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Objectives: Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived plasma protein with insulin-sensitizing and antiatherosclerotic properties. The objectives of the present study were to determine the amniotic fluid (AF) concentration of adiponectin during the second trimester of pregnancy and to demonstrate its association with maternal and fetal variables and AF concentrations of insulin, leptin, and pregnancy-associated-plasma-protein A (PAPP-A)., Study Design: We performed a cross-sectional study of 222 pregnant women who underwent amniocentesis at 15-18 weeks for genetic reasons. No malformation or chromosomal disorder was found in the newborn after birth. AF adiponectin, leptin, PAPP-A, and insulin concentrations were measured using commercially available assays. All maternal, fetal, and biochemical variables were studied using univariate and multivariate linear regression analysis to determine their association with the AF concentration of adiponectin., Results: Adiponectin concentration was negatively correlated with maternal smoking status (β=-5.208; p<0.001) and positively correlated with levels of insulin (β=0.621; p=0.002) and PAPP-A (β=40.150; p<0.001). Non-significant correlations were found between adiponectin concentration and maternal age, maternal body mass index, gestational age at amniocentesis, fetal gender, and AF level of leptin., Conclusion: These findings suggest that the fetus and its membrane adipocytokines, in relationship with maternal and other fetal variables, play a dynamic role in the regulation of energy and oxidative stress homeostasis due to its insulin-sensitizing and antiatherosclerotic effects. The association of these molecules with maternal tobacco consumption during pregnancy could have perinatal implications., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To review the literature to produce a catalog of solutes measured in paired extraembryonic celomic fluid and maternal serum samples., Study Design: We conducted a MEDLINE and PUBMED literature search for January 1990 through March 2004 using the keywords coelomic fluid, celomic fluid, coelocentesis, celocentesis and maternal serum to select articles that met the objective criteria. The following information was extracted from these publications: gestational age at sampling, number of samples, mean concentration of the solute measured in maternal serum and extra-embryonic celomic fluid, authors and year of publication. The catalog is presented in 3 tables based on the gradients found between compartments., Results: We found 73 publications and selected 42 in which paired celomic fluid and maternal serum samples had been obtained. Ninety solutes were grouped into 3 tables using a 30% cutoff difference in favor of either of the 2 compartments., Conclusion: A catalog of solutes measured in human extraembryonic celomic fluid between the 5th and 14th weeks of pregnancy was generated. This catalog can provide guidance for future manipulations of extracelomic fluid for therapeutic purposes.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to review previous work reporting the concentration of solutes measured in maternal circulation, extra-embryonic celomic fluid, and amniotic fluid, to gain insights into the mechanism that could lead to compartmentalization of fluid and solutes within the gestational sac prior to the 12th week of pregnancy. Methods: We conducted a Medline and PubMed literature search from January 1990 through March 2004 using the key words amniotic fluid, celomic fluid, coelomic fluid, celocentesis, coelocentesis, amniocentesis, yolk sac and embryonic cavities. We selected those articles describing solutes that had been measured in the same patient in samples obtained prior to 12 weeks’ gestation from maternal circulation, celomic fluid and amniotic fluid. Information extracted from these publications included: gestational age at sampling, number of samples evaluated, mean concentration of the solutes in each of the three fluids and bibliographic citation. Results: We found 73 publications with the key words and selected 13 that met the inclusion criteria. The concentration of 31 solutes reported in each of the three compartments was documented and gradients among compartmental interfaces calculated. Conclusion: This study describes the concentration of solutes measured in maternal circulation, extracelomic fluid and amniotic fluid early in human development. Analysis of calculated gradients across the compartmental interfaces suggests that the shift of fluid may depend on the biophysical properties of the placenta and yolk sac and on graded changes in hydrostatic pressures across compartments. Copyright © 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]