to persist (up to 6.5–25.5 HI for acute exposure, 11.9–22.4 HI for chronic exposure, CRT will be up to 3.28∙10-4). Effectiveness of the air protection activities planned at heat and power enterprises corresponds to the target levels of the gross pollutant emissions (reduction by 20.56 % by 2024) set within the Clean Air Federal project but it is estimated as ‘unacceptable’ as per the health harm indicator, which is additional disease cases associated with activities of these enterprises (< 20 %). It is necessary to implement additional air protection activities with respect to 12 pollutants (nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter, carbon (soot), carbon oxide, sulfur dioxide, dihydrosulfide, inorganic dust containing silicon dioxide in %: 70–20, dimethyl benzene, ethyl benzene, benzene, formaldehyde, and kerosene); to use the best available technologies with respect to the most hazardous chemicals; to monitor public health in areas with elevated health risks; to implement complex medical and preventive activities.

The Federal project entitled “Pure air” is a part of “Ecology”, the National project; its primary goal is to achieve a significant improvement in ambient air quality in cities where at present air contamination and population health risks related to it are the most significant. Activities aimed at improving the ecological situation in these cities are provided with the considerable state investment. Results of systemic instrumental measuring that is performed within state systems of ecological and social-hygienic monitoring are considered to be the most informative and reliable database to assess efficiency of air-protecting activities accomplished within the project. Our research goal was to develop and test methodical approaches to substantiating points and programs for observation over ambient air quality within social-hygienic monitoring. The said approaches were to be tested on concrete examples taking into account the existing ecologic monitoring system. We chose the following objects to test our approaches: two cities out of the priority list, namely Krasnoyarsk and Chita. Systemic observations are performed in both cities. There are data on the structure of emissions from all major contamination sources. In Krasnoyarsk there is an aggregated database that contains data on parameters of emission sources; there was no such database in Chita at the moment our research was accomplished. Given the availability of necessary initial data, we suggested algorithms for creating a system of points where observation posts were to be located and for monitoring programs development. We applied health hazards and health risks as our basic criterion for creating an observation system within social-hygienic monitoring. It was shown that data that were collected at ecologic monitoring posts without any changes in their location could be applied to solve tasks related to assessing and predicting health risks as well as analyzing efficiency of accomplished activities provided that research programs were supplemented with parameters that were priority ones as per health hazards and risks. We developed approaches to selecting points and programs for independent research within social-hygienic monitoring. These approaches involve dividing city territories into specific zones as per potential health hazards (when dispersal is not calculated) or health risk levels (when dispersal is calculated); substantiating a list of priority admixtures taking into account carcinogenic and/or non-carcinogenic hazards and risks as well as results of accomplished instrumental measuring and determining parameters of marker (indicator) enterprises with their emissions making the most significant contribution into air contamination.

This study fulfills the hygienic assessment of ambient air quality in the populated areas of the Krasnoyarsk Region. It is shown that the total number of emission sources in the region is more than 23 600 units, what is higher than in previous years. Around 90.7 % out of them correspond to the set standards of permissible emissions. Air monitoring was carried by the establishments of Roshydromet, Rospotrebnadzor and by other organizations at 94 observation posts in eight urban districts and 2 municipal districts of the region. The status of the ambient air in a sequence of the populated areas of Krasnoyarsk region, namely in the cities Achinsk, Kansk, Krasnoyarsk, Lesosibirsk, Minusinsk, Norilsk, is characterized by the presence of certain pollutants, the level of which exceeds the hygienic standards. Prioritized pollutants are benzo(a)pyrene, suspended solids, nitrogen, and sulfur dioxide, formaldehyde and others. In the settlements the economic entities violate the legal requirements in the field of sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population. The probability of the population’s health deterioration grows along with the growth of risk factors. The risks of respiratory diseases, immune system, blood and blood-forming organs and the additional mortality are assessed as unacceptable. Ensuring air quality of the urban residential areas and municipal districts of the Krasnoyarsk Territory requires the introducing the complex measures to improve it. The established levels of human health risk associated with exposure to polluted air are an additional criterion for selection of the priority objects when planning the implementation of risk-based model for supervisory activities in the field of sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population.