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Agriculture is the main source of ammonia (NH 3) emissions which result in air pollution and degrade human health. However, the global pattern of NH 3 emissions still remains uncertain, and very few studies report the crop- and animal-specific NH 3 emissions both regionally and globally. Here, we developed an improved long-term (1961–2018) agricultural NH 3 emissions inventory considering the detailed information of crop- and animal-specific sources at 0.5o grids. Global agricultural NH 3 emissions were estimated as 39.2 Tg N yr-1 averaged over 1961–2018, driven by livestock production (58.4%) and cropland (41.6%). Cattle, rice, maize and wheat together explain about 53.4% of total agricultural NH 3 emissions. Agricultural NH 3 emissions increased by 225% from 18.5 Tg N in 1961–60.1 Tg N in 2018 with the increase rate of 2.1% yr-1 (for cropland 3.8% yr-1 and for livestock 1.3% yr-1). Regarding regions, China, India, Brail, Pakistan, United States and European Union accounted for over half of total agricultural NH 3 emissions. The hotspots of agricultural NH 3 emissions have shifted from the United States and European Union in the 1960s to China and India in recent years. Our findings benefit the understanding of agricultural NH 3 dynamics by crops and animals and provide an important reference for the formulation of NH 3 pollution prevention and control policy. [Display omitted] • An improved long-term agricultural NH 3 emissions inventory is developed. • Integrated crop- and animal-specific NH 3 emissions are estimated. • Cattle, rice, maize and wheat are dominated sources of agricultural NH 3 emissions. • Hotspots of agricultural NH 3 emissions shift from United States and European Union to China and India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]