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Along this review we describe the results from a series of experiments performed to assess the utilization of dietary protein by the Iberian pig throughout different stages of its productive cycle. Nutritional dose-response studies involving several isoenergetic treatments differing in protein concentration -all with similar amino acid profile following the ideal protein concept- along with comparative growth and metabolic studies with conventional breeds have been performed. Our observations reveal that the capacity of this breed for protein accretion is rather limited compared to that of conventional breeds at similar stages of growth, and suggest the need for reducing the concentration of protein in the diet of the Iberian pig to comply with its metabolic profile. Basic comparative studies have brought to light information to help us explaining some of the metabolic peculiarities of this autochthonous breed of pigs, like the low capacity to accrete protein and lean tissue. We summarise all the information gathered in several experiments and provide recommendations on the concentration and composition of dietary protein in the diet for purebred animals during different phases of growth. Adequate nutritional management, particularly dietary protein provision, improves the efficiency of utilization of dietary protein and results in relevant economic, environmental and animal welfare benefits., Supported by Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiveness (MINECO) grants No. AGL2011-25360 and AGL2008-0255, and Junta de Andalucía, grants No. AGR-395 and AGR-5886. We are also very grateful to Sánchez Romero Carvajal Jabugo S.A. (El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain) for providing the experimental animals.