107 results
Search Results
2. Micro-PAD card for measuring total ammonia nitrogen in saliva.
- Author
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Thepchuay Y, Mesquita RBR, Nacapricha D, and Rangel AOSS
- Subjects
- Humans, Limit of Detection, Ammonia analysis, Nitrogen analysis, Paper, Saliva chemistry
- Abstract
This work presents a portable microfluidic paper-based analytical device (micro-PAD) card for the quantification of total ammonia nitrogen in human saliva. The amount of total ammonia nitrogen in saliva can be an indicator of the status of the oral microbiome with potential correlation to kidney health problems. The developed micro-PAD card comprises twenty units consisting of three stacked layers of circular discs: the sample layer, paper discs impregnated with sodium hydroxide solution, the PTFE membrane layer, and the detection layer, paper discs impregnated with bromothymol blue. The twenty units were aligned on transparent laminating pouches laminated to form the micro-PAD card (7.5 cm × 10.5 cm). Saliva samples can be directly dispensed onto the micro-PAD card and the detection was achieved by the BTB indicator color change, from yellow to blue, after conversion of ammonium into ammonia and diffusion of the ammonia gas through a hydrophobic layer. The determination of total ammonia nitrogen in saliva using the developed micro-PAD card intended to be very simple method and operated without the need of laboratory equipment. A quantification limit of 11.3 NH
4 + mg L-1 and linear application range from up to 150 NH4 were obtained making it suitable for the expected concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen in human saliva. It was successfully applied to saliva samples and its validation obtained by comparison against a potentiometric method. The card is stable for at least 1 month making it ideal as a portable device for point-of-care diagnosis. Graphical Abstract.+ mg L-1 were obtained making it suitable for the expected concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen in human saliva. It was successfully applied to saliva samples and its validation obtained by comparison against a potentiometric method. The card is stable for at least 1 month making it ideal as a portable device for point-of-care diagnosis. Graphical Abstract.- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Wet NH 3 -Triggered NH 2 -MIL-125(Ti) Structural Switch for Visible Fluorescence Immunoassay Impregnated on Paper.
- Author
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Lv S, Tang Y, Zhang K, and Tang D
- Subjects
- Ammonia chemistry, Ammonia metabolism, Glutamate Dehydrogenase chemistry, Glutamate Dehydrogenase metabolism, Gold chemistry, Limit of Detection, Luminescent Measurements, Metal Nanoparticles chemistry, Ammonia chemical synthesis, Carcinoembryonic Antigen analysis, Immunoassay methods, Metal-Organic Frameworks chemistry, Paper
- Abstract
This work has looked to explore an innovative and powerful visible fluorescence immunoassay method through wet NH
3 -triggered structural change of NH2 -MIL-125(Ti) impregnated on paper for the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Gold nanoparticles heavily functionalized with glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and secondary antibody were used for generation of wet NH3 with a sandwiched immunoassay format. Paper-based analytical device (PAD) coated with NH2 -MIL-125(Ti) exhibited good visible fluorescence intensity through wet NH3 -triggeried structural change with high accuracy and reproducibility. Moreover, NH2 -MIL-125(Ti)-based PAD displayed two visual modes of fluorescence color and physical color with the naked eye and allowed the detection of CEA at a concentration as low as 0.041 ng mL-1 . Importantly, the PAD-based assay provides promise for use in the mass production of miniaturized devices and opens new opportunities for protein diagnostics and biosecurity.- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Paper based platform for colorimetric sensing of dissolved NH3 and CO2.
- Author
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Chen Y, Zilberman Y, Mostafalu P, and Sonkusale SR
- Subjects
- Ammonia chemistry, Biomarkers chemistry, Carbon Dioxide chemistry, Colorimetry, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Limit of Detection, Paper, Ammonia isolation & purification, Biosensing Techniques, Carbon Dioxide isolation & purification
- Abstract
Paper, a cheap and ubiquitous material, has great potential to be used as low-cost, portable and biodegradable platform for chemical and biological sensing application. In this paper, we are exploring a low-cost, flexible and reliable method to effectively pattern paper for capturing optical dyes and for flow-based delivery of target samples for colorimetric chemical sensing. In this paper, we target the detection of ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide (CO2), two of the important environmental and health biomarkers. By functionalizing the paper platform with diverse cross-reactive dyes sensitive to NH3 and CO2, their selective sensing within a certain pH range, as well as their detection at different concentrations can be achieved. The images of paper based device were captured by a flatbed scanner and processed in MATLAB(®) using a RGB model and PCA for quantitative analysis. Paper based devices with readout using ubiquitous consumer electronic devices (e.g. smartphones, flatbed scanner) are considered promising approaches for disease screening in developing countries with limited resources., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Development of a gas-diffusion microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) for the determination of ammonia in wastewater samples.
- Author
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Jayawardane BM, McKelvie ID, and Kolev SD
- Subjects
- Ammonia analysis, Diffusion, Gases chemistry, Microfluidic Analytical Techniques, Paper, Wastewater chemistry
- Abstract
An inexpensive, disposable and highly selective microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) is described for the determination of ammonia (molecular ammonia and ammonium cation) in wastewaters which implements for the first time a gas-diffusion separation step on a paper-based platform. Its hydrophilic reagent zones were defined by printing filter paper with a hydrophobic paper sizing agent using a conventional inkjet printer. The sample was introduced into the sodium hydroxide impregnated sample zone of the μPAD. This allowed the quantitative conversion of the ammonium ion to molecular ammonia which diffused across the hydrophobic microporous Teflon membrane of the device into an adjacent hydrophilic reagent zone containing the acid-base indicator 3-nitrophenol or bromothymol blue. The change in indicator color was measured using a desktop scanner for ammonia quantification. Under optimal conditions, the μPAD is characterized by a limit of detection of 0.8 and 1.8 mg N L(-1) and repeatability of 3.1 and 3.7% (n ≥ 10, 20 mg N L(-1)), expressed as relative standard deviation, in the case of 3-nitrophenol or bromothymol blue, respectively. This μPAD was used successfully for the determination of ammonia in sewage and soil water samples. The small dimensions, minimal reagent consumption, low cost, simplicity of operation, and possibility of using a portable scanner make the proposed μPAD suitable for on-site ammonia monitoring in contaminated environmental waters and domestic, agricultural and industrial wastewaters. The successful implementation of the gas-diffusion approach on a paper-based platform is expected to result in the development of other μPADs for volatile analytes.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Intracage ammonia levels in static and individually ventilated cages housing C57BL/6 mice on 4 bedding substrates.
- Author
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Ferrecchia CE, Jensen K, and Van Andel R
- Subjects
- Animal Welfare, Animals, Animals, Laboratory, Female, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Paper, Ventilation standards, Wood, Ammonia analysis, Bedding and Linens standards, Housing, Animal standards
- Abstract
The relationship among ammonia levels, cage-changing frequency, and bedding types is an important and potentially controversial topic in the laboratory animal science community. Some bedding options may not provide sufficient urine absorption and bacterial regulation to minimize ammonia production during the interval between cage changes. High intracage ammonia levels can cause subclinical degeneration and inflammation of nasal passages, rhinitis and olfactory epithelial necrosis in exposed mice. Here we sought to compare the effects of 4 commonly used bedding substrates (1/4-in. irradiated corncob, reclaimed wood pulp, aspen wood chips, and recycled newspaper) on ammonia generation when housing female C57BL/6 mice in static and individually ventilated caging. Intracage ammonia levels were measured daily for 1 wk (static cage experiment) or 2 wk (IVC experiment). The results of this study suggest that the corncob, aspen wood chip, and recycled newspaper beddings that we tested are suitable for once-weekly cage changing for static cages and for changing every 2 wk for IVC. However, ammonia levels were not controlled appropriately in cages containing reclaimed wood pulp bedding, and pathologic changes occurred within 1 wk in the nares of mice housed on this bedding in static cages.
- Published
- 2014
7. Influence of carbon and buffer amendment on ammonia volatilization in composting.
- Author
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Liang Y, Leonard JJ, Feddes JJ, and McGill WB
- Subjects
- Alberta, Animals, Cattle, Molasses, Paper, Volatilization, Ammonia chemistry, Carbon chemistry, Manure analysis, Models, Theoretical, Nitrogen chemistry, Soil
- Abstract
Laboratory-scale experiments were carried out to test a mathematical model of the nitrogen dynamics in a composting process. The main ingredients of composting materials were wheat straw and dairy manure. The influence of (a) two carbon amendments, i.e. molasses and office paper, and (b) two chemicals forming buffer solutions on ammonia volatilization were investigated. Nitrogen losses amounted to 12-25% of initial nitrogen, in which ammonia volatilization accounted for 60-99%. Addition of molasses, a readily available form of carbon, reduced cumulative ammonia emissions substantially, but office paper, i.e. cellulose, had only a small influence. The addition of buffering chemicals did not significantly reduce ammonia volatilization.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Carbon dioxide and ammonia emissions during composting of mixed paper, yard waste and food waste.
- Author
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Komilis DP and Ham RK
- Subjects
- Biodegradation, Environmental, Bioreactors, Environmental Monitoring, Garbage, Paper, Plant Leaves, Poaceae, Soil, Air Pollutants analysis, Ammonia analysis, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Models, Theoretical, Refuse Disposal
- Abstract
The objective of the work was to provide a method to predict CO2 and NH3 yields during composting of the biodegradable fraction of municipal solid wastes (MSW). The compostable portion of MSW was simulated using three principal biodegradable components, namely mixed paper wastes, yard wastes and food wastes. Twelve laboratory runs were carried out at thermophilic temperatures based on the principles of mixture experimental and full factorial designs. Seeded mixed paper (MXP), seeded yard waste (YW) and seeded food waste (FW), each composted individually, produced 150, 220 and 370 g CO2-C, and 2.0, 4.4 and 34 g NH3-N per dry kg of initial substrate, respectively. Several experimental runs were also carried out with different mixtures of these three substrates. The effect of seeding was insignificant during composting of food wastes and yard wastes, while seeding was necessary for composting of mixed paper. Polynomial equations were developed to predict CO2 and NH3 (in amounts of mass per dry kg of MSW) from mixtures of MSW. No interactions among components were found to be significant when predicting CO2 yields, while the interaction of food wastes and mixed paper was found to be significant when predicting NH3 yields.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Influence of bedding material on ammonia emissions from cattle excreta.
- Author
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Misselbrook TH and Powell JM
- Subjects
- Absorption, Animals, Carbon analysis, Cations, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Manure, Nitrogen analysis, Paper, Pinus, Silicon Dioxide, Triticum, Urine chemistry, Wood, Zea mays, Ammonia analysis, Cattle, Feces chemistry, Housing, Animal
- Abstract
Dairy cattle barns are a major source of NH3 emissions to the atmosphere. Previous studies have shown that the bedding material used in the barn can influence the magnitude of NH3 emissions, but little is known about which bedding characteristics are important in this respect. The aims of this study were to assess, at a laboratory scale, the relative importance of the chemical [pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), C:N] and physical (urine absorbance capacity, bulk density) characteristics of 5 bedding materials (chopped wheat straw, sand, pine shavings, chopped newspaper, chopped corn stalks, and recycled manure solids) on NH3 emissions from dairy cattle urine. Recycled manure solids were the most absorbent of the bedding types (4.2 g of urine/g of bedding), and sand was the least (0.3 g of urine/g of bedding). When beddings were soaked in urine to their absorbance capacities, NH3 emissions over 48 h (expressed as a proportion of the urine N absorbed) were not significantly different among bedding types, despite differences in initial bedding pH, CEC, and C:N. When equal volumes of urine were applied to equal depths of dry bedding, NH3 emissions over 48 h were significantly less from sand and pine shavings (23 and 42% of applied urine N, respectively) than from chopped newspaper, chopped corn stalks, and recycled manure solids (62, 68, and 65% of applied urine N, respectively), whereas emissions from chopped wheat straw (55% applied urine N) only differed significantly from that from sand. Differences in the chemical characteristics of the beddings did not explain differences in emission; NH3 emissions increased linearly with CEC contrary to expectations, and there was no significant relationship with initial bedding pH. The physical characteristics of bedding materials were of more importance, as NH3 emissions increased linearly with absorbance capacity and decreased as the bulk density of the packed beddings increased.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Pretreatment of wastepaper and pulp mill sludge by aqueous ammonia and hydrogen peroxide.
- Author
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Kim JS, Lee YY, and Park SC
- Subjects
- Biotechnology instrumentation, Biotechnology methods, Indicators and Reagents, Sewage, Steam, Ammonia, Cellulose, Hydrogen Peroxide, Industrial Waste, Lignin, Paper, Wood
- Abstract
Pretreatment of two different softwood-based lignocellulosic wastes (newsprint and Kraft pulp mill sludge) was investigated. Pretreatment was done by aqueous ammonia and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), two delignifying reagents that are environmentally benign. Three different treatment schemes were employed: aqueous ammonia alone (ammonia recycled percolation [ARP]), mixed stream of aqueous ammonia and H2O2, and successive treatment with H2O2 and aqueous ammonia. In all cases there was a substantial degree of delignification ranging from 30 to 50%. About half of the hemicellulose sugars were dissolved into the process effluent. Retention of cellulose after pretreatment varied from 85 to 100% for newspaper feedstock and from 77 to 85% for the pulp mill sludge. After treatment with aqueous ammonia alone (ARP), the digestibility of newspaper and the pulp mill sludge was improved only by 5% (from 40 to 45% for the former and from 68 to 73% for the latter), despite a substantial degree of delignification occurring after the ARP process. The lignin content thus did not correlate with the digestibility for these substrates. Simultaneous treatment with H2O2 and aqueous ammonia did not bring about any significant improvement in the digestibility over that of the ARP. A successive treatment by H2O2 and ARP showed the most promise because it improved the digestibility of the newspaper from 41 to 75%, a level comparable to that of alpha-cellulose.
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. [Semiquantitative method for the determination of urinary ammonia with paper strip].
- Author
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DE LA PENA E, RODRIGUEZ G, and GORDILLO G
- Subjects
- Humans, Ammonia, Clinical Laboratory Techniques, Laboratories, Paper, Urinary Tract
- Published
- 1962
12. Supply Of Ammonia Paper Size- 1 02 Meter X 10 00 Meter, Ammonia Liquid - 450 Ml In Each Bottle - Ammonia Paper Ammonia Liquid Qty : 90
- Subjects
Eastern Coalfields Ltd. ,Paper ,Ammonia ,Business, international - Abstract
Tenders are invited for Supply of Ammonia Paper Size- 1 02 Meter X 10 00 Meter, Ammonia Liquid - 450 ml in each bottle - Ammonia Paper Ammonia Liquid Qty [...]
- Published
- 2023
13. An application study of membraneless-gas separation microfluidic paper-based analytical device for monitoring total ammonia in fish pond water using natural reagent
- Author
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Puspita Mufidah Sari, Adawiah Daud, Hermin Sulistyarti, Akhmad Sabarudin, and Duangjai Nacapricha
- Subjects
Paper ,Ammonia ,Ammonium Compounds ,Microfluidics ,Water ,Indicators and Reagents ,Ponds ,Analytical Chemistry - Abstract
The membraneless-gas separation microfluidic paper-based analytical device (ML-GS μPAD), consisting of donor, spacer, and acceptor layers, was developed to monitor total ammonia in fish pond water. The principle of the analysis involved the addition of sodium hydroxide solution to the sample zone in the donor layer containing ammonia/ammonium, and the produced ammonia gas diffuses through the spacer to the detection zone in the acceptor layer containing red rose extract to produce a color change from pink to blue corresponding to the ammonia/ammonium concentration. Under optimum conditions, the proposed method provided good linearity of ammonia in the range concentration of 0-100 mg L
- Published
- 2022
14. Self-assembled micro-structured sensors for food safety in paper based food packaging.
- Author
-
Hakovirta, M., Aksoy, B., and Hakovirta, J.
- Subjects
- *
MOLECULAR self-assembly , *MICROSTRUCTURE , *GAS detectors , *FOOD safety , *FOOD packaging , *POLYVINYL alcohol - Abstract
Natural self-assembled microstructured particles (diatomaceous earth) were used to develop a gas sensor paper with detection mechanism based on visible and distinct color changes of the sensor paper when exposed to volatile basic nitrogen compounds. The coating formulation for paper was prepared by applying diatomites, polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), and pH sensitive dyes on acidic paper substrate. The surface coating was designed to allow a maximum gas flow through the diatomite sensors. The produced sensor paper was tested for sensitivity using different ammonia concentrations and we observed a sensitivity lower limit at 63 ppm. As a comparison, the results show comparable sensitivity levels to carbon nanotube based sensor technologies reported in literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Paper-based biosensor based on phenylalnine ammonia lyase hybrid nanoflowers for urinary phenylalanine measurement
- Author
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Jiandong Cui, Zhijin Zhang, Shiru Jia, Zichen Wang, Xiaoyi Wang, Baoting Sun, Meng-xia Qiu, and Ziyuan Wang
- Subjects
Paper ,congenital, hereditary, and neonatal diseases and abnormalities ,Immobilized enzyme ,Urinary system ,Phenylalanine ,02 engineering and technology ,Urine ,Biosensing Techniques ,Biochemistry ,03 medical and health sciences ,Ammonia ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Structural Biology ,Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ,Molecular Biology ,030304 developmental biology ,Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase ,0303 health sciences ,Chromatography ,Temperature ,nutritional and metabolic diseases ,General Medicine ,Metabolism ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Lyase ,humanities ,chemistry ,Nanoparticles ,0210 nano-technology ,Biosensor - Abstract
The Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn defect of phenylalanine (Phe) metabolism, in which Phe accumulated in the blood causing alterations at the central nervous system. Therefore, the detection of PKU is very important for the early diagnosis of PKU patients. However, existing tests for PKU are time-consuming and require high-resource laboratories. In this study, a novel paper-based biosensor based on phenylalnine ammonia lyase (PAL) hybrid nanoflowers was constructed that provides a semi-quantitative output of the concentration of Phe from urine samples. PAL@Ca3(PO4)2 hybrid nanoflowers (PAL@NF) were first prepared using PAL and Ca2+. Synthesis conditions of the PAL@NF on the formation of the PAL@NF were optimized. The PAL@NF exhibited 90% activity recovery under optimal condition. Compared with free PAL, the PAL@NF displayed good storage stability and increased tolerance to proteolysis. After five consecutive operating cycles, the PAL@NF still retained 73% of its initial activity, indicating excellent reusability. Furthermore, the paper-based biosensor was able to detect Phe concentration in urine samples, and exhibited good linearity to the Phe concentrations in the range from 60 to 2400 μM and the response time was only about 10 min. Therefore, the paper-based biosensor can be a promising candidate as a biosensor for the detection of PKU.
- Published
- 2020
16. Compressed Paper as an Alternative to Corn Cob Bedding in Mouse (
- Author
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Brooke D, Pallas, Dawn M, Keys, Michael P, Bradley, Elizabeth J, Vernasco-Price, Joe D, Sanders, Portia S, Allen, and Zachary T, Freeman
- Subjects
Male ,Paper ,Mice ,Ammonia ,Laboratory Animal Science ,Animals, Laboratory ,Floors and Floorcoverings ,Husbandry ,Animals ,Female ,Animal Husbandry ,Housing, Animal ,Zea mays - Abstract
Bedding material is a critical component of the mouse environment and affects animal wellbeing and research integrity. Corn cob (CC) bedding has been a common bedding choice in research despite several potential negative aspects of its use. We investigated the use of compressed paper (CP) bedding as a refinement to CC bedding. CP bedding demonstrated greater total and immediate absorption, compared with CC bedding. CP-bedded cages had a reduced frequency of early cage changing prior to the Guide-recommended 2-wk interval for IVC; this reduction was proportional to room census. Intracage ammonia levels were lower in CP-bedded IVC compared with CC-bedded IVC, independent of the age, sex, and number of mice per cage. By contrast, ammonia levels were similar between CP-bedded and CC-bedded static cages. Collectively, these data support the use of CP bedding as a refinement for CC in ventilated mouse cages, in light of increased husbandry efficiency and its positive effect on the welfare of mice.
- Published
- 2020
17. Micro-PAD card for measuring total ammonia nitrogen in saliva
- Author
-
António O. S. S. Rangel, Duangjai Nacapricha, Raquel B. R. Mesquita, Yanisa Thepchuay, and Veritati - Repositório Institucional da Universidade Católica Portuguesa
- Subjects
Paper ,Saliva ,Materials science ,Nitrogen ,Micro-PAD ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,Analytical Chemistry ,Ammonia nitrogen ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Ammonia ,Limit of Detection ,Bromothymol blue ,Electroanalytical method ,Humans ,Ammonium ,Microfluidic paper-based analytical device ,Chromatography ,Total ammonia nitrogen ,010401 analytical chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry ,Sodium hydroxide ,0210 nano-technology ,Layer (electronics) - Abstract
This work presents a portable microfluidic paper-based analytical device (micro-PAD) card for the quantification of total ammonia nitrogen in human saliva. The amount of total ammonia nitrogen in saliva can be an indicator of the status of the oral microbiome with potential correlation to kidney health problems. The developed micro-PAD card comprises twenty units consisting of three stacked layers of circular discs: the sample layer, paper discs impregnated with sodium hydroxide solution, the PTFE membrane layer, and the detection layer, paper discs impregnated with bromothymol blue. The twenty units were aligned on transparent laminating pouches laminated to form the micro-PAD card (7.5 cm × 10.5 cm). Saliva samples can be directly dispensed onto the micro-PAD card and the detection was achieved by the BTB indicator color change, from yellow to blue, after conversion of ammonium into ammonia and diffusion of the ammonia gas through a hydrophobic layer. The determination of total ammonia nitrogen in saliva using the developed micro-PAD card intended to be very simple method and operated without the need of laboratory equipment. A quantification limit of 11.3 NH4 +mg L-1 and linear application range from up to 150 NH4 +mg L-1 were obtained making it suitable for the expected concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen in human saliva. It was successfully applied to saliva samples and its validation obtained by comparison against a potentiometric method. The card is stable for at least 1 month making it ideal as a portable device for point-of-care diagnosis. [Figure not available: see fulltext.].
- Published
- 2019
18. Mechanical Drawing of Gas Sensors on Paper.
- Author
-
Mirica, Katherine A., Weis, Jonathan G., Schnorr, Jan M., Esser, Birgit, and Swager, Timothy M.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Rats' preferences for corn versus wood-based bedding and nesting materials.
- Author
-
Ras, T., van de Ven, M., Patterson-Kane, E. G., and Nelson, K.
- Subjects
NEST building ,CORNCOBS ,BEDDING plants ,RATS ,ANIMAL habitations ,AMMONIA - Abstract
Corn by-products can be used as bedding and nesting products. Corn-cob bedding resists ammonia build-up and corn-husk nesting material resists dampness. It is not clear whether these advantages are at the expense of animal comfort. Corn cob was compared to aspen chip bedding, and corn husk to paper strip nesting material. Data from 20 rats with differential early bedding experience suggested that they prefer aspen chip, but are also biased towards the bedding they were raised on. Data from 10 rats with no prior nesting material experience suggested that paper strip was preferred over cornhusk. Thus, corn-cob products are not recommended except in situations where air quality and/or flooding are significant problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Cellulose fibers enable near zero-cost electrical sensing of water-soluble gases
- Author
-
Matteo Soprani, Andrea Ponzoni, Firat Güder, Max Grell, Giandrin Barandun, Michael Kasimatis, Kwan Lun Chiu, Sina Naficy, and Engineering & Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC)
- Subjects
PH ,Chemistry, Multidisciplinary ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,0903 Biomedical Engineering ,Limit of Detection ,TIME-TEMPERATURE INTEGRATORS ,Process engineering ,Instrumentation ,INDEX ,Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes ,Moisture ,Fishes ,Food Packaging ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Food packaging ,Cellulose fiber ,Chemistry ,Electrode ,Physical Sciences ,Science & Technology - Other Topics ,Gases ,0210 nano-technology ,0301 Analytical Chemistry ,Paper ,Meat ,Bioengineering ,Substrate (printing) ,cellulose paper ,food quality ,Article ,SPOILAGE ,Methylamines ,FISH ,FOOD ,Food Preservation ,QUALITY ,Animals ,Relative humidity ,Nanoscience & Nanotechnology ,waste prevention ,Cellulose ,Electrodes ,AMMONIA ,Science & Technology ,1007 Nanotechnology ,business.industry ,Sensors ,Process Chemistry and Technology ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Chemistry, Analytical ,Water ,Electrochemical Techniques ,Carbon ,0104 chemical sciences ,Food waste ,Solubility ,RFID tags ,business ,Sensitivity (electronics) ,Chickens - Abstract
We report an entirely new class of printed electrical gas sensors that are produced at near “zero cost”. This technology exploits the intrinsic hygroscopic properties of cellulose fibers within paper; although it feels and looks dry, paper contains substantial amount of moisture, adsorbed from the environment, enabling the use of wet chemical methods for sensing without manually adding water to the substrate. The sensors exhibit high sensitivity to water-soluble gases (e.g., lower limit of detection for NH3 < 200 parts-per-billion) with a fast and reversible response. The sensors show comparable or better performance (especially at high relative humidity) than most commercial ammonia sensors at a fraction of their price (
- Published
- 2019
21. Wet NH
- Author
-
Shuzhen, Lv, Yun, Tang, Kangyao, Zhang, and Dianping, Tang
- Subjects
Immunoassay ,Paper ,Glutamate Dehydrogenase ,Ammonia ,Limit of Detection ,Luminescent Measurements ,Metal Nanoparticles ,Gold ,Metal-Organic Frameworks ,Carcinoembryonic Antigen - Abstract
This work has looked to explore an innovative and powerful visible fluorescence immunoassay method through wet NH
- Published
- 2018
22. Ammonia Ferro Paper Size 10.0 X1.02 M Colour Blue Make- Aris
- Subjects
Ammonia ,Paper ,Railroads ,Business, international - Abstract
Tenders are invited for Ammonia ferro paper size 10.0 x1.02 m colour blue make- aris...... Tender Type: Open Eligibility Criteria : - Major organization : EAST CENTRAL RAILWAY Address : [...]
- Published
- 2019
23. The Combined Process of Paper Filtration and Ultrafiltration for the Pretreatment of the Biogas Slurry from Swine Manure
- Author
-
Hongmin Dong, Caide Yue, Yuanhang Zhan, and Fubin Yin
- Subjects
Paper ,Farms ,Nitrogen ,Swine ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Ultrafiltration ,lcsh:Medicine ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,Article ,law.invention ,Biogas ,law ,Ammonia ,Animals ,paper filtration ,Filtration ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Suspended solids ,Chemistry ,Membrane fouling ,lcsh:R ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Pulp and paper industry ,Manure ,Volume (thermodynamics) ,the combined process ,Biofuels ,ultrafiltration ,Slurry ,0210 nano-technology ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,biogas slurry - Abstract
The membrane process had been applied for the advanced treatment of pig farm biogas slurry. As studied, this physical pretreatment, with low cost and high efficiency of the suspended solids removal and nutrient retention, is required to control membrane fouling. The combined process of paper filtration and ultrafiltration in a pilot scale was applied in the present study. The main objective was to explore and identify the feasibility of the new process for the pretreatment of the separation liquid of pig farm biogas slurry. A precision identification experiment of paper filtration and the multi-batch repetitive experiments of the combined process were designed. The results showed, at the identified paper filtration precision of 50&mu, m and an operating pressure of 0.3 bar of the ultrafiltration process, that the flux rate at the stable stage of the multi-batch operation was around 295.00 L/h. The combined process achieved an overall processing rate of 345.41 ±, 18.81 L/h and a volume permeation proportion of 82.45% ±, 0.85%. The TSS was removed by 95.71%, but total nitrogen (TN) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) were retained by 76.29% ±, 2.04% and 73.74% ±, 2.10%, respectively. Comprehensively, the requirement for the pretreatment was obtained.
- Published
- 2018
24. Development of a Gas-Diffusion Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Device (μPAD) for the Determination of Ammonia in Wastewater Samples
- Author
-
Spas D. Kolev, Ian D. McKelvie, and Badra Manori Jayawardane
- Subjects
Paper ,Detection limit ,Chromatography ,Filter paper ,Microfluidics ,Microfluidic Analytical Techniques ,Wastewater ,6. Clean water ,Analytical Chemistry ,Diffusion ,Ammonia ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Sodium hydroxide ,Reagent ,Bromothymol blue ,Gases ,Pervaporation - Abstract
An inexpensive, disposable and highly selective microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) is described for the determination of ammonia (molecular ammonia and ammonium cation) in wastewaters which implements for the first time a gas-diffusion separation step on a paper-based platform. Its hydrophilic reagent zones were defined by printing filter paper with a hydrophobic paper sizing agent using a conventional inkjet printer. The sample was introduced into the sodium hydroxide impregnated sample zone of the μPAD. This allowed the quantitative conversion of the ammonium ion to molecular ammonia which diffused across the hydrophobic microporous Teflon membrane of the device into an adjacent hydrophilic reagent zone containing the acid-base indicator 3-nitrophenol or bromothymol blue. The change in indicator color was measured using a desktop scanner for ammonia quantification. Under optimal conditions, the μPAD is characterized by a limit of detection of 0.8 and 1.8 mg N L(-1) and repeatability of 3.1 and 3.7% (n ≥ 10, 20 mg N L(-1)), expressed as relative standard deviation, in the case of 3-nitrophenol or bromothymol blue, respectively. This μPAD was used successfully for the determination of ammonia in sewage and soil water samples. The small dimensions, minimal reagent consumption, low cost, simplicity of operation, and possibility of using a portable scanner make the proposed μPAD suitable for on-site ammonia monitoring in contaminated environmental waters and domestic, agricultural and industrial wastewaters. The successful implementation of the gas-diffusion approach on a paper-based platform is expected to result in the development of other μPADs for volatile analytes.
- Published
- 2015
25. Nitrogen behaviour during thermal drying of mechanically dewatered biosludge from pulp and paper industry
- Author
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Ivan Deviatkin, Kati Mustonen, Mika Horttanainen, and Jouni Havukainen
- Subjects
Paper ,Biosolids ,Nitrogen ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Industrial Waste ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Ammonia ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Waste Management ,Thermal ,Environmental Chemistry ,media_common.cataloged_instance ,European union ,Desiccation ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,media_common ,Waste management ,Chemistry ,Temperature ,Water ,General Medicine ,Pulp and paper industry ,020801 environmental engineering ,Incineration ,Soluble nitrogen ,Forest industry - Abstract
An ongoing call to implement a circular economy is underway in the European Union, and a specific attention has been placed on the forest industry, which seeks additional recycling routes for its side streams, including biosludge. Biosludge is often dried and incinerated, thus wasting the nitrogen contained therein. This paper describes a study in which the release of nitrogen during thermal drying, the impact of the drying temperatures of 130°C, 180°C, and 210°C on the mass of ammonia released, and the potential for recovery of nitrogen from biosludge were examined. The results indicate that 1310–1730 mg kgTS−1 of nitrogen was released, which corresponded to 56–74% of the soluble nitrogen in biosolids or 4.0–5.3% of the total nitrogen. Of this released nitrogen, 83–85% was identified in condensate and absorbing water, thus indicating a high potential for recovering nitrogen from biosludge.
- Published
- 2017
26. Kinetic study of dry anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and cardboard for methane production
- Author
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Jean-Philippe Delgenès, Nicolas Bernet, Maxime Rouez, Eric Trably, Jean-Philippe Steyer, Marion Crest, Renaud Escudié, Gabriel Capson-Tojo, Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement [Narbonne] (LBE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centre International de Recherche Sur l'Eau et l'Environnement [Suez] (CIRSEE), and SUEZ ENVIRONNEMENT (FRANCE)
- Subjects
Paper ,020209 energy ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Solid Waste ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,biomethane ,urban solid waste ,Methane ,12. Responsible consumption ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Ammonia ,Bioreactors ,Biogas ,11. Sustainability ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Organic matter ,Anaerobiosis ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,2. Zero hunger ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Waste management ,cardboard ,Fatty Acids, Volatile ,Pulp and paper industry ,Refuse Disposal ,Anaerobic digestion ,Food waste ,chemistry ,Food ,13. Climate action ,visual_art ,microbial adaptation ,solid-state AD ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Digestion - Abstract
International audience; Dry anaerobic digestion is a promising option for food waste treatment and valorization. However, accumulation of ammonia and volatile fatty acids often occurs, leading to inefficient processes and digestion failure. Co-digestion with cardboard may be a solution to overcome this problem. The effect of the initial substrate to inoculum ratio (0.25 to 1 gVS·g VS−1) and the initial total solids contents (20–30%) on the kinetics and performance of dry food waste mono-digestion and co-digestion with cardboard was investigated in batch tests. All the conditions produced methane efficiently (71–93% of the biochemical methane potential). However, due to lack of methanogenic activity, volatile fatty acids accumulated at the beginning of the digestion and lag phases in the methane production were observed. At increasing substrate to inoculum ratios, the initial acid accumulation was more pronounced and lower cumulative methane yields were obtained. Higher amounts of soluble organic matter remained undegraded at higher substrate loads. Although causing slightly longer lag phases, high initial total solids contents did not jeopardize the methane yields. Cardboard addition reduced acid accumulation and the decline in the yields at increasing substrate loads. However, cardboard addition also caused higher concentrations of propionic acid, which appeared as the most last acid to be degraded. Nevertheless, dry co-digestion of food waste and cardboard in urban areas is demonstrated as an interesting feasible valorization option.
- Published
- 2017
27. Ammonia Ferro Paper Size: 10.0 X 1.02 M Colour- Blue - Make
- Subjects
Ammonia ,Paper ,Business, international - Abstract
Tenders are invited for Ammonia ferro paper size: 10.0 x 1.02 m colour- blue - make ...... Tender Type: Limited Eligibility Criteria : - Major organization : EAST CENTRAL RLY [...]
- Published
- 2018
28. Pollution Assessment of the Biobío River (Chile): Prioritization of Substances of Concern Under an Ecotoxicological Approach
- Author
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Ricardo Figueroa, Pilar Castro-Díez, and Álvaro Alonso
- Subjects
Pollution ,Paper ,Geologic Sediments ,Watershed ,Pentachlorophenol ,Heptachlor ,media_common.quotation_subject ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Point source pollution ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Rivers ,Environmental protection ,Ammonia ,Water Quality ,Chile ,Effluent ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,media_common ,Pollutant ,021110 strategic, defence & security studies ,Global and Planetary Change ,Ecology ,Aquatic ecosystem ,Agriculture ,Forestry ,Mercury ,Phenanthrenes ,chemistry ,Environmental science ,Water quality ,Copper ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Aluminum ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
The water demand for human activities is rapidly increasing in developing countries. Under these circumstances, preserving aquatic ecosystems should be a priority which requires the development of quality criteria. In this study we perform a preliminary prioritization of the risky substances based on reported ecotoxicological studies and guidelines for the Biobio watershed (Central Chile). Our specific aims are (1) reviewing the scientific information on the aquatic pollution of this watershed, (2) determining the presence and concentration of potential toxic substances in water, sediment and effluents, (3) searching for quality criteria developed by other countries for the selected substances and (4) prioritizing the most risky substances by means of deterministic ecotoxicological risk assessment. We found that paper and mill industries were the main sources of point pollution, while forestry and agriculture were mostly responsible for non-point pollution. The most risky organic substances in the water column were pentachlorophenol and heptachlor, while the most relevant inorganic ones were aluminum, copper, unionized ammonia and mercury. The most risky organic and inorganic substances in the sediment were phenanthrene and mercury, respectively. Our review highlights that an important effort has been done to monitor pollution in the Biobio watershed. However there are emerging pollutants and banned compounds—especially in sediments—that require to be monitored. We suggest that site-specific water quality criteria and sediment quality criteria should be developed for the Biobio watershed, considering the toxicity of mixtures of chemicals to endemic species, and the high natural background level of aluminum in the Biobio.
- Published
- 2016
29. Implications of Aerated Stabilization Basin Dredging on Potential Effluent Toxicity to Fish
- Author
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Jean-Claude Paradis, Talat Mahmood, Sharon Gibbons, and Tibor Kovacs
- Subjects
Paper ,Fish mortality ,Industrial Waste ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,Dredging ,Ammonia ,Water Pollution, Chemical ,Animals ,Environmental Chemistry ,Hydrogen Sulfide ,Water pollution ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Effluent ,Water Science and Technology ,Bacteria ,Waste management ,Ecological Modeling ,Fatty Acids ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,Pollution ,Oxygen ,Wastewater ,Oncorhynchus mykiss ,Toxicity ,Environmental science ,Sewage treatment ,Resins, Plant ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Waste disposal - Abstract
Benthal solids accumulated in aerated stabilization basins (ASBs) must be dredged to regain treatment capacity. While dredging restores treatment performance, it has been associated occasionally with the failure to meet regulatory effluent toxicity limits at the time of dredging. A first study of its kind was undertaken to investigate the implications of ASB dredging on potential effluent toxicity to fish. The study showed that benthal solid slurry removed from the quiescent zone of an ASB with a hydraulic dredge was toxic to rainbow trout with a 96-hour median lethal concentration (LC50) of 2.2%. The high ammonia concentration in the sample was the main cause of fish mortality. Hydrogen sulfide and resin and fatty acids also were present in the dredged material at concentrations that could cause fish mortality. These findings have led to best management practices that can be used to mitigate or eliminate fish toxicity issues during dredging operations.
- Published
- 2010
30. Reduced toxicological activity of cigarette smoke by the addition of ammonium magnesium phosphate to the paper of an electrically heated cigarette: Smoke chemistry and in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity
- Author
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H. Schramke, R.G. Elves, E. Anskeit, Regina Stabbert, Detlef J. Veltel, Ewald Roemer, J.A. Fournier, B.P. Müller, and T.J. Meisgen
- Subjects
Paper ,Salmonella typhimurium ,Neutral red ,BALB 3T3 Cells ,Cell Survival ,Struvite ,Magnesium Compounds ,In Vitro Techniques ,Toxicology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Cell Line ,Phosphates ,Mice ,Ammonia ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Smoke ,Tobacco ,Smoke composition ,medicine ,Animals ,Cytotoxicity ,Chromatography ,Mutagenicity Tests ,In vitro toxicology ,General Medicine ,Rats ,chemistry ,Environmental chemistry ,Toxicity ,Gases ,Genotoxicity ,Mutagens - Abstract
The effects of the addition of ammonium magnesium phosphate (AMP) to the paper of an electrically heated cigarette (EHC) prototype on smoke composition and toxicity were quantified and the underlying mechanisms investigated. Smoke from EHC prototypes with and without AMP and from conventional cigarettes, i.e. the University of Kentucky Standard Reference Cigarette 1R4F and eight American-blend market cigarettes, was compared. Endpoints for comparison were smoke chemistry, where toxic constituents were measured, cytotoxic activity, as measured in murine fibroblasts embryo cells by the Neutral Red Uptake Assay, and genotoxic activity, as measured in bacteria by the Salmonella Reverse Mutation Assay and in murine lymphoma cells by the TK Assay. The addition of AMP to the EHC led to a reduction of toxic substances and toxicological activity of approximately 30% compared to the EHC without AMP. Compared to the conventional cigarettes, the EHC with AMP showed reductions of 75-90%. Smoke from the EHCs generated in nitrogen atmospheres supplemented with different concentrations of ammonia and oxygen was assayed for its in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. The results indicate that the ammonia released by AMP at the heating site of the EHC is responsible for the reductions in cytotoxicity and mutagenicity for the EHC with AMP compared with the EHC without AMP. Thus, while the EHC approach distinctly reduces toxic smoke constituents compared to conventional cigarettes, the use of AMP in the paper of an EHC leads to further distinct reductions. In the study presented here, in vitro assays were used as quantitative tools to investigate toxicity-related mechanisms.
- Published
- 2008
31. Dibenzothiophene desulfurization by Gordonia alkanivorans strain 1B using recycled paper sludge hydrolyzate
- Author
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José Matos, Susana Marques, Francisco M. Gírio, Rogério Tenreiro, and Luís Alves
- Subjects
Paper ,Environmental Engineering ,Chromatography ,Sewage ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Industrial Waste ,Gordonia Bacterium ,Thiophenes ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Bacterial growth ,Raw material ,Pollution ,Flue-gas desulfurization ,Ammonia ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Hydrolysis ,Biodegradation, Environmental ,chemistry ,Dibenzothiophene ,Environmental Chemistry ,Organic chemistry ,Dibenzothiophene desulfurization - Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolyzates of recycled paper sludge were tested as suitable feedstock for biological desulfurization by Gordonia alkanivorans strain 1B. Only the hydrolyzate obtained after enzymatic mixture dialysis (dialyzed hydrolyzate) allowed dibenzothiophene (DBT) desulfurization, in spite of faster bacterial growth did occur on non-dialyzed hydrolyzate. For dialyzed hydrolyzate, 250microM DBT was consumed after 96h displaying a maximum specific productivity of 2-hydroxybiphenyl of 1.1micromol g(-1)(dry cell weight) h(-1). A comparison of the kinetics of biodesulfurization was assessed according to the type of hydrolyzate supplementation. Complete consumption of DBT was observed upon the addition of only phosphates and ammonia although further addition of zinc did increase the 2-hydroxybiphenyl production by 14%. Strain 1B was able to desulfurize a model oil containing DBT, 4-methylDBT and 4,6-dimethylDBT, reducing by 63% the total sulfur content in 168h.
- Published
- 2008
32. Comparison of the efficiencies of attached- versus suspended-growth SBR systems in the treatment of recycled paper mill wastewater
- Author
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Mohd Hafizuddin Muhamad, Hassimi Abu Hasan, Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah, and Reehan Adnee Abd. Rahim
- Subjects
Paper ,Environmental Engineering ,Hydraulic retention time ,Sequencing batch reactor ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Wastewater ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,Bioreactors ,Ammonia ,Recycling ,Biomass ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Effluent ,Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis ,Suspended solids ,business.industry ,Chemical oxygen demand ,Environmental engineering ,Paper mill ,Phosphorus ,General Medicine ,Equipment Design ,Charcoal ,Environmental science ,Sewage treatment ,business - Abstract
The complexity of residual toxic organics from biologically treated effluents of pulp and paper mills is a serious concern. To date, it has been difficult to choose the best treatment technique because each of the available options has advantages and drawbacks. In this study, two different treatment techniques using laboratory-scale aerobic sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) were tested with the same real recycled paper mill effluent to evaluate their treatment efficiencies. Two attached-growth SBRs using granular activated carbon (GAC) with and without additional biomass and a suspended-growth SBR were used in the treatment of real recycled paper mill effluent at a chemical oxygen demand (COD) level in the range of 800–1300 mg/L, a fixed hydraulic retention time of 24 h and a COD:N:P ratio of approximately 100:5:1. The efficiency of this biological treatment process was studied over a 300-day period. The six most important wastewater quality parameters, namely, chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, ammonia (expressed as NH 3 –N), phosphorus (expressed as PO 4 3 –P), colour, and suspended solids (SS), were measured to compare the different treatment techniques. It was determined that these processes were able to almost completely and simultaneously eliminate COD (99%) and turbidity (99%); the removals of NH 3 –N (90–100%), PO 4 3 –P (66–78%), colour (63–91%), and SS (97–99%) were also sufficient. The overall performance results confirmed that an attached-growth SBR system using additional biomass on GAC is a promising configuration for wastewater treatment in terms of performance efficiency and process stability under fluctuations of organic load. Hence, this hybrid system is recommended for the treatment of pulp and paper mill effluents.
- Published
- 2015
33. [Method for environmental management in paper industry based on pollution control technology simulation]
- Author
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Xue-Ying, Zhang and Zong-Guo, Wen
- Subjects
Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis ,Paper ,China ,Ammonia ,Water Pollution ,Industry ,Models, Theoretical ,Wastewater - Abstract
To evaluate the reduction potential of industrial water pollutant emissions and to study the application of technology simulation in pollutant control and environment management, an Industrial Reduction Potential Analysis and Environment Management (IRPAEM) model was developed based on coupling of "material-process-technology-product". The model integrated bottom-up modeling and scenario analysis method, and was applied to China's paper industry. Results showed that under CM scenario, the reduction potentials of waster water, COD and ammonia nitrogen would reach 7 x 10(8) t, 39 x 10(4) t and 0.3 x 10(4) t, respectively in 2015, 13.8 x 10(8) t, 56 x 10(4) t and 0.5 x 10(4) t, respectively in 2020. Strengthening the end-treatment would still be the key method to reduce emissions during 2010-2020, while the reduction effect of structure adjustment would be more obvious during 2015-2020. Pollution production could basically reach the domestic or international advanced level of clean production in 2015 and 2020; the index of wastewater and ammonia nitrogen would basically meet the emission standards in 2015 and 2020 while COD would not.
- Published
- 2015
34. Long-term effects of cage-cleaning frequency and bedding type on laboratory rat health, welfare, and handleability: a cross-laboratory study
- Author
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Charlotte C. Burn, Michael J. Day, Alan Peters, and Georgia Mason
- Subjects
Male ,Paper ,Veterinary medicine ,Time Factors ,Bedding ,Animal Welfare ,Lung pathology ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,Animal science ,Ammonia ,Animals ,Medicine ,Animal Husbandry ,Rats, Wistar ,Lung ,Behavior, Animal ,General Veterinary ,business.industry ,Animal husbandry ,Housing, Animal ,Wood ,Rats ,Laboratory rat ,Chromodacryorrhoea ,Animal Science and Zoology ,General health ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Cage ,Weight gain ,Stress, Psychological - Abstract
Cage-cleaning is necessary for a hygienic environment, but since rats communicate using scent, they might suffer if their cages are cleaned too frequently. Male rats (Sprague–Dawley and Wistar) were kept for five months across four animal units. Their cages were cleaned twice-weekly, weekly, or every two weeks, and contained either aspen woodchips or absorbent paper bedding. Aggression, injuries and general health, weight gain, chromodacryorrhoea (a stress-related Harderian gland secretion), handleability, and lung pathology were monitored, as was in-cage ammonia. Cleaning frequency had no clear impact on rat welfare, although frequent cleaning decreased ammonia concentrations and handleability, and non-aggressive skirmishing was highest in weekly cleaned rats. Surprisingly, bedding type did not affect ammonia, but all ammonia readings were unexpectedly low. However, rats kept on aspen had greater sneezing rates and lung pathology than those on paper bedding, but also had higher body weights. The results raise concerns about aspen bedding, which is relatively inert compared with other wood beddings, but nevertheless more harmful than paper. Animal unit significantly affected eight of the 11 variables tested, having interactive effects on five of them. The study also demonstrates the interactive effects of different animal units, casting doubt on the feasibility of standardization. We explored multiple variables of interest, so all findings require confirmation through further work. Nevertheless, cage-cleaning rates seem to affect socially housed male rats little, while bedding type has important effects on rat health.
- Published
- 2006
35. Influence of carbon and buffer amendment on ammonia volatilization in composting
- Author
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J.J.R. Feddes, Jerry J. Leonard, W.B. McGill, and Yi Liang
- Subjects
Paper ,Environmental Engineering ,Nitrogen ,Amendment ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Bioengineering ,Alberta ,Soil ,Ammonia ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Animals ,Molasses ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Volatilisation ,Waste management ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,General Medicine ,Models, Theoretical ,Ammonia volatilization from urea ,Straw ,Pulp and paper industry ,Manure ,Carbon ,chemistry ,Cattle ,Volatilization - Abstract
Laboratory-scale experiments were carried out to test a mathematical model of the nitrogen dynamics in a composting process. The main ingredients of composting materials were wheat straw and dairy manure. The influence of (a) two carbon amendments, i.e. molasses and office paper, and (b) two chemicals forming buffer solutions on ammonia volatilization were investigated. Nitrogen losses amounted to 12-25% of initial nitrogen, in which ammonia volatilization accounted for 60-99%. Addition of molasses, a readily available form of carbon, reduced cumulative ammonia emissions substantially, but office paper, i.e. cellulose, had only a small influence. The addition of buffering chemicals did not significantly reduce ammonia volatilization.
- Published
- 2006
36. Highly selective and sensitive paper-based colorimetric sensor using thiosulfate catalytic etching of silver nanoplates for trace determination of copper ions
- Author
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Weena Siangproh, Amara Apilux, Sudkate Chaiyo, and Orawon Chailapakul
- Subjects
Paper ,Silver ,Metal ions in aqueous solution ,Analytical chemistry ,Thiosulfates ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Metal Nanoparticles ,Fresh Water ,Biochemistry ,Catalysis ,Analytical Chemistry ,Beverages ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Ammonia ,Limit of Detection ,Environmental Chemistry ,Ammonium ,Spectroscopy ,Detection limit ,Thiosulfate ,Ions ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,Copper ,chemistry ,Metals ,Colorimetry ,Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet ,Naked eye ,Absorption (chemistry) ,Food Analysis - Abstract
A novel, highly selective and sensitive paper-based colorimetric sensor for trace determination of copper (Cu(2+)) ions was developed. The measurement is based on the catalytic etching of silver nanoplates (AgNPls) by thiosulfate (S2O3(2-)). Upon the addition of Cu(2+) to the ammonium buffer at pH 11, the absorption peak intensity of AuNPls/S2O3(2-) at 522 nm decreased and the pinkish violet AuNPls became clear in color as visible to the naked eye. This assay provides highly sensitive and selective detection of Cu(2+) over other metal ions (K(+), Cr(3+), Cd(2+), Zn(2+), As(3+), Mn(2+), Co(2+), Pb(2+), Al(3+), Ni(2+), Fe(3+), Mg(2+), Hg(2+) and Bi(3+)). A paper-based colorimetric sensor was then developed for the simple and rapid determination of Cu(2+) using the catalytic etching of AgNPls. Under optimized conditions, the modified AgNPls coated at the test zone of the devices immediately changes in color in the presence of Cu(2+). The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 1.0 ng mL(-1) by visual detection. For semi-quantitative measurement with image processing, the method detected Cu(2+) in the range of 0.5-200 ng mL(-1)(R(2)=0.9974) with an LOD of 0.3 ng mL(-1). The proposed method was successfully applied to detect Cu(2+) in the wide range of real samples including water, food, and blood. The results were in good agreement according to a paired t-test with results from inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES).
- Published
- 2014
37. Influence of Bedding Material on Ammonia Emissions from Cattle Excreta
- Author
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Tom Misselbrook and J. M. Powell
- Subjects
Paper ,Bedding ,Nitrogen ,Urine ,Zea mays ,Absorption ,Feces ,Animal science ,Ammonia ,Cations ,parasitic diseases ,Bedding Material ,Genetics ,Cation-exchange capacity ,Animals ,Triticum ,Dairy cattle ,business.industry ,Chemistry ,ammonia emission ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,Straw ,Pinus ,Silicon Dioxide ,Housing, Animal ,Wood ,Manure ,Bulk density ,urine ,Carbon ,bedding material ,Biotechnology ,cattle ,Cattle ,Animal Science and Zoology ,business ,Barn (unit) ,Food Science - Abstract
Dairy cattle barns are a major source of NH3 emissions to the atmosphere. Previous studies have shown that the bedding material used in the barn can influence the magnitude of NH3 emissions, but little is known about which bedding characteristics are important in this respect. The aims of this study were to assess, at a laboratory scale, the relative importance of the chemical [pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), C:N] and physical (urine absorbance capacity, bulk density) characteristics of 5 bedding materials (chopped wheat straw, sand, pine shavings, chopped newspaper, chopped corn stalks, and recycled manure solids) on NH3 emissions from dairy cattle urine. Recycled manure solids were the most absorbent of the bedding types (4.2 g of urine/g of bedding), and sand was the least (0.3 g of urine/g of bedding). When beddings were soaked in urine to their absorbance capacities, NH3 emissions over 48 h (expressed as a proportion of the urine N absorbed) were not significantly different among bedding types, despite differences in initial bedding pH, CEC, and C:N. When equal volumes of urine were applied to equal depths of dry bedding, NH3 emissions over 48 h were significantly less from sand and pine shavings (23 and 42% of applied urine N, respectively) than from chopped newspaper, chopped corn stalks, and recycled manure solids (62, 68, and 65% of applied urine N, respectively), whereas emissions from chopped wheat straw (55% applied urine N) only differed significantly from that from sand. Differences in the chemical characteristics of the beddings did not explain differences in emission; NH3 emissions increased linearly with CEC contrary to expectations, and there was no significant relationship with initial bedding pH. The physical characteristics of bedding materials were of more importance, as NH3 emissions increased linearly with absorbance capacity and decreased as the bulk density of the packed beddings increased.
- Published
- 2005
38. Paper based platform for colorimetric sensing of dissolved NH3 and CO2
- Author
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Yael Zilberman, Pooria Mostafalu, Sameer Sonkusale, and Yu Chen
- Subjects
Paper ,Scanner ,Computer science ,Biomedical Engineering ,Biophysics ,Nanotechnology ,General Medicine ,Paper based ,Biosensing Techniques ,Carbon Dioxide ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,Ammonia ,Limit of Detection ,Electrochemistry ,Ph range ,RGB color model ,Colorimetry ,Electronics ,Limited resources ,Biomarkers ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Paper, a cheap and ubiquitous material, has great potential to be used as low-cost, portable and biodegradable platform for chemical and biological sensing application. In this paper, we are exploring a low-cost, flexible and reliable method to effectively pattern paper for capturing optical dyes and for flow-based delivery of target samples for colorimetric chemical sensing. In this paper, we target the detection of ammonia (NH 3 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), two of the important environmental and health biomarkers. By functionalizing the paper platform with diverse cross-reactive dyes sensitive to NH 3 and CO 2 , their selective sensing within a certain pH range, as well as their detection at different concentrations can be achieved. The images of paper based device were captured by a flatbed scanner and processed in MATLAB ® using a RGB model and PCA for quantitative analysis. Paper based devices with readout using ubiquitous consumer electronic devices (e.g. smartphones, flatbed scanner) are considered promising approaches for disease screening in developing countries with limited resources.
- Published
- 2014
39. Intracage ammonia levels in static and individually ventilated cages housing C57BL/6 mice on 4 bedding substrates
- Author
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Christie E, Ferrecchia, Kelly, Jensen, and Roger, Van Andel
- Subjects
Mice, Inbred C57BL ,Paper ,Mice ,Ammonia ,Animals, Laboratory ,Husbandry ,Animals ,Bedding and Linens ,Female ,Animal Welfare ,Housing, Animal ,Wood ,Ventilation - Abstract
The relationship among ammonia levels, cage-changing frequency, and bedding types is an important and potentially controversial topic in the laboratory animal science community. Some bedding options may not provide sufficient urine absorption and bacterial regulation to minimize ammonia production during the interval between cage changes. High intracage ammonia levels can cause subclinical degeneration and inflammation of nasal passages, rhinitis and olfactory epithelial necrosis in exposed mice. Here we sought to compare the effects of 4 commonly used bedding substrates (1/4-in. irradiated corncob, reclaimed wood pulp, aspen wood chips, and recycled newspaper) on ammonia generation when housing female C57BL/6 mice in static and individually ventilated caging. Intracage ammonia levels were measured daily for 1 wk (static cage experiment) or 2 wk (IVC experiment). The results of this study suggest that the corncob, aspen wood chip, and recycled newspaper beddings that we tested are suitable for once-weekly cage changing for static cages and for changing every 2 wk for IVC. However, ammonia levels were not controlled appropriately in cages containing reclaimed wood pulp bedding, and pathologic changes occurred within 1 wk in the nares of mice housed on this bedding in static cages.
- Published
- 2014
40. Pretreatment of Wastepaper and Pulp Mill Sludge by Aqueous Ammonia and Hydrogen Peroxide
- Author
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S. C. Park, Y. Y. Lee, and Jun Seok Kim
- Subjects
Paper ,Pulp mill ,Industrial Waste ,Bioengineering ,Lignin ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Biochemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Ammonia ,Organic chemistry ,Hemicellulose ,Cellulose ,Hydrogen peroxide ,Molecular Biology ,Sewage ,Hydrogen Peroxide ,General Medicine ,Pulp and paper industry ,Wood ,Steam ,chemistry ,Kraft process ,visual_art ,Newsprint ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Indicators and Reagents ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Pretreatment of two different softwood-based lignocellulosic wastes (newsprint and Kraft pulp mill sludge) was investigated. Pretreatment was done by aqueous ammonia and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), two delignifying reagents that are environmentally benign. Three different treatment schemes were employed: aqueous ammonia alone (ammonia recycled percolation [ARP]), mixed stream of aqueous ammonia and H2O2, and successive treatment with H2O2 and aqueous ammonia. In all cases there was a substantial degree of delignification ranging from 30 to 50%. About half of the hemicellulose sugars were dissolved into the process effluent. Retention of cellulose after pretreatment varied from 85 to 100% for newspaper feedstock and from 77 to 85% for the pulp mill sludge. After treatment with aqueous ammonia alone (ARP), the digestibility of newspaper and the pulp mill sludge was improved only by 5% (from 40 to 45% for the former and from 68 to 73% for the latter), despite a substantial degree of delignification occurring after the ARP process. The lignin content thus did not correlate with the digestibility for these substrates. Simultaneous treatment with H2O2 and aqueous ammonia did not bring about any significant improvement in the digestibility over that of the ARP. A successive treatment by H2O2 and ARP showed the most promise because it improved the digestibility of the newspaper from 41 to 75%, a level comparable to that of alpha-cellulose.
- Published
- 2000
41. Influence of Amine Compounds on the Thermal Stability of Paper-Oil Insulation.
- Author
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Liang, Ningchuan, Liao, Ruijin, Xiang, Min, Mo, Yang, and Yuan, Yuan
- Subjects
- *
AMINES , *THERMAL stability , *INSULATING materials , *POLYACRYLAMIDE , *PAPER , *COPPER compounds - Abstract
Amine compounds can greatly enhance the thermal stability of the insulating paper used in paper-oil insulation. Many research documents focus on paper's excellent thermal stability, but less attention has been paid to the effect of oil on paper's degradation. In this research paper, we study the influence of different amine compounds on the thermal stability of both paper and oil, and a mechanism for the influence on paper-oil insulation as well as an optimal formula are proposed. First, six groups of paper were modified with different proportions of dicyandiamide (DICY), melamine, and polyacrylamide (PAM). Then, an accelerated thermal aging test at 130 °C was conducted for 30 days and the thermal aging characteristics of the oil-modified paper insulation were measured. The results showed that the thermal stability of the insulation paper modified with the amine compounds was remarkably improved, and P2 (2.25 wt % melamine, 0.75 wt % DICY, and 0.2 wt % PAM) presented the best anti-aging properties. However, certain properties of oil were influenced, such as acid value, and it was found that the ammonia produced by the amine stabilizers increased the copper compound content, which led to the deterioration of the insulating oil. Moreover, using a front-line orbital energy analysis by molecule modeling, it was determined that melamine was the core thermal stabilizer for the paper among the three amine compounds used in P2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Enhanced methane production from rice straw co-digested with anaerobic sludge from pulp and paper mill treatment process
- Author
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Wendy Mussoline, Piet N.L. Lens, Giovanni Esposito, Andrea Giordano, Alessandro Spagni, Mussoline, W., Esposito, G., Lens, P., Spagni, A., and Giordano, A.
- Subjects
Paper ,Anaerobic ,Environmental Engineering ,Time Factors ,Nitrogen ,Industrial Waste ,Bioengineering ,Co-digestion ,Energy recovery ,Lignocellulosic ,Paper mill ,Alkalies ,Wastewater ,Methane ,Industrial waste ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Bioreactors ,Ammonia ,Bioreactor ,Anaerobiosis ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Waste management ,Sewage ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,food and beverages ,Oryza ,General Medicine ,Straw ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,Fatty Acids, Volatile ,Trace Elements ,Anaerobic digestion ,Biodegradation, Environmental ,chemistry ,Environmental science ,business ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Rice straw is a widely available lignocellulosic waste with potential for energy recovery through anaerobic digestion. Lignin slows the hydrolysis phase, resulting in low methane recovery and long digestion periods. Although pretreatment is effective, it often requires high energy inputs or chemicals that are not feasible for farm-scale systems. This study investigates a unique co-digestion strategy to improve methane yields and reduce digestion times for farm-scale systems.By adding both piggery wastewater and paper mill sludge, specific methane yields in laboratory-scale digesters reached the theoretical value for rice straw (i.e. 330LNCH4/kgVS) over the 92-day period. Accelerated hydrolysis of the straw was directly related to the quantity of sludge added. The most stable digester, with sufficient buffering capacity and nutrients, contained equal parts of straw, wastewater and sludge. This approach is feasible for farm-scale applications since it requires no additional energy inputs or changes to existing infrastructure for dry systems. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
- Published
- 2013
43. Ammonia Paper Size: 1.02x10 Mtr. Make: Ri Or Similar
- Subjects
Ammonia ,Paper ,Business, international - Abstract
Tenders are invited for Ammonia Paper Size: 1.02X10 Mtr. Make: Ri Or Similar. Quantity: 200.00 Numbers Bidding System: Single Bid System Inspection Agency: Consignee Payment Terms: 100 Percent Payment On [...]
- Published
- 2016
44. Mechanical Drawing of Gas Sensors on Paper
- Author
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Birgit Esser, Jan M. Schnorr, Timothy M. Swager, Jonathan G. Weis, Katherine A. Mirica, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Chemistry, Mirica, Katherine, Weis, Jonathan Garrett, Schnorr, Jan Markus, Esser, Birgit, and Swager, Timothy Manning
- Subjects
Paper ,Materials science ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Nanotechnology ,Carbon nanotube ,Signal-To-Noise Ratio ,Article ,Catalysis ,law.invention ,Ammonia ,law ,Graphite ,Electrodes ,Electrical conductor ,Volatile Organic Compounds ,Nanotubes, Carbon ,Extramural ,Carbon chemistry ,Electrochemical Techniques ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Mechanical abrasion ,chemistry ,Electrode ,Thermodynamics ,Gases ,Carbon - Abstract
Pencil it in: Mechanical abrasion of compressed single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) on the surface of paper produces sensors capable of detecting NH[subscript 3] gas at sub-ppm concentrations. This method of fabrication is simple, inexpensive, and entirely solvent-free, and avoids difficulties arising from the inherent instability of many SWCNT dispersions., Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies (W911NF-07-D-004), National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (National Cancer Institute (U.S.) Postdoctoral Fellowship Grant F32A1571997)
- Published
- 2012
45. Lab scale experiments using a submerged MBR under thermophilic aerobic conditions for the treatment of paper mill deinking wastewater
- Author
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Benjamin Simstich, Harald Horn, and Claudia Beimfohr
- Subjects
Paper ,Environmental Engineering ,Nitrogen ,Microorganism ,Industrial Waste ,Bioengineering ,Wastewater ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,Permeability ,law.invention ,Water Purification ,Ammonia ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Bioreactors ,law ,Pressure ,Particle Size ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Kjeldahl method ,In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ,Sewage ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,Chemistry ,Thermophile ,Environmental engineering ,Temperature ,Paper mill ,Membranes, Artificial ,Phosphorus ,General Medicine ,Biodiversity ,Pulp and paper industry ,Deinking ,Aerobiosis ,Biodegradation, Environmental ,Calcium ,Ink ,business ,Mesophile - Abstract
This paper describes the results of laboratory experiments using a thermophilic aerobic MBR (TMBR) at 50 °C. An innovative use of submerged flat-sheet MBR modules to treat circuit wastewater from the paper industry was studied. Two experiments were conducted with a flux of 8–13 L/m 2 /h without chemical membrane cleaning. COD and BOD 5 elimination rates were 83% and 99%, respectively. Calcium was reduced from 110 to 180 mg/L in the inflow to 35–60 mg/L in the permeate. However, only negligible membrane scaling occurred. The observed sludge yield was very low and amounted to 0.07–0.29 g MLSS/g COD eliminated . Consequently, the nutrient supply of ammonia and phosphate can be lower compared to a mesophilic process. Molecular-biological FISH analysis revealed a likewise high diversity of microorganisms in the TMBR compared to the mesophilic sludge used for start-up. Furthermore, ammonia-oxidising bacteria were detected at thermophilic operation.
- Published
- 2011
46. Short-term enhancement and long-term suppression of denitrification in estuarine sediments receiving primary- and secondary-treated paper and pulp mill discharge
- Author
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Bradley D. Eyre, Joanne M. Oakes, and DJ Ross
- Subjects
Secondary treatment ,Paper ,Geologic Sediments ,Denitrification ,Nitrogen ,Industrial Waste ,Fresh Water ,engineering.material ,complex mixtures ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,Ammonia ,Phytoplankton ,Environmental Chemistry ,Organic matter ,Seawater ,Effluent ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,business.industry ,Pulp (paper) ,fungi ,Environmental engineering ,Paper mill ,General Chemistry ,Wood ,Activated sludge ,Biodegradation, Environmental ,chemistry ,Environmental chemistry ,engineering ,Microbial Interactions ,Nitrogen Oxides ,business ,Water Pollutants, Chemical - Abstract
To determine the role of sediment denitrification in removing inputs of primary- (PE) and secondary-treated effluent (SE) from a pulp and paper mill (PPM), organic matter (OM) associated with PE (residual wood fiber) and SE (activated sludge biomass and phytoplankton) was added to estuarine intertidal sediments and denitrification rates were measured over 27 days. Labile sludge biomass and phytoplankton initially stimulated denitrification, including for pre-existing sediment N. After 2.5 d, however, denitrification was suppressed apparently due to microbial competition for N to process the refractory (high C:N) material remaining. Wood fiber suppressed denitrification throughout the experiment due to competition for N to process the refractory OM. Ultimate long-term denitrification suppression by phytoplankton is offset by initial enhanced denitrification rates. Although nutrient release during degradation of sludge biomass and wood fiber may stimulate phytoplankton production, N equivalent to 127% of the expected daily phytoplankton load was denitrified within 24 h, allowing for permanent removal of PPM-derived N. Compared to primary treatment, secondary treatment of PPM effluent has greater potential for N removal.
- Published
- 2011
47. Alternative solutions for the bio-denitrification of landfill leachates using pine bark and compost
- Author
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Cristina Trois, Giulia Pisano, Laurent Oxarango, Centre for Research in Environmental, School of Civil Engineering, Transpore, Laboratoire d'étude des transferts en hydrologie et environnement (LTHE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre for Research in Environmental, Coastal and Hydrological Engineering (CRECHE), University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
Denitrification ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Sequencing batch reactor ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Soil ,Bioreactors ,Leachate ,Anaerobiosis ,Leaching (agriculture) ,020701 environmental engineering ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Waste management ,Compost ,Chemistry ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,Pollution ,6. Clean water ,Column studies ,Biodegradation, Environmental ,visual_art ,Pine bark ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Plant Bark ,Bark ,Gases ,Paper ,Environmental Engineering ,[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes ,0207 environmental engineering ,Industrial Waste ,Leachate treatment ,engineering.material ,12. Responsible consumption ,Ammonia ,Environmental Chemistry ,Industry ,Nitrate removal ,[SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology ,Nitrites ,Organic waste ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Carbon sources ,Biodegradable waste ,Pinus ,Green waste ,Oxygen ,Kinetics ,13. Climate action ,engineering ,Water Pollutants, Chemical - Abstract
International audience; Nitrified leachate may still require an additional bio-denitrification step, which occurs with the addition of often-expensive chemicals as carbon source. This study explores the applicability of low-cost carbon sources such as garden refuse compost and pine bark for the denitrification of high strength landfill leachates. The overall objective is to assess efficiency, kinetics and performance of the substrates in the removal of high nitrate concentrations. Garden refuse and pine bark are currently disposed of in general waste landfills in South Africa, separated from the main waste stream. A secondary objective is to assess the feasibility of re-using green waste as by-product of an integrated waste management system. Denitrification processes in fixed bed reactors were simulated at laboratory scale using anaerobic batch tests and leaching columns packed with immature compost and pine bark. Biologically treated leachate from a Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) with nitrate concentrations of 350, 700 and 1100 mgN/l were used for the trials. Preliminary results suggest that, passed the acclimatization step (40 days for both substrates), full denitrification is achieved in 10-20 days for the pine bark and 30-40 days for the compost.
- Published
- 2010
48. Emission characteristics of volatile compounds during sludges drying process
- Author
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Jianhua Yan, Kefa Cen, Xiao-Wan Zhu, Fei Wang, Xiaodong Li, Shengyong Lu, and Wen-Yi Deng
- Subjects
Paper ,Environmental Engineering ,Spectrophotometry, Infrared ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Industrial Waste ,Pilot Projects ,Air Pollutants, Occupational ,Coal Ash ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Ammonia ,Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ,Water Pollution, Chemical ,Environmental Chemistry ,Industry ,Ammonium ,Volatile organic compound ,Waste Management and Disposal ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Sewage ,Chemical oxygen demand ,Temperature ,Carbon Dioxide ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,Pollution ,Carbon ,chemistry ,Environmental chemistry ,Carbon dioxide ,Sewage treatment ,Particulate Matter ,Sludge ,Waste disposal - Abstract
The emission characteristics of volatile compounds (VCs) during municipal sewage sludge (MSS) and paper mill sludge (PMS) drying process were investigated through experiments conducted on a lab-scale tubular drying furnace and a pilot-scale paddle dryer, respectively. The result indicated that five kinds of VCs, i.e. CO(2), NH(3), C(7)H(16) (n-heptane), volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and CH(4) were emitted during the drying process. It was found that the NH(3) and CO(2) were the primary compound released from the MSS drying process. In the case of the PMS, the VFAs and CO(2) were the main compounds released. The temperature and water content of sludge had great effects on the emission rates of NH(3), C(7)H(16), CO(2) and VFAs. The pH and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of condensate from the paddle dryer were also studied. It showed that pH and COD of condensate from MSS were much higher than that from the PMS, and that the higher COD value of the MSS condensate interrelated to the higher ammonium and sulfur content of it.
- Published
- 2007
49. Use of acid preconditioning for enhanced dewatering of wastewater treatment sludges from the pulp and paper industry
- Author
-
Allan Elliott and Talat Mahmood
- Subjects
Paper ,Flocculation ,Beneficial use ,Polymers ,Colony Count, Microbial ,Industrial Waste ,Waste Disposal, Fluid ,Phosphates ,Ammonia ,Escherichia coli ,Environmental Chemistry ,Phosphoric Acids ,Water Pollutants ,Desiccation ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Water Science and Technology ,Acetic Acid ,Organic polymer ,Waste management ,Sewage ,Chemistry ,Ecological Modeling ,Sulfuric Acids ,Pulp and paper industry ,Pollution ,Dewatering ,Waste treatment ,Activated sludge ,Sewage treatment ,Sludge - Abstract
In municipal and industrial practices, wastewater treatment sludges are generally conditioned with organic polymers before dewatering. The dewatering polymers are expensive and contribute significantly to the overall sludge management cost. This paper discusses a preconditioning strategy that holds great promise for enhancing dewatering properties of wastewater treatment sludges, while reducing the cost. In this approach, the waste activated sludge (WAS) is briefly preconditioned with an acid before flocculating with an organic polymer. Experimental results showed that acid preconditioning significantly enhanced dewatering. Separately acidifying WAS and subsequently combining it with primary sludge produced higher presscake solids than acidifying the combined sludge to the same final pH. Acidification exhibited the added benefit of reducing Escherichia coli counts in sludge, thus improving its biological character. This may provide flexibility in choosing a beneficial use application.
- Published
- 2007
50. Denitrification mechanism in combustion of biocoal briquettes
- Author
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Heejoon Kim and Tianji Li
- Subjects
Paper ,Flue gas ,Briquette ,Denitrification ,Time Factors ,Industrial Waste ,Incineration ,Combustion ,X-Ray Diffraction ,Ammonia ,Environmental Chemistry ,Sodium Hydroxide ,Coal ,Char ,Nitrites ,Air Pollutants ,Nitrates ,Waste management ,Chemistry ,business.industry ,Exhaust gas ,General Chemistry ,Pulp and paper industry ,Carbon ,Oxygen ,business ,Pyrolysis ,Chromatography, Liquid ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Pulp black liquor (PBL), an industrial waste from paper production, has been previously shown to be an effective binder and denitrification agent for coal briquettes. This study investigated the denitrification mechanism of PBL in both the volatile combustion and char combustion stages of coal briquettes. X-ray diffraction and ion chromatography were used to analyze the residual ashes of combustion. The exhaust gas was analyzed by a flue gas analysis system and a Q-mass spectrometry system. The denitrification mechanism of PBL in the volatile combustion stage was found to result from the emission of NH3. The denitrification of PBL in the char combustion stage was associated with the NaOH contained in PBL. The direct reaction of NaOH with NO gas was examined, and some interesting phenomena were observed. Pure carbon or pure NaOH showed only limited reaction with NO. However, the mixture of NaOH and carbon (NaOH + C) significantly enhanced the reaction. This mixture increased the NO removal up to 100%. Subsequently, denitrification lasted for a long time period, with about 25% of NO removal. The pyrolysis characteristic of NaNO3, a compound resulting from denitrification, was also affected by the presence of carbon. In the presence of carbon, the NOx emission resulting from the pyrolysis of NaNO3 was reduced by a factor of 6. Since the denitrification phenomena appeared only in the absence of oxygen, a model of oxygen distribution in a burning coal briquette was employed to explain the reactions occurring in real combustion of coal briquettes.
- Published
- 2005
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