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Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:28:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Amphisbaena prunicolor is a worm-lizard distributed in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. In Paraguay, the species was known for only one record in southern Paraguay. Here we provided a second record for the species in the country, thus extending its distribution 60 km west of the closest record located at Itapúa department, also the rediscovering of the species after 35 years. Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth Instituto de Investigación Biológica del Paraguay, Del Escudo 1607 Asociación Guyra Paraguay, Av. Cnel. Carlos Bóveda, Parque Asunción Verde Mapinguari - Laboratório de Biogeografia e Sistemática de Anfíbios e Repteis Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Avenida Costa e Silva, s/n, Bairro Universitário, Cidade Universitária Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth CNPq: 311492/2017-7

Amphisbaena barbouri Gans and Alexander, 1962 is a Cuban endemic distributed in the western half of the main island (Rodríguez et al. 2013). This species has been reported at about 15 sites from Pinar del Río to Cienfuegos provinces (Rodríguez et al. 2013; iNaturalist 2020; Fig. 1). On 10 August 2017 we found an adult A. barbouri (173 mm SVL, 14 mm tail length; Fig. 2) near the biological station at Cayo Galindo (23.2547, -80.8725; 1 m a.s.l.; point 4 in Fig. 1). This key is located towards the westernmost end of the Archipiélago de Sabana-Camagüey cay system, in Martí Municipality, Matanzas Province (Fig. 1). This finding constitutes the first record of the species from an offshore cay. It also represents the northernmost record, just 4 km southeast of the northernmost point of the Cuban archipelago (i.e., Cayo Cruz del Padre). The distribution of A. barbouri is now extended about 75 km east-northeast of Matanzas, the nearest published record (Gans & Alexander 1962).

Fossorial vertebrates such as amphisbaenians suffer from morphological constraints as a result of their burrowing strategies. The morphology is conserved in many groups and taxonomic arrangements may be confusing within closely related species. Amphisbaena munoai and A. prunicolor slender bodied worm lizards associated with the Amphisbaena darwinii species group and distributed in southern South America (southern Brazil and Uruguay) were traditionally considered allopatric and distinguished from each other mainly by their coloration pattern and cephalic shields. However, the reassessment of morphological variation including specimens from new localities indicated the need for a taxonomic reappraisal. We used morphological, molecular and distributional data in an integrative approach to reassess taxonomic diversity and propose a phylogenetic hypothesis for the evolution of the group. Our results indicated a hidden diversity, allowing the description of three new species from Coastal and Grasslands formations in southern Brazil. Amphisbaena tiaraju sp. nov. occurs in the northwestern region of Rio Grande do Sul State; Amphisbaena arenicola sp. nov. is restricted to Restinga formations in the coastal plain of Santa Catarina State and Amphisbaena nana sp. nov. is restricted to the northern portion of the Sul-rio-grandense Shield in Rio Grande do Sul State.

In northern South America, amphisbaenians are rarely seen among the herpetofauna.Thus, general knowledge about them is very poor. During a herpetological survey in 2012 at Casanare, Colombia, we found two specimens of an unusualAmphisbaena. A third specimen sharing the same morphotype labeledAmphisbaenasp. from Vichada department was found deposided in an Colombian reptile collection. Based on morphological analyses together with phylogenetic analyses of 1029 base pairs of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), we describe a new species ofAmphisbaenathat inhabits in the Orinoquian region of Colombia. The new species is part of a phylogenetic clade together withA. mertensiiandA. cunhai(central-southern Brazil), exhibiting a great genetic distance (26.1–28.9%) between the newly identified lineage versus those taxa, and versus the sympatric taxaA. albaandA. fuliginosa. Morphologically, this newAmphisbaenacan be distinguished from their congeners by characters combination of number of preocloacal pores, absence of malar scale, postgenial scales and body and caudal annuli counts.Amphisbaena gracilisis on morphology grounds the most similar species. However, the new species can be distinguished from it by having higher body annuli counts, angulus ories aliegned with the edges of the ocular scales and center of frontal scales, less number of large middorsal segments of the first and second body annulus, and rostral scale visible from above. The description of this newAmphisbaenaspecies points out the urgent need to increase the knowledge of worm lizards in Colombia

Amphisbaena bahiana was described by Vanzolini in 1964 on the basis of a single specimen from Villa Nova municipality (now Senhor do Bonfim), Bahia state, Brazil. The holotype was obtained approximately 100 years ago, and only three additional specimens have been mentioned in the literature subsequently. We report two additional specimens of A. bahiana collected recently at Antonio Goncalves, Bahia, Brazil near the type locality in the northern Espinhaco Range. On the basis of this new material, we provide data on morphological variation, natural history, and phylogeny. Amphisbaena bahiana was recovered as the sister species of A. uroxena, also from the Espinhaco Range.

We describe a new species of Amphisbaena from the Caatinga in the northern region of Bahia, northeastern Brazil. The new taxon is identified mainly by having two precloacal pores, 158–165 body annuli, 12–14 caudal annuli with autotomy on the third and fourth annuli, 14–16 dorsal and 15–16 ventral segments on a midbody annulus, four supralabials, three infralabials, and a postmalar row. Its description increases to 23 the number of species of Amphisbaenia for the Caatinga. Knowledge of worm lizard richness has largely increased in Brazil since the 1990s, especially in the Caatinga and the Cerrado, due mainly to collections in previously unsurveyed areas for environmental impact assessments.

Amphisbaena rozei is endemic to the Caura River basin in Venezuela, and known only from the holotype and one paratype. Its original description is very brief, lacking relevant information used by taxonomists today. Additionally, A. rozei appears to be similar to A. spurrelli, a species from northwestern Colombia and southern Panama. We present a redescription of A. rozei based on the examination of the type specimens and compare this taxon to the other known South American amphisbaenids, especially A. spurrelli. We conclude A. rozei is a valid name, and the species is diagnosed mainly by the presence of four precloacal pores, a lateral sulcus, 205–209 body annuli, 20 caudal annuli, 15–16 dorsal and 14 ventral segments on a midbody annulus, and dorsal surface of tail covered by strong tubercles.

Amphisbaena talisiae and A. mensae, two worm lizard species endemic to the Cerrado ecoregion, in central Brazil, are considered synonyms based on morphological characters. With the proposed synonymy, the name A. talisiae has priority of use over A. mensae. Amphisbaena talisiae can be distinguished from its congeners by a series of morphological characters, including a round head, three supralabial and three infralabial scales, postmalar row absent, four precloacal pores without a median hiatus, 205–234 body annuli, 17–29 caudal annuli, 10–14 dorsal and 14–18 ventral segments in a midbody annulus. The species is recorded from southeastern Mato Grosso, eastern Minas Gerais and central Tocantins states in central Brazil, and its conservation status should be changed from Data Deficient to Least Concern.

Amphisbaena talisiae Vanzolini, 1995 Amphisbaena talisiae Vanzolini, 1995: 217. Holotype: MZUSP 78808. Type Locality: ��� Brasil: Mato Grosso: Serra da Pitomba, 15��49��� S, 52��10��� W ���. Amphisbaena mensae Castro-Mello, 2000: 244. Holotype: MZUSP 83231. Type Locality: ��� Brasil: Goi��s: Serra da Mesa, Setor 2 (14��02��� S, 48��19��� W)���. Definition. A species of Amphisbaena with: (1) a round head in dorsal and lateral view, not depressed or compressed; (2) suture lengths: prefrontal> frontal> nasal (rarely frontal> prefrontal> nasal); (3) precloacal pores four, without median hiatus; (4) body annuli 205���234; (5) lateral annuli 2���4; (6) caudal annuli 17���29; (7) autotomy on 6 th to 8 th caudal annulus; (8) tail round in cross-section, throughout its length; (9) tail tip round or slightly laterally compressed; (10) dorsal segments 10���14 and ventral segments 14���18 in a midbody annulus (24���32 total segments); (11) supralabials three; (12) infralabials three; (13) parietals one pair, pentagonal; (14) postocular one; (15) temporal one; (16) postgenials one row, usually with two scales; (17) postmalar row absent; (18) lateral sulcus present, dorsal and ventral sulci absent; (19) SVL Diagnosis. Among South American amphisbaenids, the round head readily distinguishes Amphisbaena talisiae from A. anomala and Leposternon spp. (shovel-shaped), from A. acrobeles, A. bilabialata, A. kingii, and Mesobaena spp. (keel-shaped). Those taxa will not be included in comparisons below. The presence of four precloacal pores without a median hiatus, dorsal segment counts between 10 and 14, and ventral segment counts between 14 and 18 is shared with 28 species (A. albocingulata, A. arenaria, A. bahiana, A. borelli, A. carvalhoi, A. cuiabana, A. cunhai, A. darwinii, A. frontalis, A. gracilis, A. heathi, A. heterozonata, A. hogei, A. ibijara, A. lumbricalis, A. medemi, A. munoai, A. nigricauda, A. pericensis, A. prunicolor, A. sanctaeritae, A. slateri, A. steindachneri, A. supernumeraria, A. trachura, A. tragorrhectes, A. uroxena, and A. vanzolinii). Of those species (characters in parentheses), Amphisbaena talisiae can be distinguished from A. arenaria, A. cuiabana, A. frontalis, sanctaeritae, A. steindachneri, and A. supernumeraria by possessing 205���234 body annuli (more than 250). The absence of a postmalar row in A. talisiae distinguishes it from A. bahiana, A. cunhai, A. darwinii, A. heathi, A. heterozonata, A. hogei, A. munoai, A. prunicolor, A. sanctaeritae, A. trachura, A. tragorrhectes, and A. uroxena. Amphisbaena talisiae is distinguished from A. albocingulata by the presence of a brown dorsum and cream venter, and 205���234 body annuli (a uniform light brown coloration and 183���204 body annuli); from A. borelli by having 205���234 body annuli, naso-rostral suture always present, one postgenial row, enlarged parietals, and a rounded or slightly compressed tail tip (239���261 body annuli, naso-rostral suture partially lost, two postgenial rows, no enlarged parietals, and caudal tip modified into a keel); from A. carvalhoi, A. lumbricalis, and A. pericensis by the presence of one row of postgenials and most commonly 12 dorsal and 14 or 16 ventral segments (two rows of postgenials [one or two in A. carvalhoi] and generally 14 dorsal and 18 ventral segments); from A. gracilis by the absence of a dorsal sulcus, one row of postgenials, and a tail with uniform diameter along its length (presence of a dorsal sulcus, two rows of postgenials, and the tail diameter decreasing towards the tip); from A. ibijara by having 205���234 body annuli, temporal not fused with postsupralabial, relatively short frontals, enlarged parietals, and one row of postgenials (239���250 body annuli, temporal and postsupralabial fused, long frontals, no enlarged parietals, and two rows of postgenials); from A. medemi by the nasals in contact, one row of postgenials, and a rounded or slightly compressed caudal tip (nasals usually separated by the posterior tip of rostral, two postgenial rows, and caudal tip modified into a blunt keel); from A. nigricauda by the presence of a rounded, slightly prognathous snout and the tail with a uniform brown color similar to dorsal body (obtuse, strongly prognathous snout and distal segments of the tail dark colored, contrasting with the light pigmented body); from A. slateri by a brown dorsal coloration that fades to cream toward the venter, and a postmental slightly longer than wide (body uniform dark brown and postmental distinctly longer than wide); from A. vanzolinii by the presence of three supra- and three infralabials (two supra- and two infralabials). Geographic distribution and habitat. Amphisbaena talisiae is known from central Brazil, between southeastern Mato Grosso, eastern Minas Gerais and central Tocantins states (Fig. 2; Table 2). It has been recorded mostly from the Cerrado ecoregion within two vegetation types: open savanna (���campo cerrado���) and arboreal savanna (���cerrado sensu stricto ���) (Colli et al. 2011; Nogueira 2001). The new specimens from UHE-LEM are in an apparent ecotone between the Cerrado and the Mato Grosso Tropical Dry Forests ecoregions. Within its geographic range, the climate is described as tropical savanna (���Aw��� in K��ppen���s climate classification map), with annual mean temperatures ��18��C, rainy summers and dry winters (Alvares et al. 2013). Regarding soil type, most known records (including the type locality) are in areas dominated by ferralsols, a deeply weathered soil typical of tropical climates (IUSS Working Group WRB 2015). The species is also recorded in areas where the main soil type is acrisol, cambisol, lixisol, or plinthosol (Fig. 2)., Published as part of Costa, Henrique C., Graboski, Roberta & Zaher, Hussam, 2019, Amphisbaena mensae Catro-Mello, 2000 is a synonym of Amphisbaena talisiae Vanzolini, 1995 (Squamata: Amphisbaenia: Amphisbaenidae), pp. 166-174 in Zootaxa 4559 (1) on pages 167-169, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4559.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/2626799, {"references":["Vanzolini, P. E. (1995) A new species of Amphisbaena from the state of Mato Grosso, Brasil (Reptilia: Amphisbaenia: Amphisbaenidae). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 39 (10), 217 - 221.","Castro-Mello, C. (2000) A new species of Amphisbaena from central Brasil (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 41 (16), 243 - 246.","Colli, G. R., Nogueira, C. de C., Pantoja, D. L., Ledo, R. M. D., Costa, B. M. & Brandao, R. A. (2011) Herpetofauna da Reserva Ecologica do IBGE e seu entorno. In: Ribeiro, M. L. (Ed), Reserva Ecologica do IBGE. Vol. 1. Biodiversidade Terrestre. Tomo 2. IBGE, Coordenacao de Recursos Naturais e Estudos Ambientais, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 133 - 145. [in Portuguese]","Nogueira, C. C. (2001) New records of squamate reptiles in central Brazilian Cerrado II: Brasilia region. Herpetological Review, 32 (4), 285 - 287.","Alvares, C. A., Stape, J. L., Sentelhas, P. C., Goncalves, J. L. M. & Sparovek, G. (2013) Koppen's climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 22 (6), 711 - 728. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / 0941 - 2948 / 2013 / 0507","IUSS Working Group WRB (2015) World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014. International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. Update 2015. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 192 pp."]}

Since 1965, Amphisbaena leucocephala Peters, 1878 has been considered species inquirenda due to overlap in meristic data between it and A. pretrei and the the low number of specimens available for analysis. Herein, based on recently collected specimens, we review its taxonomic status through morphological and genetic data. Both analyses recovered A. leucocephala as a distinct species, sister to, but widely divergent from, A. pretrei. It is characterized by having 10–13 precloacal pores, 231–246 body annuli, 25–29 caudal annuli, autotomy site at the 6th–8th caudal annulus, 17–22 dorsal, and 20–23 ventral segments at midbody.

I address some taxonomic issues created by previous perceptions of species' boundaries in Amphisbaena from southern South America, including specimens with intermediate characteristics. In this note I propose the synonymization of Amphisbaena trachura and Amphisbaena heterozonata into Amphisbaena darwini, and the maintenance of the current species Amphisbaena angustifrons and Amphisbaena plumbea.

Amphisbaena mebengokre sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 2, 3; Tables 1, 2) Holotype. An adult male (MNRJ 25189) collected on the banks of the Caiapó River (16 o 27’25’’S, 51 o 22’41’’W; 464 m above of sea level; datum = WGS84) near to the Hydroelectric Power Plant Santo Antônio do Caiapó, Municipality of Arenópolis, State of Goiás, Brazil, on 22 November 2012 by Jafi M. Carmo and Wilian Vaz-Silva. Paratypes. Adult males: MNRJ 25191, MNRJ 25194, MNRJ 25196, MNRJ 25198, MPEG 32206, ZUFG 1194, ZUFG 1196, ZUFG 1201, ZUFG 1204, ZUFG 1205, ZUFG 1207. Adult females: MNRJ 25190, MNRJ 25192, MNRJ 25193, MNRJ 25195, MNRJ 25197, MPEG 32205, ZUFG 1193, ZUFG 1195, ZUFG 1197, ZUFG 1200, ZUFG 1202, and ZUFG 1203. Undetermined: ZUFG 1206. All paratypes are from the type locality, Arenópolis municipality, state of Goiás, Brazil, collected by Wilian Vaz-Silva, Jafi M. Carmo, Paulo Roberto Gomes, and Edmar P. Victor between 22 and 28 November 2012. Diagnosis. The new species is a member of the Amphisbaena silvestrii group (sensu Vanzolini 1997) and is distinguished from all congeners by the combination of the following characters: (1) snout rounded in dorsal view and slightly convex in profile view; (2) two precloacal pores; (3) 161–176 dorsal half-annuli; (4) 12–15 tail annuli; (5) 3/3 supralabials; and (6) postmalar row absent. Comparisons with other species. Amphisbaena mebengokre sp. nov. can be distinguished the other South American amphisbaenians species by a combination of characters. Differs from Amphisbaena acrobeles (Ribeiro, Castro-Mello & Nogueira, 2009); Amphisbaena anomala (Barbour, 1914); Amphisbaena bilabialata (Stimson, 1972); Amphisbaena kingii (Bell, 1833); Leposternon bagual Ribeiro, Santos-Jr & Zaher, 2015; Leposternon cerradensis Ribeiro, Vaz-Silva & Santos-Jr, 2008; Leposternon infraorbitale (Berthold, 1859); Leposternon kisteumacheri Porto, Soares & Caramaschi, 2000; Leposternon maximus Ribeiro, Nogueira, Cintra, Silva Junior & Zaher, 2011; Leposternon microcephalum Wagler, 1824; Leposternon mineiro Ribeiro, Silveira & Santos-Jr, 2018; Leposternon octostegum (Duméril & Duméril, 1851); Leposternon polystegum (Duméril & Duméril, 1851); Leposternon scutigerum (Hemprich, 1820); Leposternon wuchereri (Peters, 1879); Mesobaena huebneri Mertens, 1925; and Mesobaena rhachicephala Hoogmoed, Pinto, Rocha & Pereira, 2009 mainly by having snout rounded in dorsal view and slightly convex in profile view (vs. snout shovel-like or compressed forming a sharp and prominent keel) (details of cited species in original descriptions and studies of Gans 1971a, 1971b; Mott et al. 2008; Hoogmoed et al. 2009; Ribeiro et al. 2009; Ribeiro 2010; and Ribeiro et al. 2018). It differs from all others Amphisbaena species with rounded snout, except of A. absaberi, A. anaemariae, A. brevis, A. caiari, A. carli, A. crisae, A. cuiabana, A. darwini, A. dubia, A. filiformis, A. hiata, A. kiriri, A. leeseri, A. lumbricalis, A. miringoera, A. mitchelli, A. neglecta, A. persephone, A. roberti, and A. silvestrii by having two precloacals pores. The new species differs from all Amphisbaena species with two precloacals pores, except A. anaemariae, A. crisae, A. darwini, A. kiriri and A. silvestrii by having 161–176 dorsal half-annuli (vs. less than 140 dorsal half-annuli in A. brevis, less than 154 in A. neglecta, and more than 188 dorsal half-annuli in the other species). It differs from Amphisbaena anaemariae, A. crisae, A. darwini, and A. silvestrii by having 12–15 tail annuli (vs. more than 18 tail annuli in the other species); and A. kiriri by having 3/3 supralabials and postmalar row absent (vs. 4/4 supralabials and postmalar row present). Description of the holotype. A male adult; snout-vent length 159 mm; tail length 12 mm; midbody diameter 6.7 mm (4.2% of snout-vent length); head length 5.7 mm (ca. 3.6% of snout-vent length) distinct from the neck (slightly constrict); snout rounded in dorsal view and slightly convex in profile view; rostrum projecting forward beyond the jaw. Rostral slightly visible in dorsal view (Fig. 1C), subtriangular in ventral view (Fig. 1B), lateral portion straight, in contact with nasals laterally and first supralabial latero-posteriorly. Nasals with irregular shape, paired, with a small middorsal suture (suture length ca. 14.1% of head length), posterior portion straight, in contact with first supralabial laterally, second supralabial latero-posteriorly and prefrontals posteriorly. Nostril near the anteroinferior angle of the nasal shield (Fig. 1A). Prefrontals paired, relatively large (ca. 30% of head length), with a long middorsal suture (ca. 30% of head length), longer than the nasal middorsal suture, shorter than the frontal middorsal suture (ca. 42% of head length), anterior portion convex, latero-posterior portion projected, in contact with second supralabial and ocular laterally, frontals posteriorly and in point contact with post-ocular posteriorly. Frontals irregularly polygonal, paired, with a long middorsal suture (ca. 30% of head length), elongated, 1.9 times longer than wide, separated from ocular by the point contact of the prefrontal and postocular, in contact with postocular laterally and parietal posteriorly. Parietals irregularly polygonal, paired, with a short middorsal suture (ca. 12% of head length), almost as long as wide, with their posterior border straight and parallel to the second body annulus, in contact with postocular laterally, and second body annulus posteriorly. The anterior edge of the parietals is at the level of the angulus oris. Body annulus behind parietals, shows 25 regular middorsal scales (Fig. 1C). Ocular diamond-shaped, relatively long (length representing ca. 30.2% of head length), in broad contact with second and third supralabials laterally and postocular posteriorly. Eyes visible, located in near anterior angle. Postocular pentagonal, relatively long (length. 27.7% of head length), almost as high (1.8 mm) as long (1.6 mm), in lower contact with temporal, with their posterior border straight and parallel to the second body annulus posteriorly (Fig. 1A). Three supralabials, irregularly polygonal, increasing in size posteriorly; first rhomboid, smallest, 1.1 times longer than high, in contact with second supralabial posteriorly; second supralabial relatively high and narrow, forming an irregular trapezium, ca. 0.8 times higher than wide, in contact with frontal third supralabial posteriorly; third supralabial pentagonal, almost as high (1.3 mm) as wide (1.2 mm), in contact with temporal and postsupralabial posteriorly. Posteriorly to the supralabials there is a row of scales that includes the postocular, temporal and postsupralabial. Temporal smaller than postocular, limited to the second body annuli posteriorly, in point contact with ocular, in upper contact with the postocular and with the upper part of the third supralabial, in lower contact with postsupralabial. One quadrangular postsupralabial, relatively small (ca. 12.3% of head length), limited to the second body annuli posteriorly. Three infralabials, first irregular, in point contact with postmental, in broad contact with mental and second infralabial. Second infralabial irregularly polygonal, largest (length representing ca. 27.5% of head length), longer than wide, in contact with postmental and genials laterally and malar and third infralabial posteriorly. Third infralabial smallest, nearly rectangular, longer than wide, in contact with malar laterally and first body annulus posteriorly. On the side of the third infralabial, is a slightly enlarged scale of first body annulus (behind angulus oris) that appears to continue the infralabial series. Mental single, anteriorly abruptly widening, only slightly larger than postmental in the posterior border, lateral borders straight, in broad contact with postmental posteriorly. Postmental single, relatively long (26.5%), pentagonal, in broad contact with first row of postgenials posteriorly. Two rows of postgenials; first with two distinctly larger scales and one smaller, in contact with malars laterally and with second postgenial row posteriorly. Second postgenial row with five irregularly polygonal equally sized shields, in contact with malars laterally and first body annuli posteriorly. Two malars, one on each side, irregularly polygonal, in contact with first body annulus posteriorly. Postmalar row absent. Body annuli distinct. The first body annulus is well-defined only ventrally. Dorsally, the first body annulus includes the postsupralabial, temporal and the very large postocular, dorsally limited by the frontal and parietal. Body annuli 170 with ventral part missing. Two lateral annuli in the cloacal region. Dorsal and ventral sulci absent; 14 dorsal and 12 ventral segments per midbody annulus; ventral segments with two central scales larger than adjacent scales and, only these, slightly larger than dorsal scales. Lateral sulci well marked and apparent from the 31 st body annulus almost to level of cloaca. Two precloacal pores in two adjacent central scales of the precloacal shield (Fig. 2A). Cloacal segments regular, four larger and one small and 10 postcloacal segments. Fourteen caudal annuli; fifth tail annulus is slightly narrowed, it may correspond to an autotomic site (Fig. 2B). Tip of tail rounded (Fig. 2B). Pattern color on preservative of the holotype. Anterior portion of head whitish, posterior portion of prefrontals, frontals, ocular, postocular and parietals dark brown (Fig. 4). Trunk and tail are uniform dark brown. Venter of head, mid of belly and cloaca whitish, lateral of belly and ventral portion of tail present a checkerboard pattern with dark brown segments. Variation. Morphometric and meristic variations of the type series are given in Table 1. A few variations in the position of the cephalic shields were observed, when compared to the holotype. The paratypes ZUFG 1197 and ZUFG 1207 present parietal in a rectangular shape. ZUFG 1198 presents an azygous shield between the right parietal and first annulus of the body. ZUFG 1203 have a rectangular parietal only on the right side of the body. MNRJ 25191 presents an azygous shield between the parietal shield and the frontal on the right side of the body. MNRJ 25196 has irregular segments in part of the dorsal portion of the first annuli of the body. Etymology. Amphisbaena mebengokre sp. nov. was found on the banks of the Caiapó River. The river's name gives homage to the indigenous people who inhabited the region and were expelled by the colonizers. The term "Kayapó" was first used in the early nineteenth century. The term was created by neighboring indigenous groups and means "those who look like monkeys" (a reference to a ritual using monkey masks). The Kayapó people prefer to call themselves "Mebêngôkre", which means "men of the springs." The specific epithet mebengokre gives homage to the Mebêngôkre ethnicity. Distribution and habitat. Amphisbaena mebengokre sp. nov. is know only to the type locality in the municipality of Arenópolis, core region of the Cerrado biome in western state of Goiás (Fig. 4) The region is drained by the Caiapó River, a tributary of the right bank of the Araguaia River. The regional landscape is characterized by phytophysiognomies that include forest and savanna categories (Typical Cerrado, Deciduous Dry Forest, Riparian Forest and Gallery Forest). The type series was collected during the reservoir formation of the Hydroelectric Power Plant Santo Antonio do Caiapó, in Riparian Forest remnants. These remnants are limited to narrow bands of primary vegetation along the Caiapó River, and in some cases disappear and give way to savanna formations or have been replaced by pastures. Phylogenetic relationships. Our concatenated alignment for five genes resulted in a matrix with a total of 3.966 base pairs. The proportion of gaps and completely undetermined characters in this alignment was 38.6%. The Partition Finder identified 11 partitions with GTR+G model for maximum Likelihood. The maximum likelihood analyses found a single tree with log likelihood of -42635.245032. The general topology resulted of the maximum likelihood analyses (Fig. 5) was similar to previous works, as Vidal et al. (2008) and Mott & Vieites (2009), for the mains groups of Amphisbaenia. Amphisbaena mebengokre sp. nov. was recovered as a sister group of A. anaemariae with 100% of bootstrap support. The clade formed by A. mebengokre sp. nov. and A. anaemariae was recovered as sister group of A. silvestrii with high value of bootstrap support (100%). The genetic distance (pdistance) between A. mebengokre sp. nov. and A. anaemariae is 16.5%, and between A. mebengokre sp. nov. and A. silvestrii is 18.9% for ND2 gene; and the genetic distance (p -distance) between A. mebengokre sp. nov. and A. anaemariae is 6.9%, and between A. mebengokre and A. silvestrii is 7.8% for 16S gene.

Amphisbaena mebengokre sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 2, 3; Tables 1, 2) Holotype. An adult male (MNRJ 25189) collected on the banks of the Caiap�� River (16 o 27���25������S, 51 o 22���41������W; 464 m above of sea level; datum = WGS84) near to the Hydroelectric Power Plant Santo Ant��nio do Caiap��, Municipality of Aren��polis, State of Goi��s, Brazil, on 22 November 2012 by Jafi M. Carmo and Wilian Vaz-Silva. Paratypes. Adult males: MNRJ 25191, MNRJ 25194, MNRJ 25196, MNRJ 25198, MPEG 32206, ZUFG 1194, ZUFG 1196, ZUFG 1201, ZUFG 1204, ZUFG 1205, ZUFG 1207. Adult females: MNRJ 25190, MNRJ 25192, MNRJ 25193, MNRJ 25195, MNRJ 25197, MPEG 32205, ZUFG 1193, ZUFG 1195, ZUFG 1197, ZUFG 1200, ZUFG 1202, and ZUFG 1203. Undetermined: ZUFG 1206. All paratypes are from the type locality, Aren��polis municipality, state of Goi��s, Brazil, collected by Wilian Vaz-Silva, Jafi M. Carmo, Paulo Roberto Gomes, and Edmar P. Victor between 22 and 28 November 2012. Diagnosis. The new species is a member of the Amphisbaena silvestrii group (sensu Vanzolini 1997) and is distinguished from all congeners by the combination of the following characters: (1) snout rounded in dorsal view and slightly convex in profile view; (2) two precloacal pores; (3) 161���176 dorsal half-annuli; (4) 12���15 tail annuli; (5) 3/3 supralabials; and (6) postmalar row absent. Comparisons with other species. Amphisbaena mebengokre sp. nov. can be distinguished the other South American amphisbaenians species by a combination of characters. Differs from Amphisbaena acrobeles (Ribeiro, Castro-Mello & Nogueira, 2009); Amphisbaena anomala (Barbour, 1914); Amphisbaena bilabialata (Stimson, 1972); Amphisbaena kingii (Bell, 1833); Leposternon bagual Ribeiro, Santos-Jr & Zaher, 2015; Leposternon cerradensis Ribeiro, Vaz-Silva & Santos-Jr, 2008; Leposternon infraorbitale (Berthold, 1859); Leposternon kisteumacheri Porto, Soares & Caramaschi, 2000; Leposternon maximus Ribeiro, Nogueira, Cintra, Silva Junior & Zaher, 2011; Leposternon microcephalum Wagler, 1824; Leposternon mineiro Ribeiro, Silveira & Santos-Jr, 2018; Leposternon octostegum (Dum��ril & Dum��ril, 1851); Leposternon polystegum (Dum��ril & Dum��ril, 1851); Leposternon scutigerum (Hemprich, 1820); Leposternon wuchereri (Peters, 1879); Mesobaena huebneri Mertens, 1925; and Mesobaena rhachicephala Hoogmoed, Pinto, Rocha & Pereira, 2009 mainly by having snout rounded in dorsal view and slightly convex in profile view (vs. snout shovel-like or compressed forming a sharp and prominent keel) (details of cited species in original descriptions and studies of Gans 1971a, 1971b; Mott et al. 2008; Hoogmoed et al. 2009; Ribeiro et al. 2009; Ribeiro 2010; and Ribeiro et al. 2018). It differs from all others Amphisbaena species with rounded snout, except of A. absaberi, A. anaemariae, A. brevis, A. caiari, A. carli, A. crisae, A. cuiabana, A. darwini, A. dubia, A. filiformis, A. hiata, A. kiriri, A. leeseri, A. lumbricalis, A. miringoera, A. mitchelli, A. neglecta, A. persephone, A. roberti, and A. silvestrii by having two precloacals pores. The new species differs from all Amphisbaena species with two precloacals pores, except A. anaemariae, A. crisae, A. darwini, A. kiriri and A. silvestrii by having 161���176 dorsal half-annuli (vs. less than 140 dorsal half-annuli in A. brevis, less than 154 in A. neglecta, and more than 188 dorsal half-annuli in the other species). It differs from Amphisbaena anaemariae, A. crisae, A. darwini, and A. silvestrii by having 12���15 tail annuli (vs. more than 18 tail annuli in the other species); and A. kiriri by having 3/3 supralabials and postmalar row absent (vs. 4/4 supralabials and postmalar row present). Description of the holotype. A male adult; snout-vent length 159 mm; tail length 12 mm; midbody diameter 6.7 mm (4.2% of snout-vent length); head length 5.7 mm (ca. 3.6% of snout-vent length) distinct from the neck (slightly constrict); snout rounded in dorsal view and slightly convex in profile view; rostrum projecting forward beyond the jaw. Rostral slightly visible in dorsal view (Fig. 1C), subtriangular in ventral view (Fig. 1B), lateral portion straight, in contact with nasals laterally and first supralabial latero-posteriorly. Nasals with irregular shape, paired, with a small middorsal suture (suture length ca. 14.1% of head length), posterior portion straight, in contact with first supralabial laterally, second supralabial latero-posteriorly and prefrontals posteriorly. Nostril near the anteroinferior angle of the nasal shield (Fig. 1A). Prefrontals paired, relatively large (ca. 30% of head length), with a long middorsal suture (ca. 30% of head length), longer than the nasal middorsal suture, shorter than the frontal middorsal suture (ca. 42% of head length), anterior portion convex, latero-posterior portion projected, in contact with second supralabial and ocular laterally, frontals posteriorly and in point contact with post-ocular posteriorly. Frontals irregularly polygonal, paired, with a long middorsal suture (ca. 30% of head length), elongated, 1.9 times longer than wide, separated from ocular by the point contact of the prefrontal and postocular, in contact with postocular laterally and parietal posteriorly. Parietals irregularly polygonal, paired, with a short middorsal suture (ca. 12% of head length), almost as long as wide, with their posterior border straight and parallel to the second body annulus, in contact with postocular laterally, and second body annulus posteriorly. The anterior edge of the parietals is at the level of the angulus oris. Body annulus behind parietals, shows 25 regular middorsal scales (Fig. 1C). Ocular diamond-shaped, relatively long (length representing ca. 30.2% of head length), in broad contact with second and third supralabials laterally and postocular posteriorly. Eyes visible, located in near anterior angle. Postocular pentagonal, relatively long (length. 27.7% of head length), almost as high (1.8 mm) as long (1.6 mm), in lower contact with temporal, with their posterior border straight and parallel to the second body annulus posteriorly (Fig. 1A). Three supralabials, irregularly polygonal, increasing in size posteriorly; first rhomboid, smallest, 1.1 times longer than high, in contact with second supralabial posteriorly; second supralabial relatively high and narrow, forming an irregular trapezium, ca. 0.8 times higher than wide, in contact with frontal third supralabial posteriorly; third supralabial pentagonal, almost as high (1.3 mm) as wide (1.2 mm), in contact with temporal and postsupralabial posteriorly. Posteriorly to the supralabials there is a row of scales that includes the postocular, temporal and postsupralabial. Temporal smaller than postocular, limited to the second body annuli posteriorly, in point contact with ocular, in upper contact with the postocular and with the upper part of the third supralabial, in lower contact with postsupralabial. One quadrangular postsupralabial, relatively small (ca. 12.3% of head length), limited to the second body annuli posteriorly. Three infralabials, first irregular, in point contact with postmental, in broad contact with mental and second infralabial. Second infralabial irregularly polygonal, largest (length representing ca. 27.5% of head length), longer than wide, in contact with postmental and genials laterally and malar and third infralabial posteriorly. Third infralabial smallest, nearly rectangular, longer than wide, in contact with malar laterally and first body annulus posteriorly. On the side of the third infralabial, is a slightly enlarged scale of first body annulus (behind angulus oris) that appears to continue the infralabial series. Mental single, anteriorly abruptly widening, only slightly larger than postmental in the posterior border, lateral borders straight, in broad contact with postmental posteriorly. Postmental single, relatively long (26.5%), pentagonal, in broad contact with first row of postgenials posteriorly. Two rows of postgenials; first with two distinctly larger scales and one smaller, in contact with malars laterally and with second postgenial row posteriorly. Second postgenial row with five irregularly polygonal equally sized shields, in contact with malars laterally and first body annuli posteriorly. Two malars, one on each side, irregularly polygonal, in contact with first body annulus posteriorly. Postmalar row absent. Body annuli distinct. The first body annulus is well-defined only ventrally. Dorsally, the first body annulus includes the postsupralabial, temporal and the very large postocular, dorsally limited by the frontal and parietal. Body annuli 170 with ventral part missing. Two lateral annuli in the cloacal region. Dorsal and ventral sulci absent; 14 dorsal and 12 ventral segments per midbody annulus; ventral segments with two central scales larger than adjacent scales and, only these, slightly larger than dorsal scales. Lateral sulci well marked and apparent from the 31 st body annulus almost to level of cloaca. Two precloacal pores in two adjacent central scales of the precloacal shield (Fig. 2A). Cloacal segments regular, four larger and one small and 10 postcloacal segments. Fourteen caudal annuli; fifth tail annulus is slightly narrowed, it may correspond to an autotomic site (Fig. 2B). Tip of tail rounded (Fig. 2B). Pattern color on preservative of the holotype. Anterior portion of head whitish, posterior portion of prefrontals, frontals, ocular, postocular and parietals dark brown (Fig. 4). Trunk and tail are uniform dark brown. Venter of head, mid of belly and cloaca whitish, lateral of belly and ventral portion of tail present a checkerboard pattern with dark brown segments. Variation. Morphometric and meristic variations of the type series are given in Table 1. A few variations in the position of the cephalic shields were observed, when compared to the holotype. The paratypes ZUFG 1197 and ZUFG 1207 present parietal in a rectangular shape. ZUFG 1198 presents an azygous shield between the right parietal and first annulus of the body. ZUFG 1203 have a rectangular parietal only on the right side of the body. MNRJ 25191 presents an azygous shield between the parietal shield and the frontal on the right side of the body. MNRJ 25196 has irregular segments in part of the dorsal portion of the first annuli of the body. Etymology. Amphisbaena mebengokre sp. nov. was found on the banks of the Caiap�� River. The river's name gives homage to the indigenous people who inhabited the region and were expelled by the colonizers. The term "Kayap��" was first used in the early nineteenth century. The term was created by neighboring indigenous groups and means "those who look like monkeys" (a reference to a ritual using monkey masks). The Kayap�� people prefer to call themselves "Meb��ng��kre", which means "men of the springs." The specific epithet mebengokre gives homage to the Meb��ng��kre ethnicity. Distribution and habitat. Amphisbaena mebengokre sp. nov. is know only to the type locality in the municipality of Aren��polis, core region of the Cerrado biome in western state of Goi��s (Fig. 4) The region is drained by the Caiap�� River, a tributary of the right bank of the Araguaia River. The regional landscape is characterized by phytophysiognomies that include forest and savanna categories (Typical Cerrado, Deciduous Dry Forest, Riparian Forest and Gallery Forest). The type series was collected during the reservoir formation of the Hydroelectric Power Plant Santo Antonio do Caiap��, in Riparian Forest remnants. These remnants are limited to narrow bands of primary vegetation along the Caiap�� River, and in some cases disappear and give way to savanna formations or have been replaced by pastures. Phylogenetic relationships. Our concatenated alignment for five genes resulted in a matrix with a total of 3.966 base pairs. The proportion of gaps and completely undetermined characters in this alignment was 38.6%. The Partition Finder identified 11 partitions with GTR+G model for maximum Likelihood. The maximum likelihood analyses found a single tree with log likelihood of -42635.245032. The general topology resulted of the maximum likelihood analyses (Fig. 5) was similar to previous works, as Vidal et al. (2008) and Mott & Vieites (2009), for the mains groups of Amphisbaenia. Amphisbaena mebengokre sp. nov. was recovered as a sister group of A. anaemariae with 100% of bootstrap support. The clade formed by A. mebengokre sp. nov. and A. anaemariae was recovered as sister group of A. silvestrii with high value of bootstrap support (100%). The genetic distance (pdistance) between A. mebengokre sp. nov. and A. anaemariae is 16.5%, and between A. mebengokre sp. nov. and A. silvestrii is 18.9% for ND2 gene; and the genetic distance (p -distance) between A. mebengokre sp. nov. and A. anaemariae is 6.9%, and between A. mebengokre and A. silvestrii is 7.8% for 16S gene., Published as part of Ribeiro, S��ria, S��, V��nia, Santos-Jr, Alfredo P., Graboski, Roberta, Zaher, Hussam, Guedes, Andrei G., Andrade, Sheila P. & Vaz-Silva, Wilian, 2019, A new species of the Amphisbaena (Squamata, Amphisbaenidae) from the Brazilian Cerrado with a key for the two-pored species, pp. 301-320 in Zootaxa 4550 (3) on pages 303-308, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4550.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2625391, {"references":["Vanzolini, P. E. (1997) The silvestrii species group of Amphisbaena, with the description of two new Brazilian species (Reptilia: Amphisbaenia). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 40, 65 - 85.","Ribeiro, S., Castro-Mello, C. & Nogueira, C. (2009) New species of Anops Bell, 1893, (Squamata, Amphisbaenia). Journal of Herpetology, 43, 21 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 07 - 299 R 1.1","Barbour, T. (1914) Some new reptiles. Proceedings of the New England Zoology Club, 4, 95 - 98. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 9343","Stimson, A. F. (1972) A new species of Anops from Mato Grosso, Brazil (Reptilia: Amphisbaenia). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Zoology, 24, 205 - 212.","Bell, T. (1833) Mr. Bell exhibited specimens of two reptiles, forming part of his collection, which he regarded as the types of two genera hitherto undescribed. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1833, 98 - 99.","Ribeiro, S., Santos-Jr, A. P. & Zaher, H. (2015) A new species of Leposternon Wagler, 1824 (Squamata, Amphisbaenia) from northeastern Argentina. Zootaxa, 4034 (2), 309 - 324. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4034.2.4","Ribeiro, S., Vaz-Silva, W. & Santos-Jr, A. P. (2008) New pored Leposternon (Squamata, Amphisbaenia) from Brazilian Cerrado. Zootaxa, 1930, 18 - 38.","Berthold, A. A. (1859) Einige neue Reptilien des akademisch zoologischen Museums in Gottingen. Nachrichten Georg August Universitaet Koniglichen Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, 17, 179 - 181.","Porto, M., Soares, M. & Caramaschi, U. (2000) A new species of Leposternon (Amphisbaenia, Amphisbaenidae) from Minas Gerais, Brazil, with a key to the species of the genus (Amphisbaenia, Amphisbaenidae). Boletim do Museu Nacional, 412, 1 - 10.","Ribeiro, S., Nogueira, C., Cintra, C. E., Silva Junior, N. J. & Zaher, H. (2011) Description of a new pored Leposternon (Squamata, Amphisbaenidae) from the Brazilian Cerrado. South American Journal of Herpetology, 6, 177 - 188. https: // doi. org / 10.2994 / 057.006.0303","Wagler, J. (1824) Serpentum Brasiliensium species novae, ou histoire naturelle des especes nouvelles de Serpens. In: Spix, J., Animalia nova sive species novae. Typis Francisci Seraphi Hubschmann, Monaco, pp. 1 - 7.","Ribeiro, S., Silveira, A. & Santos-Jr, A. P. (2018) A new species of Leposternon (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae) from brazilian Cerrado with a key to pored species. Journal of Herpetology, 52, 50 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 16 - 125","Dumeril, A. M. C. & Dumeril, A. H. A. (1851) Catalogue methodique de la collection des reptiles du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Gide et Baudry, Paris, 224 pp.","Hemprich, W. F. G. (1820) Amphisbaenarum generis novas species duas descripsit. Ferhandlungen der Gesellschaft Naturforschunden Freunde, 1, 129 - 130.","Peters, W. C. H. (1879) Qber die Amphisbaenen und eine zu denselben gehorige neue Art (Lepidosternon wuchereri). Monatsberichte der Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1879, 273 - 277.","Mertens, R. (1925) Eine neue Eidechsengattung aus der Familie der Leposterniden. Senckenbergiana, 7, 170 - 171.","Hoogmoed, M. S., Pinto, R. R, Rocha, W. A. & Pereira, E. G. (2009) A new species of Mesobaena Mertens, 1925 (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae) from Brazilian guiana, with a key to the Amphisbaenidae of the guianan region. Herpetologica, 65, 436 - 448. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / 08 - 062.1","Gans, C. (1971 a) Studies on amphisbaenians (Amphisbaenia: Reptilia). 4. A review of the amphisbaenid genus Leposternon. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 144, 379 - 46.","Gans, C. (1971 b) Redescription of three monotypic genera of amphisbaenians from South America: Aulura Barbour, Bronia Gray and Mesobaena Mertens. American Museum Novitates, 2475, 1 - 32.","Mott, T., Morais, D. H. & Kawashita-Ribeiro, R. A. (2008) Reptilia, Squamata, Amphisbaenidae, Anops bilabialatus: Distribution extension, meristic data, and conservation. Check List, 4 (2), 146 - 150. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 4.2.146","Ribeiro, S. (2010) Revisao sistematica de Leposternon Wagler, 1824 (Squamata: Amphisbaenia). Ph. D. Dissertation, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, 507 pp.","Vidal, N., Azvolinsky, A., Cruaud, C. & Hedges, S. B. (2008) Origin of tropical American burrowing reptiles by transatlantic rafting. Biology Letters, 4, 115 - 118.","Mott, T. & Vieites, D. R. (2009) Molecular phylogenetics revels extreme morphological homoplasy in Brazilian worm lizards challenging current taxonomy. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 51, 190 - 200. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2009.01.014"]}

Key to the species of Amphisbaena with two precloacal pores 1. Precloacals pores separated for median hiatus............................................................... 2 - Precloacals pores arranged in a continuous series............................................................ 5 2. 4/4 supralabials....................................................................................... 3 - 3/3 supralabials....................................................................................... 4 3. Nasals paired, postmalar row present, less than 170 body annuli, tail with autotomic constriction, less than 19 dorsal segments in midbody half-annulus................................................................. Amphisbaena kiriri - Nasals separated by rostral, postmalar row absent, more than 215 body annuli, autotomic constriction of tail absent, 20 or more less than 19 dorsal segments in midbody half-annulus........................................... Amphisbaena carli 4. More than 238 dorsal half-annuli, less than 16 tail annuli, postmalar row absent, tail tip compressed.. Amphisbaena absaberi - Less than 215 dorsal half-annuli, more than 17 tail annuli, postmalar row present, tail tip rounded....... Amphisbaena hiata 5. Postmalar present..................................................................................... 6 - Postmalar absent...................................................................................... 8 6. Body annuli 216���249; tail tip slightly compressed............................................ Amphisbaena leeseri - Body annuli less than 207, tail tip rounded.................................................................. 7 7. Dorsal and ventral sulci present; 10���12 dorsal and 10���14 ventral segments to a midbody annulus..... Amphisbaena silvestrii - Dorsal and ventral sulci absent; 13���19 more dorsal and 16���23 ventral segments to a midbody annulus...................................................................................................... Amphisbaena darwini 8. Dorsal half-annuli less than 139, 9 tail annuli................................................. Amphisbaena brevis - Dorsal half-annuli more than 150, tail annuli more than 12..................................................... 9 9. Dorsal half-annuli less than 186......................................................................... 10 - Dorsal half-annuli more than 202........................................................................ 13 10. 10 dorsal and 10 ventral segments to a midbody annulus........................................ Amphisbaena crisae - 12���16 dorsal and ventral segments to a midbody annulus..................................................... 11 11. Dorsal and ventral sulci present......................................................... Amphisbaena neglecta - Dorsal and ventral sulci absent.......................................................................... 12 12. 12���15 tail annuli; tail representing 6.1%���9.3% of snout-vent length; prefrontals relatively long, representing 27.7%���4.1% (33.4% means, n = 28) of head length........................................... Amphisbaena mebengokre sp. nov. - more than 16 tail annuli, tail representing more than 13% of snout-vent length, prefrontals relatively small, representing 24.7% of head length (holotype date)........................................................ Amphisbaena anaemariae 13. Body annuli 328���342................................................................ Amphisbaena filiformis - Body annuli less than 292.............................................................................. 14 14. Tail autotomic constriction absent........................................................................ 15 - Tail autotomic constriction present....................................................................... 17 15. Tail tip strongly compressed............................................................. Amphisbaena roberti - Tail tip rounded...................................................................................... 16 16. Tail annuli 13���18, dorsal sulci present...................................................... Amphisbaena dubia - Tail annuli 20���26, dorsal sulci absent.................................................. Amphisbaena lumbricalis 17. 10 dorsal segments to a midbody annulus.................................................... Amphisbaena caiari - 12���16 dorsal segments to a midbody annulus............................................................... 18 18. Body annuli 203���220, caudal annuli 26���29, dorsal sulci absent............................... Amphisbaena mitchelli - Body annuli more than 229, tail annuli 18���24, dorsal sulci present.............................................. 19 19. Tail tip rounded................................................................... Amphisbaena miringoera - Tail tip slightly or strongly compressed................................................................... 20 20. Body annuli 230���241, nasal well delimited and in contact in dorsal portion.................... Amphisbaena persephone - Body annuli 283���292, nasal shield partially distinct........................................ Amphisbaena cuiabana, Published as part of Ribeiro, S��ria, S��, V��nia, Santos-Jr, Alfredo P., Graboski, Roberta, Zaher, Hussam, Guedes, Andrei G., Andrade, Sheila P. & Vaz-Silva, Wilian, 2019, A new species of the Amphisbaena (Squamata, Amphisbaenidae) from the Brazilian Cerrado with a key for the two-pored species, pp. 301-320 in Zootaxa 4550 (3) on page 313, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4550.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/2625391

Here, we describe a new species of Amphisbaena with two precloacal pores from open Cerrado areas of the municipality of Arenópolis, in the Brazilian state of Goiás. The new species differs from other South American amphisbaenids by the folllowing combination of characters: (1) snout rounded in dorsal view and slightly convex in lateral view; (2) two precloacal pores; (3) 161–176 dorsal half-annuli; and (4) 12–15 tail annuli. Our molecular phylogenetic analysis retrieved a monophyletic Amphisbaena silvestrii group, with A. silvestrii positioned as the sister-group of a clade formed by Amphisbaena anaemariae and the new species described herein. Members of the A. silvestrii group including A. neglecta and A. crisae not added in our phylogenetic analysis are characterized by a relatively small body, two precloacal pores, body coloration with dark and light areas, and lack of specializations on the cephalic or caudal shields. We present a key for two-pored species of Amphisbaena.

Amphisbaena hoogmoedi sp. nov. (Figs. 1���3) Holotype. MZUSP 106219 (field number CHTP 13677), adult female, from right bank of Teles Pires River (- 9.352��S - 56.692�� W, 220 m a.s.l.; datum WGS 84), area impacted by the Teles Pires hydroelectric dam, Jacareacanga municipality, Par��, Brazil, collected on 23rd September 2014 by faunal rescue team of Arcadis-Logos. Paratypes. All collected at type locality by faunal rescue team of Arcadis-Logos. MPEG 32283 (field number CHTP 13670), female collected on 29rd September 2014; MPEG 32284 (field number CHTP 13672), male collected on 23rd September 2014; MZUSP 106220 (field number CHTP 13683), male collected on 23rd September 2014; MPEG 32285 (field number CHTP 13759), male collected on 30rd September 2014. Diagnosis. Amphisbaena hoogmoedi sp. nov. is a medium-sized amphisbaenid (291 mm maximum snout-vent length), and can be distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characters (see details in Appendix II): (1) snout convex in profile view, sligthly compressed not keeled; (2) pectoral scales arranged in regular annuli; (3) conspicuous autotomic site between 7th���8th caudal annuli; (4) 247���252 dorsal half-annuli; (5) 27 caudal annuli; (6) tail length representing 9.5���10.4% of snout-vent length; (7) four precloacal pores arranged in sequence, (8) three supralabials, (9) a rounded tail, (10) 22���24 dorsal segments in midbody half-annulus; (11) postmalar row absent; (12) head length 2.1���2.9% of snout-vent length; (13) prefrontals length 46.6���49.5% of head length; (14) prefrontals suture length 38���44.6% of head length; (15) small malar length 10.6���13.4% of head length; (16) second infralabial length 33.8���38.5% of head length; (17) ventral length of head 2.7���2.9% of snout-vent length; (18) mouth length 80.2���81.8% of head length; (19) third infralabial length 16.4���19.6% of head length; (20) snout length 62.5���78.6% of head length; (21) ocular length 23.4���26.2% of head length; (22) mental length 23.2���25.4% of head length; (23) postmental length 27.2���31.3% of head length; (24) frontals suture length 23.4���32.3% of head length; (25) postocular width 25���31.9% of maximun width of head; (26) first supralabial length 24.9���30.6% of head length; (27) second supralabial length 27.7���30% of head length; and (28) second supralabial height 26.9���28.8% of maximun head height. Comparisons with other species. Amphisbaena sp. nov. is diagnosed of all other South American amphisbaenians by combination of characters. Differs from Amphisbaena acrobeles (Ribeiro, Castro-Mello & Nogueira, 2009), A. bilabialata (Stimson, 1972), A. kingii (Bell, 1833), A. anomala (Barbour, 1914), Mesobaena huebneri Mertens, 1925; M. rhachicephala Hoogmoed, Pinto, Rocha & Pereira, 2009; and all Leposternon species, mainly in having the snout convex in profile view, sligthly compressed not keeled (vs. snout hardly compressed forming a sharp and prominent keel or snout depressed shovel-like). Differs from A. anomala and all Leposternon species by having pectoral scales arranged in regular annuli (vs. pectoral scales with an irregular form, and dermal annuli not regularly arranged). Amphisbaena sp. nov. differs all other South American amphisbaenians, except A. absaberi, A. arenaria, A. bahiana, A. bedai, A. borelli, A. brasiliana, A. carli, A. cuiabana, A. ignatiana, A. kraoh, A. roberti, A. saxosa, and A. steindachneri (Appendix II), mainly in having snout slightly compressed not keeled (vs. snout not compressed and rounded). Differs from A. bahiana, A. brasiliana, A. carli, A. kraoh, and A. saxosa mainly by having 247���252 dorsal half-annuli, 27 caudal annuli and a tail length representing 9.5���10.4% of to snout-vent length (vs. less than 247 or more than 252 dorsal half-annuli, less than 27 caudal annuli and less than 9.5). Differs from Amphisbaena absaberi in having 247���252 dorsal half-annuli, four precloacal pores arranged in sequence, and conspicuous autotomic site between 7th���8th caudal annuli (vs. 239���242 dorsal half-annuli, two precloacal pores separated by cloacal segments, and autotomic site between 5th���6th caudal annuli), head length 2.1���2.9% of snout-vent length (vs. 3.2���4.2%). Differs from Amphisbaena arenaria and A. bedai in having four precloacal pores arranged in sequence and three supralabials (vs. two pairs of pre-cloacal pores separated by two medial segments extending from the cloacal plate and four supralabials). Differs from A. borelli, A. roberti and A. steindachneri in having a rounded tail and 22���24 dorsal segments at midbody (vs. a keeled tail tip and less than 20 dorsal segments at midbody). Differs from A. cuiabana and A. ignatiana mainly in having 247���252 dorsal half-annuli, 27 tail annuli (vs. 278���309 and 15���20, and 255���263 and 15���20, respectively), prefrontals length 46.6���49.5% of head length (vs. 36.7���45% and 32,7%, respectively), prefrontals suture length 38���44.6% of head length (vs. 30.5���36.7% and 30%, respectively), small malar length 10.6���13.4% of ventral length of head (vs. 1.1���8.3% and 4.5%, respectively), second infralabial length 33.8���38.5% of head length (vs. 11���32% and 26.3%, respectively). In addition, it differs from A. cuiabana mainly in having ventral length of head 2.7���2.9% of snout-vent length (vs. 1.8���2.5%), mouth length 80.2���81.8% of head length (vs. 57.9���65.4%), and third infralabial length 16.4���19.6% of head length (vs. 6.8���12%). Differs from A. ignatiana mainly in having four precloacal pores, three supralabials and postmalar row absent (vs. six precloacal pores, four supralabials and postmalar row present), snout length 62.5���78.6% of head length (vs. 51%), ocular length 23.4���26.2% of head length (vs. 46.5%), mental length 23.2���25.4% of ventral length of head (vs. 19.5%), postmental length 27.2���31.3% of ventral length of head (vs. 19.5%), frontals suture length 23.4���32.3% of head length (vs. 36.4%), tail length 9.5���10.4% of snout-vent length (vs. 11.6%), postocular width 25���31.9% of maximun width of head (vs. 34.7%), first supralabial length 24.9���30.6% of head length (vs. 19.7%), second supralabial length 27.7���30% of head length (vs. 13.3%) and second supralabial height 26.9���28.8% of maximun head height (vs. 39.6%). Description of the holotype: medium-sized specimen; snout-vent length 205 mm; tail length 21.2 mm. Head slightly compressed, not keeled, convex in profile, somewhat distinct from neck, which is slightly narrower than the body; snout prognathous. Rostral campaniform and visible in ventral view, higher than wide, in contact with nasal, in narrow contact with first supralabial; nasals aligned at the midline, subrectangular, longer than wide, in broad contact with each other at the midline, in broad contact with prefrontal and first supralabial, with nostrils placed on the anterior and ventral half of the scale; prefrontals paired, aligned at the midline, subpentagonal in profile, longer than wide, in broad contact at midline, in narrow contact with the first supralabial, and in broad contact with the second supralabials, frontal, and ocular, is the larger shield on top of the head; frontals paired, aligned at the midline, in narrow contact with post-oculars laterally, and contacting with parietals; occipitals absent; parietals in four subquadrangular segments, followed by the first dorsal half-annulus; oculars longer than high, subtrapezoidal, in contact with second and third supralabials, postocular, and prefrontal, and in point contact with temporal; eyes not visible; postocular longer than wide, subpentagonal, in contact with frontal temporal, parietal and the segments of the first dorsal half-annulus, and in point contact with prefrontal; temporal small, subtriangular, in contact with the third supralabial and the first dorsal half-annulus; three supralabials, the first and second longer than wide; first supralabial subtrapezoidal, contacting second supralabial; second supralabial subpentagonal, contacting with third supralabial; third supralabial subpentagonal, in contact with the segments of the first dorsal half-annulus. Mental longer than wide, in contact with the first pair of infralabials and postmental; postmental longer than wide, in contact with the second supralabial and the first row of postgenials; first row of postgenials with six shields irregularly distributed, in contact with malars and the second row of postgenials; the second row of postgenials with seven elongated and narrowed shaped shields, in contact with the malars and the first ventral halfannulus; one malar on each side, wider than long, in contact with second, third infralabial and the first ventral halfannulus. Three infralabials, first medium sized, subpentagonal, in contact with second supralabial, the second the largest, subhexagonal, in contact with third infralabial; third infralabial smallest, longer than wide, in contact with the first ventral half-annulus. Body annuli well demarcated, first and second annuli without enlarged dorsal segments. Segments become regularly rectangular toward posterior portion of body and progressively longer than wide, and smaller in size, and larger towards midventral areas; 249 dorsal annuli; 27 caudal annuli; tail long with autotomy line on the seventh annulus; four lateral half-annuli adjacent to cloacal region, between the last body annulus and the first caudal annulus; lateral sulci clearly visible; 23/20 dorsal and ventral segments at midbody, respectively; dorsal and ventral sulci absent; cloacal plate with ten segments increasing in size from towards midline, twelve post-cloacal segments; four precloacal pores strongly visible on the row of segments on the last ventral half-annulus; each pore placed on the posterior half of a single segment, and distributed along a continuous series of segments, but pores in the medial scales placed laterally. Coloration light brown on dorsal half-annuli and on the lateral sulcus. On the ventral portion of the body and head is light beige. The infralabial shield and shields on the side and back of the head are yellowish (Figs. 1���3). The coloration on the tail follows that on the back, with the last caudal annulus light brown both dorsally and ventrally (Fig. 3). Cranial osteology (Figs. 4���5). Description based on a single specimen (holotype, MZUSP 106219) Postorbital region elongate, approximately 70% of skull length, slightly concave dorsally, preorbital region shorter, 30% of skull length, craniofacial angulation slight, ca. 160�� (sensu Kearney 2003); skull length approximately 11 mm, from tip of premaxilla to the occipital condyle, 5% of snout-vent length; prognathous. Dorsal surfaces smooth, nasal/frontal region rugose. Orbit delimited by posterior portion of prefrontal, lateral portion of the frontal, and tabulosphenoid, and the dorsal margin of the ectopterygoid, bordered ventrally by posterior process of maxilla. Premaxilla and nasals form a rounded, slightly acuminate, snout in dorsal view and oblique in profile. Premaxilla, maxillae and nasals enclose the border of a relatively large external nasal opening. Premaxilla, azygous, longer than wide, slender; contacts maxilla ventrolaterally, nasal laterally, septomaxilla ventromedially; nasal process long, narrow, projects between nasals, reaching as far as 70% of nasal length; palatal process wide, roughly triangular in ventral view, curve in profile, concave and notched posteriorly; overlays maxillary palatal plate posteroventrally, anteriorly to maxillary teeth; anterior opening of the longitudinal canal posteriorlly from anterior contact between premaxilla and nasal; bears seven teeth, three medials, anterior one largest, projects posteroventrally; a short diastema present between anterior-most maxillary tooth and posterior premaxillary tooth. Nasal, paired, longer than wide, concave ventrally, with complex shape, anterior margin convex, projecting anteromedially, posterior margin with a long, narrow fingers projected posteriorly; dorsal surface pierced by several small foramina, communicating to a posterolateral canal opening in the nasal chamber; contacts maxilla laterally, frontal posteriorly, premaxilla medially, septomaxilla anteroventrally. Maxilla, paired, longer than wide and high, with a complex shape; contacts nasal frontal anterodorsally and prefrontal dorsally, premaxilla anteroventrally, ectopterygoid posteroventrally, vomer medially, palatine posteriorlly, septomaxilla dorsomedially; frontal process relatively long, composed of a single ramus, inserted between anterior finger of frontal, and prefrontal; premaxillary process flat; lateral plate flat, slightly concave, pierced by five foramina; palatal plate roughly longitudinally concave, receiving the anteromedial process of ectopterygoid; four teeth in each maxilla, first largest, fifth smaller. Palatal series of difficult visualization due to the presence of debris inside the animal���s mouth. Septomaxilla, paired, robust, longer than wide and high; contacts anteriorly premaxilla and nasal, ventromedially vomer, ventrolaterally maxilla; lateral process relatively short; vertical plate concave ventrally; horizontal plate wide, overlaying palatal plate of maxilla. Vomer, paired, longer than wide and high; contacts anteriorly premaxilla, laterally maxilla, posteriorly palatine, dorsally septomaxilla; rostral process slightly curved ventrally, posterior process elongate, narrow, ending in an acute posterior tip, ventrally to palatines, and anteriorly to the cultriform process of the parabasisphenoid, separated at midline by a pyriform recess; lateral wing, projects posterodorsally a wide process, delimiting ��� between it and the medial articular plane���a groove that receives vomerine process of palatine, and anterodorsally a short roughly round process that delimits, between it and the medial articular plane, a posterior concave wall of vomeronasal chamber. Palatine, paired, longer than wide and high, contributes to the floor and medial wall of orbit, medial, dorsal and lateral walls of choanal vault, its posterior opening relatively large; contacts ectopterygoid laterally, pterygoid posteriorly, vomer anteroventrally; vomerine process narrow, acute, projects anteromedially; pterygoid process wide, rounded; medial surface of palatine arched, forming the posterodorsal border of the internal choana. Ectopterygoid, paired, longer than wide, placed between maxilla and pterygoid; contacts pterygoid posteriorly, palatine medially, maxilla anterodorsally, medially to the two posterior maxillary teeth; posteroventral process long, acute, contacts palatine medially and pterygoid posteriorly; posterodorsal process, elongate, contacts pterygoid posterolaterally; anterolateral process wide, rounded, contacts posterior end of maxillary lateral plate; anteromedial process elongate, contacts palatal plate of maxilla ventrally. Pterygoid, paired, longer than wide and high, narrower posteriorly, borders ventrolaterally the surface of the skull; contacts maxilla, palatine and ectopterygoid anteriorly, parabasisphenoid medially, quadrate dorsolaterally; posterior process long, curved dorsally, contacts quadrate; anterolateral process wide, three-ramified, lateral ramus wider, contacting ectopterygoid anteriorly, palatine medially, a lateral ridge projects dorsally along its length; anteromedial process elongated, curved laterally, ending in an acute tip inserted between palatine and cultriform process of parabasisphenoid. Intermediated segments composed of frontals, prefrontals, parietal and tabulosphenoid. Prefrontal, paired, higher and wide and long, large, roughly triangular in lateral view, contributes to facial surface and inner wall of orbit; contacts maxilla ventrally, frontal medially and posteriorly, palatine posteroventrally. Frontal, paired, longer than wide, with a complex shape, and in contact at is midline by sinusoidal suture; contacts parietal posteriorly and nasal anteriorly both through interdigitate sutures, maxilla and prefrontal lateroventrally, tabulosphenoid posteroventrally; posterior fingers long, narrow, irregularly in size, project in its suture with parietal; anteromedial finger wide; anterolateral finger deeply bifurcate, producing a suture with three frontal projections indented with two nasal ones; dorsal plate slightly convex, rugose anteriorly, with a somewhat similar texture as the nasals, projecting wide descending process vertical plate in contact at their mid ventral line through the ventral process that overlays ventrally tabulosphenoid, enclosing the anterior portion of cranial cavity, defining an anterior heartshaped oblique aperture; lateral process projecting ventrolaterally from the descending process vertical plate, contacting prefrontal, forming the anterior wall of orbit. Parietal, azygous, longer than wide and high; contacts frontal anteriorly, projecting irregular fingers into the interdigitate suture with frontal, tabulosphenoid lateroventrally, supraoccipital posteriorly, posterolaterally alar process of prootic externally, oticoccipital complex internally, posterior notch receiving ascendens process of supraoccipital; sagittal crest well marked, running along middorsal line from the contact with ascendens process of supraoccipital to its contact with frontal; lateral external walls broad, convex, reaches but not contributes to the border of the Gasserian foramen; contributes to the lateral walls and roof of cranial cavity. Tabulosphenoid azygous, slightly longer than wide; contacts anterodorsally frontals, anterolaterally parietal, posteroventrally parabasisphenoid, ventrally palatine, posterolaterally alar process of prootic; half of its lateral edge free, delimiting the anteromedial border of about 30% of the length of Gasserian foramen; anteromedial process wide, notched medially, receiving and underlapping medial plate of frontals, anterolateral process wide, half of tabulosphenoid length, curved posteriorly; posterolateral process notched medially receiving a long, but shallow dorsal projection of cultriform process of parabasisphenoid, delimiting ventrally a groove that receives the cultriform process of parabasisphenoid. Occipital segment composed of elements-X, parabasisphenoid, quadrates and the co-ossified supraoccipital, exoccipital, basiocciptal and otic capsules. Element-x elongate, anterior portion rounded, its suture with basioccipital and parabasisphenoid well-marked, placed anteroventrally to fenestra ovale. Parabasisphenoid azygous, longer than wide, narrower anteriorly; approximates anterolaterally pterygoid, contacts anterodorsally tabulosphenoid, posterolaterally element-x and posteriorly basiocciptal; sella turcica shallow, flat, delimited laterally by a low wall, which contributes to about 60% of Gasserian foramen, pierced posteroventrally by the internal carotid foramen; basipterygoid process not distinct. Quadrate paired, longer than wide, ca., Published as part of Oliveira, Elaine C. S., Vaz-Silva, Wilian, Santos-Jr, Alfredo P., Graboski, Roberta, Jr, Mauro Teixeira, Vechio, Francisco Dal & Ribeiro, S��ria, 2018, A new four-pored Amphisbaena Linnaeus, 1758 (Amphisbaenia, Amphisbaenidae) from Brazilian Amazon, pp. 451-474 in Zootaxa 4420 (4) on pages 453-462, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4420.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1250985, {"references":["Ribeiro, S., Castro-Mello, C. & Nogueira, C. (2009) New species of Anops Bell, 1833, (Squamata, Amphisbaenia) from Jalapao Region in the Brazilian Cerrado. Journal of Herpetology, 43 (1), 21 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 07 - 299 R 1.1","Stimson, A. F. (1972) A new species of Anops from Mato Grosso, Brazil (Reptilia: Amphisbaenia). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Zoology, 24 (3), 205 - 212.","Bell, T. (1833) Mr. Bell exhibited specimens of two reptiles, forming part of his collection, which he regarded as the types of two genera hitherto undescribed. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1833, 98 - 99.","Barbour, T. (1914) Some new reptiles. Proceedings of the New England Zoology Club, 4, 95 - 98. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 9343","Mertens, R. (1925) Eine neue Eidechsengattung aus der Familie der Leposterniden. Senckenbergiana, 7 (5), 170 - 171.","Hoogmoed, M. S., Pinto, R. R., Rocha, W. A. & Pereira, E. G. (2009) A new species of Mesobaena Mertens, 1925 (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae) from Brazilian Guiana, with a key to the Amphisbaenidae of the Guianan region. Herpetologica, 65 (4), 436 - 448. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / 08 - 062.1","Kearney, M. (2003) Systematics of the Amphisbaenia (Lepidosauria: Squamata) based on morphological evidence from recent and fossil forms. Herpetological Monographs, 17, 1 - 74."]}

A new species of Amphisbaena is described from the Brazilian Amazon, within the area impacted by the Teles Pires hydroelectric power plant, Jacareacanga municipality, State of Pará. Amphisbaena hoogmoedi sp. nov. can be diagnosed from its congeners by the following combination of characters: snout convex in profile view, sligthly compressed not keeled; pectoral scales arranged in regular annuli; conspicuous autotomic site between 7th–8th caudal annuli; 247–252 dorsal half-annuli; 27 caudal annuli; tail length 9.5–10.4% of snoutvent length; four precloacal pores arranged in sequence; three supralabials; a rounded tail; 22–24 dorsal segments in midbody annulus; postmalar row absent; head length 2.1–2.9% of snout-vent length; prefrontals length 46.6–49.5% of head length; prefrontals suture length 38–44.6% of head length; small malar length 10.6–13.4% of ventral length of head ; second infralabial length 33.8–38.5% of head length; ventral length of head 2.7–2.9% of snout-vent length; mouth length 80.2–81.8% of head length; third infralabial length 16.4–19.6% of head length; snout length 62.5–78.6% of head length; ocular length 23.4–26.2% of head length; mental length 23.2–25.4% of ventral length of head; postmental length 27.2–31.3% of ventral length of head; frontals suture length 23.4–32.3% of head length; postocular width 25–31.9% of maximun width of head; first supralabial length 24.9–30.6% of head length; second supralabial length 27.7–30% of head length and second supralabial height 26.9–28.8% of maximun head height. The hemipenis is bilobed, capitate and with lateral lamellae on the lobes; with a centrally-positioned spermatic groove, bifurcated at the base of the lobes, and with each branch extending to the tip of organ.

Amphisbaena caetitensis sp nov. Holotype. Immature male (MUFAL 13635), collected on April 25–27, 2017 at Fazenda do Engenho (13°50’48”S, 42°16’29”W), 854m of elevation, in the municipality of Caetité, Bahia State, northeastern Brazil by AMP. Paratypes. Five specimens collected along with the holotype: MUFAL 13632, immature male; MHNBA190, immature female; MHNBA191, immature male; MUFAL 13633, immature female and MUFAL 1 3634, immature male. MUFAL 13636 was also collected at Fazenda do Engenho, about one kilometer away from the rest of the type series at 13°51’16”S, 42°16’37”W on May 02–31, 2017, sex undetermined; all collected by AMP. Etymology. The name of the species refers to its type-locality, Caetité municipality, Bahia State, Brazil. Diagnosis. A small Amphisbaena reaching up to 235 mm of total length. It is readily distinguished of its congeners by the presence of modified pointed scales on the tip of the tail visible on dorsal view, starting on the 7– 8 th tail annulus; by having 186–194 body annuli; 0–2 intercalated body annuli; 10–12 tail annuli; 16 dorsal and 19– 22 ventral segments on a midbody annulus (Table 1). Paired nasal, prefrontal, frontal and parietal shields in broad contact on the dorsal surface of the head; rostral shield slightly visible in dorsal view; three supralabials; three infralabials. Mental and post-mental scales present; post-mental scale followed by two rows of post-genial scales generally with two and three scales respectively. Dorsal and ventral sulci absent, lateral sulcus present, starting around the 45 th annulus. Four rounded pre-cloacal pores sequentially arranged; 6–7 pre-cloacal scales and 12–14 post-cloacal scales. Autotomy site absent. Coloration in preservative. Dorsal surface of the body raw umber (color 280; Kohler 2012); ventral surface pale buff (color 1), generally darker on the anterior portion of the body. Scales on the lateral of the body raw umber on the center and pale buff on the edges. Dorsal surface of the head raw umber posteriorly and olive brow (color 278) anteriorly. Ventral surface of the head pale buff. Holotype description. An immature male measuring 221mm of snout-vent length and 14 mm of tail length. Body diameter 8.25 mm and tail diameter 8.28 mm. Head not distinct from neck, narrower than the body. Head width 5.62 mm and length 7.42 mm. Snout rounded; rostral slightly visible on dorsal view, subtriangular. Paired nasals, prefrontals, frontals and parietals in broad contact at midline. Nasals quadrangular, contacting the rostral anteriorly and the first supralabial ventrally. Prefrontals rectangular, the largest shields on the head representing 35.3% of the head length (measured on the suture between the two prefrontal shields), in contact with nasal anteriorly, point contact with first supralabial, in contact with second supralabial and ocular ventrally and frontal, and marginally the postocular, posteriorly. Frontals almost trapezoid, representing 34.2% of the head length, in contact with prefrontal anteriorly, point contact with ocular and broad contact with postocular ventrally and parietal posteriorly (Figure 2A and D). Parietals hexagonal, 10.6% of the head length, part of the second body annulus, in broad contact with frontal and postocular anteriorly. Oculars quadrangular, in broad contact with prefrontal anteriorly, point contact with frontal dorsally and temporal posteriorly, in broad contact with postocular posteriorly and second and third supralabials ventrally. Eyes barely visible, perceived as grayish spots (Figure 2B and E). Three supralabials, the second slightly larger. First supralabial triangular, contacts the rostral anteriorly, in broad contact with the nasal and point contact with the prefrontal dorsally. Second supralabial pentagonal, broadly contacts the prefrontal and the ocular dorsally, point contact with nasal. Third supralabial pentagonal, contacts the ocular and largely the temporal dorsally and the first body annulus posteriorly (Figure 2B and E). Three infralabials, second the largest. First infralabial trapezoid, in broad contact with mental anteriorly and postmental ventrally. Second infralabial pentagonal, largely contacting the postmental ventrally and malar posteriorly, point contact with first row of postgenials ventrally. Third infralabial quadrangular, in broad contact with malar ventrally and first body annulus posteriorly. Mental trapezoid, almost as long as wide, in broad contact with first infralabial laterally and postmental posteriorly. Postmental longer than wide, in broad contact with first and second infralabials laterally, followed by two rows of postgenials with two and three scales, respectively. Malar trapezoid, slightly wider than long, in broad contact with second infralabial anteriorly, third infralabial and two rows of postgenials laterally and first body annulus posteriorly; postmalars absent (Figure 2C and F). One hundred and ninety-four body annuli, 11 tail annuli, intercalated body annuli absent, 16 dorsal and 20 ventral segments on a midbody annulus. Dorsal and ventral sulci absent, lateral sulcus present starting on the 45 th annulus. Four rounded and sequentially arranged precloacal pores; six precloacal and 14 postcloacal scales (Figure 3A). Scales on the tip of tail modified in pointed tubercles starting on the eighth tail annulus, visible on lateral and dorsal views (Figure 3 B–C). Dorsal surface of body raw umber; ventral surface pale buff, darker on the anterior portion of the body; head olive brown anteriorly on the nasal and rostral shields, raw umber posteriorly; ventral surface pale buff. Variation. There was no striking variation within the type series, except by the presence of intercalated body annuli, which was only detected in MHNBA190 and MHNBA191. Other relevant variations within the type series are in Table 1. Comparison with other species. Characters from other species are in parenthesis. The presence of a modified tail distinguish the new species from all South American amphisbaenids, except Amphisbaena uroxena. The round head distinguish the new species from A. bagual Ribeiro, Santos & Zaher, 2015; A. cerradensis (Ribeiro, Vaz-Silva & Santos-Jr., 2008); A. infraorbitale (Bertold, 1859), A. kisteumacheri (Porto, Soares & Caramaschi, 2000); A. maxima (Ribeiro, Nogueira, Cintra, Silva-Jr. & Zaher, 2011); A. microcephala (Wagler, 1824); A. octostega (Duméril, 1851); A. polystega (Duméril, 1851); A. scutigera (Hemprich, 1820) and A. wuchereri (Peters, 1879) (shovel head). This character also distinguishes the new species from A. acrobeles (Ribeiro, Catro-Mello & Nogueira, 2009); A. bilabialata (Stimson, 1972), A. kingii (Bell, 1833), Mesobaena huebneri Mertens, 1925 and M. rhachicephala Hoogmoed, Pinto, da Rocha & Pereira, 2009 (keeled head). The presence of four precloacal pores diagnose the new species from A. anaemariae Vanzolini, 1997; A. brevis Strussmann & Mott, 2009; A. caiari Teixeira Jr, dal Vechio, Neto & Rodrigues, 2014; A. carli Pinna, Mendonça, Bocchiglieri & Fernandes, 2010; A. crisae Vanzolini, 1997; A. dubia Muller, 1924; A. filiformis Ribeiro, Gomes, Rodrigues da Silva, Cintra & da Silva, 2016; A. hiata Montero & Céspedez, 2002; A. leeseri Gans, 1964a; A. maranhensis Gomes & Maciel, 2012; A. metallurga Costa, Resende, Teixeira, Vechio & Clemente, 2015; A. mitchelli Procter, 1923; A. miringoera Vanzolini, 1971; A. neglecta Dunn & Piatt, 1936; A. persephone Pinna, Mendonça, Bocchiglieri & Fernandes, 2014 and A. silvestrii Boulenger, 1902 (0–3 pores). This characteristic also differentiate it from A. fuliginosa Linnaeus, 1758; A. ignatiana Vanzolini, 1991a; A. kraoh (Vanzolini, 1971); A. leucocephala Peters, 1878; A. littoralis Roberto, Brito & Ávila, 2014; A. mertensii Strauch, 1881; A. pretrei Duméril & Bibron, 1839 and A. stejnegeri Ruthven, 1922 (5–12 pores). Among the four-pored amphisbaenids, A. caetitensis sp nov. differs from A. bahiana Vanzolini, 1964; A. borelli Peracca, 1897; A. roberti Gans, 1964b; A. steindachneri Strauch, 1881 and A. polygrammica Werner, 1901 by having 186–194 body annuli (>204) and 10–12 tail annuli (>14). Moreover, it differs from all remaining species by the absence of an autotomy site, except A. alba Linnaeus, 1758; A. angustifrons Cope, 1861; A. brasiliana (Gray, 1865); A. ridleyi Boulenger, 1890; A. saxosa (Castro-Mello, 2003) and A. uroxena. The new species differs from A. alba by having 186–194 body annuli (198–248), 10–12 tail annuli (13–21), 16 dorsal segments on a midbody annulus (30–42) and 19–22 ventral segments on a midbody annulus (35–46). In the same way, A. caetitensis sp nov. differs from A. ridleyi by having 10–12 tail annuli (14–17, Table 2). It differs from A. brasiliana and A. saxosa by having 186–194 body annuli (>213), 16 dorsal segments on a midbody annulus (>18) and in the sequential disposition of the precloacal pores which are separated by an area without pores in A. brasiliana and A. saxosa (Table 2). Additionally, it also differs from both species in the shape of rostral and nasals (large rostral and reduced nasals that do not contact at midline). Furthermore, A. caetitensis sp nov. differs from all species mentioned above, except A. uroxena, by having modified conic pointed tubercles on the tip of its tail. Finally, it differs from A. uroxena by having 186–194 body annuli (199–213), and 16 dorsal segments on a midbody annulus (12–14), 19–22 ventral segments on a midbody annulus (14–15, Table 2) and snout-vent length higher than 187 mm (Genetic distance. The final alignment resulted in a matrix of, 442 base pairs. Mean interspecific distance on the 16S rRNA whitin Amphisbaenidae was 12.09% while mean intraspecific distance was 1.34%. Amphisbaena uroxena had the lowest genetic distance to A. caetitensis sp nov. (7.65%, Supplementary Table S1)., Published as part of Almeida, João Paulo Felix Augusto De, Freitas, Marco Antonio De, Silva, Márcio Borba Da, Valverde, Maria Celeste Costa, Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut, Pires, Adriano Moreira & Mott, Tamí, 2018, A new four-pored Amphisbaena (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae) from northeastern Brazil, pp. 553-562 in Zootaxa 4514 (4) on pages 554-558, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4514.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/2609386, {"references":["Ribeiro, S., Santos-Junior, A. P. & Zaher, H. (2015) A new species of Leposternon Wagler, 1824 (Squamata, Amphisbaenia) from northeastern Argentina. Zootaxa, 4034 (2), 309 - 324. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4034.2.4","Ribeiro, S., Vaz-Silva, W. & Santos Junior, A. P. (2008) New pored Leposternon (Squamata, Amphisbaenia) from Brazilian Cerrado. Zootaxa, 1930, 18 - 38.","Porto, M., Soares, M. & Caramaschi, U. (2000) A new species of Leposternon Wagler, 1824 from Minas Gerais, Brazil, with a key to the species of the genus (Amphisbaenia, Amphisbaenidae). Boletim do Museu Nacional, Nova Serie Zoologia, 412, 1 - 10.","Ribeiro, S., Nogueira, C., Cintra, C. E. D, Silva, N. J. & Zaher, H. (2011) Description of a New Pored Leposternon (Squamata, Amphisbaenidae) from the Brazilian Cerrado. South American Journal of Herperpetology, 6 (3), 177 - 188. https: // doi. org / 10.2994 / 057.006.0303","Wagler, J. (1824) Serpentum Brasiliensium species novae, ou histoire naturelle des especes nouvelles de serpens. In: Spix, J. (Ed.), Animalia nova sive species novae. Typis Franc. Seraph. Hubschmanni, Monaco, pp. 75.","Dumeril, M. C. & Dumeril, M. A. (1851) Catalogue methodique de la collection des reptiles du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Gide et Baudry, Paris, 224 pp.","Hemprich, W. F. G. (1820) Amphisbaenarum generis novas species duas descripsit. Ferhandlungen der Gesellschaft Naturforschunden Freunde, 1, 129 - 130.","Peters, W. C. H. (1879) Uber die Amphisbaenen und eine zu denselben gehorige neue Art (Lepidosternon wuchereri). Monatsberichte der Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1879, 273 - 277.","Ribeiro, S., Castro-Mello, C. & Nogueira, C. (2009) New Species of Anops Bell, 1833 (Squamata, Amphisbaenia) from Jalapao Region in the Brazilian Cerrado. Journal of Herpetology, 43 (1), 21 - 28. https: // doi. org / 10.1670 / 07 - 299 R 1.1","Stimson, A. F. (1972) A new species of Anops from Mato Grosso, Brazil (Reptilia: Amphisbaenia). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Zooloogy, 24 (3), 205 - 212.","Bell, T. (1833) Descriptions of two reptiles and the types of two genera hitherto undescribed. Characters of two new genera of reptiles. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1833, 98 - 99.","Mertens, R. (1925) Eine neue Eidechsengattung aus der Familie der Leposterniden. Senckenbergiana, 7 (5), 170 - 171.","Hoogmoed, M. S., Pinto, R. R., Rocha, W. A. & Pereira, E. G. (2009) A new species of Mesobaena Mertens, 1925 (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae) from Brazilian Guiana, with a key to the Amphisbaenidae of the Guianan region. Herpetologica, 65 (4), 436 - 448. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / 08 - 062.1","Vanzolini, P. E. (1997) The silvestrii species group of Amphisbaena, with the description of two new Brasilian species (Reptilia: Amphisbaenia). Papeis Avulsos de Zooloogia, 40 (3), 65 - 85.","Strussmann, C. & Mott, T. (2009) Sympatric amphisbaenids from Manso Dam region, Mato Grosso State, Western Brazil, with the description of a new two-pored species of Amphisbaena (Squamata, Amphisbaenidae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 44 (1), 37 - 46. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520802628295","Teixeira-Jr., M., Dal Vechio, F., Neto, A. M. & Rodrigues, M. T. (2014) A New Two-Pored Amphisbaena Linnaeus, 1758, from Western Amazonia, Brazil (Amphisbaenia: Reptilia). South American Journal of Herpetology, 9 (1), 62 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.2994 / SAJH-D- 14 - 00004.1","Pinna, P. H., Mendonca, A. F., Bocchiglieri, A. & Fernandes, D. S. (2010) A new two-pored Amphisbaena Linnaeus from the endangered Brazilian Cerrado biome (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae). Zootaxa, 2569, 44 - 54.","Muller, L. (1924) Ueber neue oder seltene Mittel- und Sudamerikanische Amphibien und Reptilien. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 11 (1), 75 - 93.","Ribeiro, S., Gomes, J. O., Silva, H. L. R., Cintra, C. E. D. & Silva Junior, N. J. (2016) A new two-pored species of Amphisbaena (Squamata, Amphisbaenidae) from the Brazilian Cerrado, with a key to the two-pored species of Amphisbaena. Zootaxa, 4147 (2), 124 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4147.2.2","Montero, R. & Cespedez, J. (2002) New two-pored Amphisbaena (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae) from Argentina. Copeia, 2002 (3), 792 - 797.","Gans, C. (1964 a) New records of Amphisbaena silvestrii Boulenger, and the description of a new two-pored species from the northern Chaco (Amphisbaenia: Reptilia). Copeia, 1964 (3), 553 - 561. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1441523","Gomes, J. O. & Maciel, A. O. (2012) A new species of Amphisbaena Linnaeus (Squamata, Amphisbaenidae) from the state of Maranhao, northern Brazilian Cerrado. Zootaxa, 3572, 43 - 54.","Costa, H. C., Resende, F. C., Teixeira-Jr., M., Dal Vechio, F. & Clemente, C. A. (2015) A new Amphisbaena (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae) from southern Espinhaco Range, southeastern Brazil. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 87 (2), 891 - 901. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 0001 - 3765201520140088","Procter, J. B. (1923) On new and rare reptiles from South America. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1923 (4), 1061 - 1068. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1923. tb 02220. x","Vanzolini, P. E. (1971) New Amphisbaenidae from Brasil. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 24 (14), 191 - 195.","Dunn, E. R. & Piatt, J. (1936) A new Amphisbaena from Brazil. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 88 (1936), 527 - 528.","Pinna, P. H., Mendonca, A. F., Bocchiglieri, A. & Fernandes, D. S. (2014) A New Species of Amphisbaena Linnaeus, 1758 from a Cerrado Region in Bahia, Northeastern Brazil (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae). Herpetologica, 70 (3), 339 - 349. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPETOLOGICA-D- 13 - 00039","Boulenger, G. A. (1902) Descriptions of new fishes and reptiles discovered by Dr. F. Silvestri in South America. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 9 (52), 284 - 288. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930208678587","Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. 10 th Edition. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp.","Vanzolini, P. E. (1991 a) Two new small species of Amphisbaena from the fossil dune field of the middle Rio Sao Francisco, State of Bahia, Brasil (Reptilia, Amphisbaenia). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 37 (17), 259 - 276.","Peters, W. C. H. (1878) Uber vier neue amerikanische Amphisbaena-Arten. Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preussische Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1878, 778 - 781.","Roberto, I. J., Brito, L. B. M. & Avila, R. W. (2014) A new six-pored Amphisbaena (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae) from the coastal zone of northeast Brazil. Zootaxa, 3753 (2), 167 - 176. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3753.2.6","Strauch, A. (1881) Bemerkungen uber die Eidechsenfamilie der Amphisbaeniden. Melanges Biologiques de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de Saint Petersbourg, 11, 355 - 479.","Ruthven, A. G. (1922) A new species of Amphisbaena from British Guiana. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology of the University of Michigan, 122, 1 - 2.","Vanzolini, P. E. (1964) Amphisbaena bahiana sp. n., do Brasil (Sauria: Amphisbaenidae). Pilot Registry of Zoology, 8, 1.","Peracca, M. G. (1897) Rettili e Anfibi. Viaggio del Dott. Alfredo Borelli nel Chaco boliviano e nella Repubblica Argentina. Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Universita di Torino, 12 (274), 1 - 19.","Gans, C. (1964 b) The South American species of Amphisbaena with a vertically keeled tail (Reptilia, Amphisbaenidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 45 (3 - 5), 387 - 416.","Werner, F. (1901) Reptilien und Batrachier aus Peru und Bolivien. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Koniglichen Zoologischen und Anthropologisch-Etnographischen Museums zu Dresden, 9 (2), 1 - 14.","Cope, E. D. (1861) Some remarks defining the following species of Reptilia Squamata. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1861, 75 - 76.","Gray, J. E. (1865) A revision of the genera and species of amphisbaenians with the descriptions of some new species now in the collection of the British Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 16 (3), 365 - 377.","Boulenger, G. A. (1890) Reptilia. In: Ridley, H. N. (Ed.), Notes on the zoology of Fernando Noronha. Journal of the Linnean Society, London, pp. 481 - 482. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1886. tb 02243. x","Castro-Mello, C. (2003) Nova especie de Bronia Gray 1845, do estado do Tocantins, Brasil (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 43 (7), 139 - 143. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0031 - 10492003000700001"]}

A new species of Amphisbaena from the Espinhaço Mountain Range in Bahia State is described based on morphological and molecular data. Amphisbaena caetitensis sp nov. is a small four-pored amphisbaenian with 186–194 body annuli, 10–12 tail annuli, 16 dorsal and 19–22 ventral segments on a midbody annulus and a strikingly distinctive tail tip. The most similar species is A. uroxena, but they can be distinguished by some morphological features besides the genetic divergence of 7.65% on the mitochondrial 16S rRNA.

Amphisbaenaslateriis a rare species of worm lizard from Peru and Bolivia, known only from three specimens. We found two additional specimens of this taxon, housed at the herpetological collections of the Zoological Museum (Cenak), Universität Hamburg, and the University of Kansas Biodiversity Institute, updating its known geographic distribution and morphological variation. We also discovered an unpublished manuscript by late Carl Gans reporting the finding of the Hamburg specimen, which we reproduce here with the permission of his family.Amphisbaenaslaterican be identified by a combination of characters including counts of annuli, segments, and pores, the shape of head scales and color pattern. Basic morphological data is given for all species of Amphisbaenia known for Bolivia and Peru to aid in the identification of specimens from those countries.

Studies on the thermal biology of fossorial reptiles that examine the relationship between the body temperature and thermal environment are needed to determine the extent of their thermoregulation abilities. This study assessed the thermal biology of Amphisbaena munoai Klappenbach, 1969 in the rocky fields of the Rio Grande do Sul and in the laboratory. The body temperature of most individuals was between 24 and 30 °C, both in the field (n = 81) and laboratory (n = 19). More individuals were caught in winter (n = 55) and spring (n = 60) than in summer (n = 25) and fall (n = 45), and in spring, individuals showed similar nocturnal and diurnal activities. In the laboratory, we found individuals with body temperatures up to 5 °C higher than the ambient temperature (n = 4), suggesting that some physiological mechanisms participate in the thermoregulation of these animals. Amphisbaena munoai is a thigmothermic species that is capable of actively regulating its temperature by selecting microhabitats such that its various activities occur within an ideal temperature range. This study is the first to evaluate the effect of seasonality and diurnal and nocturnal variations on the thermoregulation of an amphisbaenid.

We describe a new species of Amphisbaena from the Caatinga of northeastern Brazil. The new taxon is identified mainly by having 216–239 body annuli, 13–17 caudal annuli without autotomic site, 4–8 (usually six) precloacal pores without a median hiatus, 18–24 dorsal and 18–24 ventral segments at a midbody annulus, 4 supralabials, 3 infralabials, and postmalar row present. The continued discovery of new amphisbaenians from Caatinga highlights the insufficient current knowledge regarding the diversity of this group in this semiarid region.

A new species of Amphisbaena is described from a Cerrado area in the southwestern region of the state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil. The new species is distinguishable from all other congeners by having a rounded snout; slender body with visible lateral and dorsal sulci; two rounded precloacal pores medially located; 230–241 body annuli; 19–22 caudal annuli; 12–14 dorsal and 14 ventral segments to a midbody annulus; tail with a marked autotomic constriction at caudal annuli 6–8; tail tip laterally compressed; three supralabials followed by one postsupralabial, and three infralabials followed by one postinfralabial on each side of the head.

Recent efforts to improve sampling of Brazilian biodiversity have yielded a number of undescribed species of amphisbaenids. Herein, we describe a new species of small, two-pored Amphisbaena from western Brazilian Amazonia. The new species can be distinguished from all congeners by the combination of the following characters: two precloacal pores arranged in a continuous series; snout rounded in lateral and dorsal views; tip of tail rounded; 233–250 body annuli; 20–24 caudal annuli; autotomy sites on caudal annuli 6–9; 10 dorsal and 12–14 ventral segments per annulus at midbody; absence of postmalars; suture between frontals slightly smaller than parietal and nasal sutures; and tail short relative to body length (tail length/body length = 0.10). The new species inhabits the rain forest and small patches of savanna vegetation within the Amazon Forest. A Bayesian analysis based on two mitochondrial (16S and ND2) and three nuclear (cmos, BNDF and RAG1) markers recovered the new species as sister to ...

We present new records of Amphisbaena metallurga (the first outside the type locality) and A. sanctaeritae (previously known only for the holotype), extending their known geographic ranges and improving their morphological descriptions. Additionally, we report for the first time the presence of A. hiata in Brazil. These new findings give continuity to a series of recent advances in the knowledge on biodiversity of Brazilian amphisbaenians. The new specimens are housed in regional collections, reinforcing the importance of such institutions for science.

Two new species of Amphisbaena are described from Bahia, one from Piata municipality with two precloacal pores, 232 body annuli, 27 caudal annuli, autotomic site at the 7th caudal annulus, and 16 dorsal and 18 ventral segments per annuli at midbody, and the other from Vitoria da Conquista with four precloacal pores, 208 body annuli, 25 caudal annuli, autotomic site at the 10th caudal annulus, and 14 dorsal and 16 ventral segments. The species from Vitoria da Conquista municipality is morphologically more similar to A. mensae than the new species from Piata. Despite their morphological differences, phylogenetic analysis of molecular data revealed that the new species are closely related, with the previously described species recovered in distinct clades.

In this study, we provide new morphological data, update geographic distribution, and discuss some issues of conservation of Amphisbaena littoralis, a poorly known species of northeastern Brazil. Meristic characters and patterns of head scalation match the published species diagnosis, but we observed some deviations from the type series. Thus, on the basis of the type series (n = 13) and newly examined material (n = 12), we propose the following redefinitions in some diagnostic characters of A. littoralis: snout–vent length 143–278 mm; tail length 19.3–70 mm; body annuli 251–270; tail annuli 29–34; dorsal and ventral segments of midbody annulus 19–22 and 20–24, respectively; precloacal pores 5–6 (usually 6); and supralabials 3–4 (usually 4). The new records are from eight localities in six municipalities along the coast of Rio Grande do Norte state, extending the known geographic distribution of A. littoralis ca. 172 km south from the type locality. On the basis of the minimum convex polygon method, we estimated the extent of occurrence of the species to be around 5,448 km2.

Key to the species of Amphisbaena with two precloacals pores 1. Precloacals pores arranged in a continuous series............................................................ 4 - Precloacals pores separated for median hiatus.............................................................. 2 2. Tail with autotomic constriction, less than 19 dorsal segments in midbody half-annulus, 3/3 supralabials............... 3 - Autotomic constriction of tail absent, more than 19 dorsal segments in midbody half-annulus, 4/4 supralabials............ ...................................................................................... Amphisbaena carli 3. More than 238 body annuli, less than 16 tail annuli, postmalar row absent, tail tip compressed...... Amphisbaena absaberi - Less than 215 body annuli, more than 17 tail annuli, postmalar row present, tail tip rounded........... Amphisbaena hiata 4. Postmalar present.................................................................................... 5 - Postmalar absent..................................................................................... 8 5. Body annuli 216���249; tail tip slightly compressed........................................... Amphisbaena leeseri - Body annuli less than 207, tail tip rounded................................................................ 6 6. Dorsal and ventral sulci present; 10���12 dorsal and 10���14 ventral segments to a midbody annulus.... Amphisbaena silvestrii - Dorsal and ventral sulci absent; 13���19 dorsal and 16���23 ventral segments to a midbody annulus..................... 7 7. Caudal annuli 19���25.................................................................. Amphisbaena darwini - Caudal annuli 15���18.............................................................. Amphisbaena heterozonata 8. Body annuli less than 139, 9 tail annuli.................................................... Amphisbaena brevis - Body annuli more than 150, tail annuli more than 12........................................................ 9 9. Body annuli less than 186............................................................................ 10 - Body annuli more than 202........................................................................... 12 10. 10 dorsal and 10 ventral segments to a midbody annulus...................................... Amphisbaena crisae - 12���16 dorsal and ventral segments to a midbody annulus.................................................... 11 11. Dorsal and ventral sulci present, 14���16 tail annuli......................................... Amphisbaena neglecta - Dorsal and ventral sulci absent, 18���20 tail annuli....................................... Amphisbaena anaemariae 12. Body annuli 328���342................................................................ Amphisbaena filiformis - Body annuli less than 292............................................................................ 13 13. Tail autotomic constriction absent...................................................................... 14 - Tail autotomic constriction present...................................................................... 16 14. Tail tip strongly compressed........................................................... Amphisbaena roberti - Tail tip rounded.................................................................................... 15 15. Tail annuli 13���18, dorsal sulci present..................................................... Amphisbaena dubia - Tail annuli 20���26, dorsal sulci absent................................................ Amphisbaena lumbricalis 16. 10 dorsal segments to a midbody annulus.................................................. Amphisbaena caiari - 12���16 dorsal segments to a midbody annulus............................................................. 17 17. Body annuli 203���220, caudal annuli 26���29, dorsal sulci absent............................... Amphisbaena mitchelli - Body annuli more than 229, tail annuli 18���24, dorsal sulci present............................................ 18 18. Tail tip rounded.................................................................. Amphisbaena miringoera - Tail tip slightly or strongly compressed.................................................................. 19 19. Body annuli 230���241, nasal well delimited and in contact in dorsal portion................... Amphisbaena persephone - Body annuli 283���292, nasal shield partially distinct........................................ Amphisbaena cuiabana, Published as part of Ribeiro, S��ria, Gomes, Jerriane O., Silva, Helder L��cio Rodrigues Da, Cintra, Carlos Eduardo D. & Jr, Nelson Jorge Da Silva, 2016, A new two-pored species of Amphisbaena (Squamata, Amphisbaenidae) from the Brazilian Cerrado, with a key to the two-pored species of Amphisbaena, pp. 124-142 in Zootaxa 4147 (2) on pages 135-136, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4147.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/262985

Key to the species of Amphisbaena with two precloacals pores 1. Precloacals pores arranged in a continuous series............................................................ 4 - Precloacals pores separated for median hiatus.............................................................. 2 2. Tail with autotomic constriction, less than 19 dorsal segments in midbody half-annulus, 3/3 supralabials............... 3 - Autotomic constriction of tail absent, more than 19 dorsal segments in midbody half-annulus, 4/4 supralabials............ ...................................................................................... Amphisbaena carli 3. More than 238 body annuli, less than 16 tail annuli, postmalar row absent, tail tip compressed...... Amphisbaena absaberi - Less than 215 body annuli, more than 17 tail annuli, postmalar row present, tail tip rounded........... Amphisbaena hiata 4. Postmalar present.................................................................................... 5 - Postmalar absent..................................................................................... 8 5. Body annuli 216–249; tail tip slightly compressed........................................... Amphisbaena leeseri - Body annuli less than 207, tail tip rounded................................................................ 6 6. Dorsal and ventral sulci present; 10–12 dorsal and 10–14 ventral segments to a midbody annulus.... Amphisbaena silvestrii - Dorsal and ventral sulci absent; 13–19 dorsal and 16–23 ventral segments to a midbody annulus..................... 7 7. Caudal annuli 19–25.................................................................. Amphisbaena darwini - Caudal annuli 15–18.............................................................. Amphisbaena heterozonata 8. Body annuli less than 139, 9 tail annuli.................................................... Amphisbaena brevis - Body annuli more than 150, tail annuli more than 12........................................................ 9 9. Body annuli less than 186............................................................................ 10 - Body annuli more than 202........................................................................... 12 10. 10 dorsal and 10 ventral segments to a midbody annulus...................................... Amphisbaena crisae - 12–16 dorsal and ventral segments to a midbody annulus.................................................... 11 11. Dorsal and ventral sulci present, 14–16 tail annuli......................................... Amphisbaena neglecta - Dorsal and ventral sulci absent, 18–20 tail annuli....................................... Amphisbaena anaemariae 12. Body annuli 328−342................................................................ Amphisbaena filiformis - Body annuli less than 292............................................................................ 13 13. Tail autotomic constriction absent...................................................................... 14 - Tail autotomic constriction present...................................................................... 16 14. Tail tip strongly compressed........................................................... Amphisbaena roberti - Tail tip rounded.................................................................................... 15 15. Tail annuli 13–18, dorsal sulci present..................................................... Amphisbaena dubia - Tail annuli 20–26, dorsal sulci absent................................................ Amphisbaena lumbricalis 16. 10 dorsal segments to a midbody annulus.................................................. Amphisbaena caiari - 12–16 dorsal segments to a midbody annulus............................................................. 17 17. Body annuli 203−220, caudal annuli 26−29, dorsal sulci absent............................... Amphisbaena mitchelli - Body annuli more than 229, tail annuli 18−24, dorsal sulci present............................................ 18 18. Tail tip rounded.................................................................. Amphisbaena miringoera - Tail tip slightly or strongly compressed.................................................................. 19 19. Body annuli 230−241, nasal well delimited and in contact in dorsal portion................... Amphisbaena persephone - Body annuli 283–292, nasal shield partially distinct........................................ Amphisbaena cuiabana

Amphisbaena filiformis sp. nov. (Figs. 2���6) Holotype. MPEG 27916 (field number: EDR 730), an adult male from municipality of Baba��ul��ndia (07o14���45��� S, 47o46���38��� W, 156 m), State of Tocantins, Brazil, collected on 0 1 February 2010 by Carlos Eduardo D. Cintra. Paratypes. Male: MPEG 27917; indeterminate sex: MPEG 27915, MPEG 27918 and MPEG 27919; same data as the holotype, but collected on 0 8 February 2010. Males: MZUSP 102046, MZUSP 102048, MZUSP 102049 and MZUSP 102044; female: MZUSP 102047 and MZUSP 102045; all from Estreito municipality (06��35'13" S, 47��27'39" W), State of Maranh��o, Brazil, collected by Carlos Eduardo D. Cintra, between 18 January and 27 April 2011. Diagnosis. (1) snout rounded; (2) 328���342 body annuli; (3) absence of major fusion of head shields, being shields of dorsal, lateral and ventral head portion distincts; (4) two precloacal pores; (5) 12���14 dorsal and 14���16 ventral segments per midbody annulus; (6) autotomic site between 9���10th caudal annuli; (7) absent of chevronshaped anterior body annuli; (8) precloacals pores arranged in a continuous series of the precloacal half-annuli; (9) 20���23 caudal annuli; (10) distinct dorsal sulci; (11) head slightly thiner than trunk; (12) tail tip slightly compressed; and (13) postmalar row absent. miđbođy half-annulus; DSc đorsal succi; IL infralabials; LC lateral of cloaca; LS lateral succi; MH međiam hiatos; NS nasals suture; P present; PCL precloacal pores; present incomplete; PML postmalar row; S Snout in đorsal view; TA tail annuli; TAC tail autotomic constriction; TT tail tip; R rounđeđ; SL supralabials; SC slightly convex; SCp slightly compresseđ; VS ventral segments in miđbođy half-annulus; VSc ventral succi. References (Ref.): 1 Present stuđy; 2 Str��ssmann & Carvalho 2001); 3 Vanzolini (1997); 4 Gans (1971a); 5 Mott et al. 2008; 6 Str��ssmann & Mott (2009); 7 Teixeira et al. (2014); 8 Pinna et al. (2010); 9 Str��ssmann & Carvalho 2001); 10 Str��ssmann & Mott (2009); 11 Perez et al. (2012); 12 Gans (1964a); 13 Montero & C��speđez (2002); 14 Gans (1964b); 15 Vanzolini (1996); 16 Vanzolini 1971); 17 Mott et al. (2011); 18 Gans (1964đ); 19 Gans (1962b); 20 Pinna et al. (2014); 21 Gans (1964c); anđ 22 Gans (1962b). Diagnostic characters are given in bolđ. Comparison With Others South American Amphisbaenians Species. Amphisbaena filiformis is a small to medium species (232 mm of maximum snout-vent length) and slender body shape and can be distinguished the other South American amphisbaenians species by a combination of characters. Differs from Amphisbaena acrobeles (Ribeiro, Castro-Mello & Nogueira, 2009), Amphisbaena anomala, Amphisbaena bilabialata, Amphisbaena kingii (Bell, 1833), Leposternon cerradensis Ribeiro, Vaz-Silva and Santos-Jr, 2008, Leposternon infraorbitale (Berthold, 1859), Leposternon kisteumacheri Porto, Soares & Caramaschi, 2000, Leposternon maximus Ribeiro, Nogueira, Cintra, Silva Jr. & Zaher, 2011, Leposternon microcephalum Wagler, 1824, Leposternon octostegum (Dum��ril & Dum��ril, 1851), Leposternon polystegum (Dum��ril & Dum��ril, 1851), Leposternon scutigerum (Hemprich, 1820), Leposternon wuchereri (Peters, 1879), Mesobaena huebneri Mertens, 1925 and Mesobaena rhachicephala Hoogmoed, Pinto, Rocha & Pereira, 2009 mainly by having snout rounded in profile and dorsal view (vs. snout shovel-like or compressed forming a sharp and prominent keel) (see details of cited species in original descriptions and studies of Gans 1971a; Gans 1971b; Mott et al. 2008; Hoogmoed et al. 2009; Ribeiro et al. 2009; Ribeiro 2010). It differs from all others Amphisbaena species with rounded snout, except of A. supernumeraria Mott, Rodrigues & Santos, 2009 by having more than 327 body annuli (vs. less than 287 annuli). Differs from A. supernumeraria by having rostral, nasal prefrontals and frontals shields distinct (vs. a single large scale corresponding to those scales); two precloacals pores (vs. four); 14���16 ventral segments per midbody annulus (vs. 17���18); and conspicuous autotomic site between 9���10th caudal annuli (vs. discrete autotomic site between 10���12th caudal annuli). It also differs from A. supernumeraria by not having the anteriormost body annuli chevron-shaped (vs. anteriormost annuli chevron-shaped). Furthermore, the new species can be specifically distinguished from other known South American species of Amphisbaena with two precloacals pores (see details of meristic and morphometric characters in Table 1) by having rounded snout (vs. depressed snout in A. anomala; compressed in A. bilabialata; and slightly compressed in A. absaberi, A. carli and A. roberti); 328���342 body annuli (vs. less than 265 annuli or more than 353 annuli); two precloacals pores arranged in a continuous series of the precloacal half-annuli (vs. precloacals pores with a median hiatus in A. absaberi, A. carli and A. hiata; and disposed in the lateral of cloaca in A. anomala); 20���23 caudal annuli (vs. less than 19 in A. absaberi, A. anomala, A. bilabialata, A. brevis, A. carli, A. dubia, A. heterozonata, A. hiata, A. leeseri and A. neglecta); 12���14 dorsal segments in midbody half-annulus (vs. 10 in A. caiari and A. crisae; and more than 15 in A. absaberi, A. brevis, A. anomala, A. bilabialata, A. carli and A. hiata); 14���16 ventral segments in midbody half-annulus (vs. 10 in A. caiari and A. crisae; and more than 17 in A. carli, A. heterozonata and A. hiata); distinct dorsal sulci (vs. absent in A. anaemariae, A. anomala, A. bilabialata, A. brevis, A. carli, A. crisae, A. darwini, A. heterozonata, A. hiata, A. leeseri, A. lumbricalis and A. mitchelli). Additionally, Amphisbaena filiformis differs from other species two-pored by having head slightly thiner than trunk (vs. strongly smaller in A. absaberi, A. carli, A. cuiabana and A. roberti); autotomic site between 9���10th caudal annuli (vs. between 3���4th in A. anomala, 4���6th in A. neglecta and A. silvestrii; 6���8th in A. bilabialata and A. persephone, 6���7th in A. mitchelli; and 7���8th in A. miringoera and A. roberti); tail tip slightly compressed (vs. rounded in A. anaemariae, A. anomala, A. brevis, A. caiari, A. carli, A. crisae, A. darwini, A. dubia, A. heterozonata, A. hiata, A. leeseri, A. lumbricalis, A. miringoera, A. mitchelli, A. neglecta and A. silvestrii; and hardly compressed A. absaberi, A. bilabialata, A. cuiabana and A. roberti); and postmalar row absent (vs. present in A. carli, A. darwini, A. heterozonata, A. hiata, A. leeseri and A. silvestrii). Description of the holotype (Fig. 2). A small for mediam amphisbaenian, snout-vent length 193 mm, tail length 17 mm; and midbody diameter 4 mm (2.1% of snout-vent length). Head relatively small (2.3% of snout-vent length), rounded and not distinct from the neck; rostrum rounded, projecting forward beyond the jaw (prognathous snout). Rostral visible in dorsal view (Fig. 2 A), subtriangular in ventral view (Fig. 2 C), lateral border concave, in contact with nasals anterolaterally and first supralabials latero-posteriorly. Nasals quadrangular, paired, with a long middorsal suture (suture length ca. 17% of head length), posterior border concave, in contact with the rostral, the first and second supralabials, and the prefrontals posteriorly. Nostril near the antero-inferior angle of the nasal shield (Fig. 2). Prefrontals roughly trapezoid, paired, with a long middorsal suture (suture length ca. 29 % of head length), longer than the nasal middorsal suture, shorter than the frontal middorsal suture (suture length ca. 40% of head length), anterior border convex, latero-posterior portion projected, in contact with nasals, second supralabials, oculars and frontals. Frontals irregularly polygonal, paired, with a long middorsal suture, elongated (length 2.1 times width), in point contact with ocular, in contact with postoculars, prefrontals and parietals. Parietals irregularly polygonal, paired, with a short middorsal suture, almost as long as wide, with their posterior border straight and parallel to the second body annulus, in contact with frontal anteriorly, postocular laterally, and second body annulus posteriorly. The anterior edge of the parietals is at the level of the angulus oris. Body annulus behind parietals shows regular middorsal scales (Fig. 2 A). Oculars diamond-shaped, relatively long (length representing ca. 33% of head length), in broad contact with second and third supralabials, prefrontals and postoculars, in point contact with frontals and temporals posteriorly. Eyes visible located in central part of oculars. Postoculars pentagonal, relatively long (length. 34% of head length), longer than high, in contact with oculars anteriorly, in dorsal contact with frontals and parietals, in ventral contact with temporals, with their posterior border straight and parallel to the second body annulus posteriorly (Fig. 2 B). Three supralabials, irregularly polygonal; first rhomboid, smallest, longer than high, in contact with rostral, second supralabials and in extensive upper contact with the nasals; second supralabials relatively high and narrow, forming an oblique (leaning anteriorly) irregular rectangle, ca. 50% higher than length, in point contact with nasals, in contact with frontals, oculars, first and third supralabials; third supralabials pentagonal, almost as high as wide, in contact with second supralabials, oculars, temporals and postsupralabials. Posteriorly of the supralabials there is a row of scales that includes postoculars, temporals and postsupralabials. Temporals smaller than postoculars, limited for second body annuli posteriorly, in point contact with oculars, in upper contact with the postoculars and with the upper part of the 3rd supralabials, in lower contact with postsupralabials. Three infralabials, firsts roughly triangular, in point contact with postmental in broad contact with the mental and the second infralabials. Second infralabials irregularly polygonal, being the largest shield of the chin (length representing ca. 26% of head length), longer than high, with posterior portion projected, in point contact with first row of postgenials and preventing contact between postmental and malars, in broad contact with postmental, malar and first and third infralabials. Third infralabials the smallest, nearly rectangular, in broad contact with second infralabials, malar and first body annulus. Behind the third infralabial a slightly enlarged scale of first body annulus (behind angulus oris) appears to continue the infralabial series. Mental rectangular, anteriorly abruptly widening, only slightly larger than the postmental, lateral borders straight, in broad contact with postmental and the first infralabials. Postmental single, pentagonal, in point contact with first infralabial, in broad contact with mental anteriorly, second infralabial laterally, and first row of postgenials posteriorly. Two rows of postgenials; first with two distinctly larger scales and one smaller, in point contact with second infralabials, in broad contact with postmental anteriorly, malars laterally, and with the second postgenial row posteriorly; second postgenial row with five irregularly polygonal equally sized shields, in broad contact with first row of postgenials anteriorly, malars laterally and first body annuli posteriorly. Two malars, one on each side, irregularly polygonal, in broad contact with second infralabial anteriorly, third infralabial and two rows of postgenials laterally, and the fisrt body annulus posteriorly. Postmalar row absent. Body annuli distinct. The first half-annulus ventral is composed for eleven shields and dorsally the first halfannulus includes postsupralabial, temporal and the very large postocular dorsally limited by frontal and parietal. Body annuli 336, one intercalated incomplete annulus in the 334 body annulus (not included in the counts), with ventral part missing. Three lateral annuli in the cloacal region. Thirteen (6 rigth + 7 left) dorsal segments per midbody annulus; 14 ventral segments per midbody annulus; ventral segments with two central scales larger than adjacent scales and, only these, slightly larger than dorsal scales. Lateral and dorsal sulci clearly marked (Fig. 3). Lateral sulci well marked and apparent from the 48th body annulus until almost to level of cloaca. Dorsal sulci apparent from the 92th body annulus until almost to tip of tail. No ventral sulci. Two elongate oval precloacals pores in two adjacent central scales of the precloacal shield. Cloacal segments regular, eight precloacal and 14 postcloacal segments. Twenty two caudal annuli; tenth tail annulus is slightly narrowed, it may correspond an autotomic site (Fig. 4; see discussion in Gomes & Maciel 2012). Besides that present more heavily pigmented ventral scales (relative to other tail scales). Tip of tail shows a compression into a vertical keel (Fig. 5). Color in life (Fig. 6). Overall color pattern spinel red (108B). The cephalic shields rose pink (108D) from rostral to edge of frontal. The dorsum presents regularly distributed the center of scale brick red (132A), with spinel pink (108C) lateral borders, apparent from the 46th body annulus to tip of tail. Ventral segments, below lateral sulci, rose pink (108D). Color in preservative (based on the type-series). The specimens have a range of dorsal pigmentation of cream (54) to lighter cream on dorsal and ventral region. On dorsum, the center of segments are ground cinnamon (239). Variation. There is little meristic and morphometric variation, the most relevant of which is shown in Table 2. Additionally, in the paratypes MPEG 27915, MPEG 27917 and MPEG 27919 postmental and malars are in contact. In MPEG 27919 mental and second infralabials are in contact. Parietals in MPEG 27917 posteriorly interrupting the first body annulus and reaching the second body annulus; the second postgenial row on the left side, reaches beyond the third infralabials. Etymology. The specific epithet filiformis is formed from the Latin words filum (= thread) and forma (= shape) in reference to the slender body shape characteristic of the new species. Distribution and habitat. Amphisbaena filiformis has been collected only in Baba��ul��ndia and Estreito municipalities, States of Tocantins and Maranh��o, respectively, in the northern Brazilian Cerrado (Fig. 1). The specimens from Baba��ul��ndia municipality were collected in the left margin of the Corrente river, and the specimens from Estreito municipality were collected in the right margin of the Tocantins river on sandy soil. Baba��ul��ndia and Estreito municipalities are located in a complex phytogeographic region, with three distinct vegetational formations: open lowland rainforest (floresta ombr��fila aberta de terras baixas), seasonal forest (floresta estacional), and Cerrado. However, on the margins of Corrente river and Tocantins river, the main vegetational formation is the open lowland rainforest, locally characterized by the baba��u palm tree (Attalea speciosa Mart. ex. Spreng). The large presence of this species in a region is known as "palm forest" (Fig. 7) (IBGE 1992). It was in this vegetation that the specimens of A. filiformis were found., Published as part of Ribeiro, S��ria, Gomes, Jerriane O., Silva, Helder L��cio Rodrigues Da, Cintra, Carlos Eduardo D. & Jr, Nelson Jorge Da Silva, 2016, A new two-pored species of Amphisbaena (Squamata, Amphisbaenidae) from the Brazilian Cerrado, with a key to the two-pored species of Amphisbaena, pp. 124-142 in Zootaxa 4147 (2) on pages 125-134, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4147.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/262985, {"references":["Strussmann, C. & Carvalho, M. A. (2001) Two new species of Cercolophia Vanzolini, 1992 from the state of Mato Grosso, western Brazil (Reptilia, Amphisbaenia, Amphisbaenidae). Bollettino del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali di Torino, 18, 487 - 505.","Vanzolini, P. E. (1997) The silvestrii species group of Amphisbaena, with the description of two new Brazilian species (Reptilia: Amphisbaenia). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 40, 65 - 85.","Gans, C. (1971 a) Redescription of three monotypic genera of amphisbaenians from South America: Aulura Barbour, Bronia Gray, and Mesobaena Mertens. American Museum Novitates, 2475, 1 - 32.","Mott, T., Morais, D. H. & Kawashita-Ribeiro, R. (2008) Reptilia, Squamata, Amphisbaenidae, Anops bilabialatus: Distribution extension, meristic data, and conservation. Check List, 4, 146 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.15560 / 4.2.146","Strussmann, C. & Mott, T. (2009) Notes on sympatric amphisbaenids in the region under the influence of Manso dam (upper Paraguay river basin, western Brazil), with the description of a new two-pored species of Amphisbaena (Squamata, Amphisbaenidae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 44, 37 - 46. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650520802628295","Teixeira Jr., M., Dal Vechio, F., Mollo Neto, A. & Rodrigues, M. T. (2014) A New two-pored Amphisbaena Linnaeus, 1758, from western Amazonia, Brazil (Amphisbaenia: Reptilia). South American Journal of Herpetology, 9 (1), 62 - 74.","Pinna, P. H, Mendonca, A. F., Bocchiglieri, A. & Fernandes, D. S. (2010) A new two-pored Amphisbaena Linnaeus from the endangered Brazilian Cerrado biome (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae). Zootaxa, 2569, 44 - 54.","Perez, R., Ribeiro, S. & Borges-Martins, M. (2012) Reappraisal of the taxonomic status of Amphisbaena prunicolor (Cope 1885) and Amphisbaena albocingulata Boettger 1885 (Amphisbaenia: Amphisbaenidae). Zootaxa, 3550, 1 - 25.","Gans, C. (1964 a) Redescription of Amphisbaena dubia Muller (Amphisbaenia: Reptilia) Breviora, 205, 1 - 11.","Montero, R. & Cespedez, J. (2002) A new two pored Amphisbaena (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae) from Argentina. Copeia, 2002, 792 - 797. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1643 / 0045 - 8511 (2002) 002 [0792: NTPASA] 2.0. CO; 2","Gans, C. (1964 b) Notes on amphisbaenids (Amphisbaenia: Reptilia). 14. New records of Amphisbaena silvestrii Boulenger, and the description of a new two pored species from the northern Chaco. Copeia, 1964 (3), 553 - 561.","Vanzolini, P. E. (1996) On slender species of Amphisbaena, with the description of a new one from northeastern Brasil (Squamata, Amphisbaenia). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 39, 293 - 305.","Vanzolini, P. E. (1971) New Amphisbaenidae from Brasil (Sauria). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 24, 191 - 195.","Mott, T., Carvalho-Neto, C. S. & Carvalho-Filho, K. S. (2011) Amphisbaena miringoera Vanzolini, 1971 (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae): New state record. Check List, 7, 594 - 595.","Gans, C. (1964 d) Amphisbaena mitchelli Proctor recorded from Belem, Para, Brazil. Herpetologica, 20 (3), 192 - 194.","Gans, C. (1962 b) Redefinition and redescription of the Brasilian reptiles Amphisbaena silvestrii Boulenger and A. neglecta Dunn and Piatt. Copeia, 1962, 164 - 170.","Pinna, P. H, Mendonca, A. F., Bocchiglieri, A. & Fernandes D. S. (2014) A new species of Amphisbaena Linnaeus, 1758 from a Cerrado region in Bahia, northeastern Brazil (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae). Herpetologica, 70 (3), 339 - 349. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPETOLOGICA-D- 13 - 00039","Gans, C. (1964 c) The South American species of Amphisbaena with a vertically keeled tail (Amphisbaenia: Reptilia). Notes on amphisbaenids. 15. Senckenbergiana biologia, 45, 387 - 416.","Ribeiro, S., Castro-Mello, C., Nogueira, C. (2009) New species of Anops Bell, 1893, (Squamata, Amphisbaenia) from Jalapao Region in the Brazilian Cerrado. Journal of Herpetology, 43, 21 - 28. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1670 / 07 - 299 R 1.1","Bell, T. (1833) Mr. Bell exhibited specimens of two reptiles, forming part of his collection, which he regarded as the types of two genera hitherto undescribed. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1833, 98 - 99.","Ribeiro, S., Vaz-Silva, W. & Santos-Jr, A. P. (2008) New pored Leposternon (Squamata, Amphisbaenia) from Brazilian Cerrado. Zootaxa, 1930, 18 - 38.","Berthold, A. A. (1859) Einige neue Reptilien des akademisch zoologischen Museums in Gottingen. Nachrichten Georg August Universitaet Koniglichen Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, 17, 179 - 181.","Porto, M., Soares, M. & Caramaschi, U. (2000) A new species of Leposternon (Amphisbaenia, Amphisbaenidae) from Minas Gerais, Brazil, with a key to the species of the genus (Amphisbaenia, Amphisbaenidae). Boletim do Museu Nacional, 412, 1 - 10.","Ribeiro, S., Nogueira, C., Cintra, C. E., Silva, N. J. Jr. & Zaher H. (2011) Description of a new pored Leposternon (Squamata, Amphisbaenidae) from the Brazilian Cerrado. South American Journal of Herpetology, 6, 177 - 188. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2994 / 057.006.0303","Wagler, J. (1824) Serpentum Brasiliensium species novae, ou histoire naturelle des especes nouvelles de Serpens. In: Spix, J. (Ed), Animalia nova sive species novae. Typis Francisci Seraphi Hubschmann, Monaco, pp. vii + 75.","Dumeril, A. M. C. & Dumeril, A. H. A. (1851) Catalogue methodique de la collection des reptiles du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Gide et Baudry / Roret, Paris, 224 pp.","Hemprich, W. F. G. (1820) Amphisbaenarum generis novas species duas descripsit. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft Naturforschunden Freunde, 1, 129 - 130.","Peters, W. C. H. (1879) Qber die Amphisbaenen und eine zu denselben gehorige neue Art (Lepidosternon wuchereri). Monatsberichte der Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1879, 273 - 277.","Mertens, R. (1925) Eine neue Eidechsengattung aus der Familie der Leposterniden. Senckenbergiana, 7, 170 - 171.","Hoogmoed, M. S., Pinto, R. R, Rocha, W. A. & Pereira, E. G. (2009) A new species of Mesobaena Mertens, 1925 (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae) from Brazilian Guiana, with a key to the Amphisbaenidae of the Guianan region. Herpetologica, 65, 436 - 448. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1655 / 08 - 062.1","Gans, C. (1971 b) Studies on amphisbaenians (Amphisbaenia: Reptilia). 4. A review of the amphisbaenid genus Leposternon. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 144 (6), 379 - 46.","Ribeiro, S. (2010) Revisao Sistematica de Leposternon Wagler, 1824 (Squamata: Amphisbaenia). Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, 507 pp.","Mott, T., Rodrigues, M. T. & Santos, E. M. (2009) A new Amphisbaena with chevron-shaped anterior body annuli from state of Pernambuco: Brazil (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae). Zootaxa, 2165, 52 - 58.","Gomes, J. O. & Maciel, A. O. (2012) A new species of Amphisbaena Linnaeus (Squamata, Amphisbaenidae) from the state of Maranhao, northern Brazilian Cerrado. Zootaxa, 3572, 43 - 54.","IBGE (1992) Manual tecnico da vegetacao brasileira. Serie manuais tecnicos em Geociencias, 1, 1 - 192."]}

Amphisbaena filiformis sp. nov. (Figs. 2–6) Holotype. MPEG 27916 (field number: EDR 730), an adult male from municipality of Babaçulândia (07o14’45” S, 47o46’38” W, 156 m), State of Tocantins, Brazil, collected on 0 1 February 2010 by Carlos Eduardo D. Cintra. Paratypes. Male: MPEG 27917; indeterminate sex: MPEG 27915, MPEG 27918 and MPEG 27919; same data as the holotype, but collected on 0 8 February 2010. Males: MZUSP 102046, MZUSP 102048, MZUSP 102049 and MZUSP 102044; female: MZUSP 102047 and MZUSP 102045; all from Estreito municipality (06°35'13" S, 47°27'39" W), State of Maranhão, Brazil, collected by Carlos Eduardo D. Cintra, between 18 January and 27 April 2011. Diagnosis. (1) snout rounded; (2) 328–342 body annuli; (3) absence of major fusion of head shields, being shields of dorsal, lateral and ventral head portion distincts; (4) two precloacal pores; (5) 12–14 dorsal and 14–16 ventral segments per midbody annulus; (6) autotomic site between 9–10th caudal annuli; (7) absent of chevronshaped anterior body annuli; (8) precloacals pores arranged in a continuous series of the precloacal half-annuli; (9) 20–23 caudal annuli; (10) distinct dorsal sulci; (11) head slightly thiner than trunk; (12) tail tip slightly compressed; and (13) postmalar row absent. miđbođy half-annulus; DSc đorsal succi; IL infralabials; LC lateral of cloaca; LS lateral succi; MH međiam hiatos; NS nasals suture; P present; PCL precloacal pores; present incomplete; PML postmalar row; S Snout in đorsal view; TA tail annuli; TAC tail autotomic constriction; TT tail tip; R rounđeđ; SL supralabials; SC slightly convex; SCp slightly compresseđ; VS ventral segments in miđbođy half-annulus; VSc ventral succi. References (Ref.): 1 Present stuđy; 2 Strüssmann & Carvalho 2001); 3 Vanzolini (1997); 4 Gans (1971a); 5 Mott et al. 2008; 6 Strüssmann & Mott (2009); 7 Teixeira et al. (2014); 8 Pinna et al. (2010); 9 Strüssmann & Carvalho 2001); 10 Strüssmann & Mott (2009); 11 Perez et al. (2012); 12 Gans (1964a); 13 Montero & Céspeđez (2002); 14 Gans (1964b); 15 Vanzolini (1996); 16 Vanzolini 1971); 17 Mott et al. (2011); 18 Gans (1964đ); 19 Gans (1962b); 20 Pinna et al. (2014); 21 Gans (1964c); anđ 22 Gans (1962b). Diagnostic characters are given in bolđ. Comparison With Others South American Amphisbaenians Species. Amphisbaena filiformis is a small to medium species (232 mm of maximum snout-vent length) and slender body shape and can be distinguished the other South American amphisbaenians species by a combination of characters. Differs from Amphisbaena acrobeles (Ribeiro, Castro-Mello & Nogueira, 2009), Amphisbaena anomala, Amphisbaena bilabialata, Amphisbaena kingii (Bell, 1833), Leposternon cerradensis Ribeiro, Vaz-Silva and Santos-Jr, 2008, Leposternon infraorbitale (Berthold, 1859), Leposternon kisteumacheri Porto, Soares & Caramaschi, 2000, Leposternon maximus Ribeiro, Nogueira, Cintra, Silva Jr. & Zaher, 2011, Leposternon microcephalum Wagler, 1824, Leposternon octostegum (Duméril & Duméril, 1851), Leposternon polystegum (Duméril & Duméril, 1851), Leposternon scutigerum (Hemprich, 1820), Leposternon wuchereri (Peters, 1879), Mesobaena huebneri Mertens, 1925 and Mesobaena rhachicephala Hoogmoed, Pinto, Rocha & Pereira, 2009 mainly by having snout rounded in profile and dorsal view (vs. snout shovel-like or compressed forming a sharp and prominent keel) (see details of cited species in original descriptions and studies of Gans 1971a; Gans 1971b; Mott et al. 2008; Hoogmoed et al. 2009; Ribeiro et al. 2009; Ribeiro 2010). It differs from all others Amphisbaena species with rounded snout, except of A. supernumeraria Mott, Rodrigues & Santos, 2009 by having more than 327 body annuli (vs. less than 287 annuli). Differs from A. supernumeraria by having rostral, nasal prefrontals and frontals shields distinct (vs. a single large scale corresponding to those scales); two precloacals pores (vs. four); 14−16 ventral segments per midbody annulus (vs. 17–18); and conspicuous autotomic site between 9–10th caudal annuli (vs. discrete autotomic site between 10–12th caudal annuli). It also differs from A. supernumeraria by not having the anteriormost body annuli chevron-shaped (vs. anteriormost annuli chevron-shaped). Furthermore, the new species can be specifically distinguished from other known South American species of Amphisbaena with two precloacals pores (see details of meristic and morphometric characters in Table 1) by having rounded snout (vs. depressed snout in A. anomala; compressed in A. bilabialata; and slightly compressed in A. absaberi, A. carli and A. roberti); 328–342 body annuli (vs. less than 265 annuli or more than 353 annuli); two precloacals pores arranged in a continuous series of the precloacal half-annuli (vs. precloacals pores with a median hiatus in A. absaberi, A. carli and A. hiata; and disposed in the lateral of cloaca in A. anomala); 20–23 caudal annuli (vs. less than 19 in A. absaberi, A. anomala, A. bilabialata, A. brevis, A. carli, A. dubia, A. heterozonata, A. hiata, A. leeseri and A. neglecta); 12–14 dorsal segments in midbody half-annulus (vs. 10 in A. caiari and A. crisae; and more than 15 in A. absaberi, A. brevis, A. anomala, A. bilabialata, A. carli and A. hiata); 14–16 ventral segments in midbody half-annulus (vs. 10 in A. caiari and A. crisae; and more than 17 in A. carli, A. heterozonata and A. hiata); distinct dorsal sulci (vs. absent in A. anaemariae, A. anomala, A. bilabialata, A. brevis, A. carli, A. crisae, A. darwini, A. heterozonata, A. hiata, A. leeseri, A. lumbricalis and A. mitchelli). Additionally, Amphisbaena filiformis differs from other species two-pored by having head slightly thiner than trunk (vs. strongly smaller in A. absaberi, A. carli, A. cuiabana and A. roberti); autotomic site between 9–10th caudal annuli (vs. between 3–4th in A. anomala, 4–6th in A. neglecta and A. silvestrii; 6–8th in A. bilabialata and A. persephone, 6–7th in A. mitchelli; and 7–8th in A. miringoera and A. roberti); tail tip slightly compressed (vs. rounded in A. anaemariae, A. anomala, A. brevis, A. caiari, A. carli, A. crisae, A. darwini, A. dubia, A. heterozonata, A. hiata, A. leeseri, A. lumbricalis, A. miringoera, A. mitchelli, A. neglecta and A. silvestrii; and hardly compressed A. absaberi, A. bilabialata, A. cuiabana and A. roberti); and postmalar row absent (vs. present in A. carli, A. darwini, A. heterozonata, A. hiata, A. leeseri and A. silvestrii). Description of the holotype (Fig. 2). A small for mediam amphisbaenian, snout-vent length 193 mm, tail length 17 mm; and midbody diameter 4 mm (2.1% of snout-vent length). Head relatively small (2.3% of snout-vent length), rounded and not distinct from the neck; rostrum rounded, projecting forward beyond the jaw (prognathous snout). Rostral visible in dorsal view (Fig. 2 A), subtriangular in ventral view (Fig. 2 C), lateral border concave, in contact with nasals anterolaterally and first supralabials latero-posteriorly. Nasals quadrangular, paired, with a long middorsal suture (suture length ca. 17% of head length), posterior border concave, in contact with the rostral, the first and second supralabials, and the prefrontals posteriorly. Nostril near the antero-inferior angle of the nasal shield (Fig. 2). Prefrontals roughly trapezoid, paired, with a long middorsal suture (suture length ca. 29 % of head length), longer than the nasal middorsal suture, shorter than the frontal middorsal suture (suture length ca. 40% of head length), anterior border convex, latero-posterior portion projected, in contact with nasals, second supralabials, oculars and frontals. Frontals irregularly polygonal, paired, with a long middorsal suture, elongated (length 2.1 times width), in point contact with ocular, in contact with postoculars, prefrontals and parietals. Parietals irregularly polygonal, paired, with a short middorsal suture, almost as long as wide, with their posterior border straight and parallel to the second body annulus, in contact with frontal anteriorly, postocular laterally, and second body annulus posteriorly. The anterior edge of the parietals is at the level of the angulus oris. Body annulus behind parietals shows regular middorsal scales (Fig. 2 A). Oculars diamond-shaped, relatively long (length representing ca. 33% of head length), in broad contact with second and third supralabials, prefrontals and postoculars, in point contact with frontals and temporals posteriorly. Eyes visible located in central part of oculars. Postoculars pentagonal, relatively long (length. 34% of head length), longer than high, in contact with oculars anteriorly, in dorsal contact with frontals and parietals, in ventral contact with temporals, with their posterior border straight and parallel to the second body annulus posteriorly (Fig. 2 B). Three supralabials, irregularly polygonal; first rhomboid, smallest, longer than high, in contact with rostral, second supralabials and in extensive upper contact with the nasals; second supralabials relatively high and narrow, forming an oblique (leaning anteriorly) irregular rectangle, ca. 50% higher than length, in point contact with nasals, in contact with frontals, oculars, first and third supralabials; third supralabials pentagonal, almost as high as wide, in contact with second supralabials, oculars, temporals and postsupralabials. Posteriorly of the supralabials there is a row of scales that includes postoculars, temporals and postsupralabials. Temporals smaller than postoculars, limited for second body annuli posteriorly, in point contact with oculars, in upper contact with the postoculars and with the upper part of the 3rd supralabials, in lower contact with postsupralabials. Three infralabials, firsts roughly triangular, in point contact with postmental in broad contact with the mental and the second infralabials. Second infralabials irregularly polygonal, being the largest shield of the chin (length representing ca. 26% of head length), longer than high, with posterior portion projected, in point contact with first row of postgenials and preventing contact between postmental and malars, in broad contact with postmental, malar and first and third infralabials. Third infralabials the smallest, nearly rectangular, in broad contact with second infralabials, malar and first body annulus. Behind the third infralabial a slightly enlarged scale of first body annulus (behind angulus oris) appears to continue the infralabial series. Mental rectangular, anteriorly abruptly widening, only slightly larger than the postmental, lateral borders straight, in broad contact with postmental and the first infralabials. Postmental single, pentagonal, in point contact with first infralabial, in broad contact with mental anteriorly, second infralabial laterally, and first row of postgenials posteriorly. Two rows of postgenials; first with two distinctly larger scales and one smaller, in point contact with second infralabials, in broad contact with postmental anteriorly, malars laterally, and with the second postgenial row posteriorly; second postgenial row with five irregularly polygonal equally sized shields, in broad contact with first row of postgenials anteriorly, malars laterally and first body annuli posteriorly. Two malars, one on each side, irregularly polygonal, in broad contact with second infralabial anteriorly, third infralabial and two rows of postgenials laterally, and the fisrt body annulus posteriorly. Postmalar row absent. Body annuli distinct. The first half-annulus ventral is composed for eleven shields and dorsally the first halfannulus includes postsupralabial, temporal and the very large postocular dorsally limited by frontal and parietal. Body annuli 336, one intercalated incomplete annulus in the 334 body annulus (not included in the counts), with ventral part missing. Three lateral annuli in the cloacal region. Thirteen (6 rigth + 7 left) dorsal segments per midbody annulus; 14 ventral segments per midbody annulus; ventral segments with two central scales larger than adjacent scales and, only these, slightly larger than dorsal scales. Lateral and dorsal sulci clearly marked (Fig. 3). Lateral sulci well marked and apparent from the 48th body annulus until almost to level of cloaca. Dorsal sulci apparent from the 92th body annulus until almost to tip of tail. No ventral sulci. Two elongate oval precloacals pores in two adjacent central scales of the precloacal shield. Cloacal segments regular, eight precloacal and 14 postcloacal segments. Twenty two caudal annuli; tenth tail annulus is slightly narrowed, it may correspond an autotomic site (Fig. 4; see discussion in Gomes & Maciel 2012). Besides that present more heavily pigmented ventral scales (relative to other tail scales). Tip of tail shows a compression into a vertical keel (Fig. 5). Color in life (Fig. 6). Overall color pattern spinel red (108B). The cephalic shields rose pink (108D) from rostral to edge of frontal. The dorsum presents regularly distributed the center of scale brick red (132A), with spinel pink (108C) lateral borders, apparent from the 46th body annulus to tip of tail. Ventral segments, below lateral sulci, rose pink (108D). Color in preservative (based on the type-series). The specimens have a range of dorsal pigmentation of cream (54) to lighter cream on dorsal and ventral region. On dorsum, the center of segments are ground cinnamon (239). Variation. There is little meristic and morphometric variation, the most relevant of which is shown in Table 2. Additionally, in the paratypes MPEG 27915, MPEG 27917 and MPEG 27919 postmental and malars are in contact. In MPEG 27919 mental and second infralabials are in contact. Parietals in MPEG 27917 posteriorly interrupting the first body annulus and reaching the second body annulus; the second postgenial row on the left side, reaches beyond the third infralabials. Etymology. The specific epithet filiformis is formed from the Latin words filum (= thread) and forma (= shape) in reference to the slender body shape characteristic of the new species. Distribution and habitat. Amphisbaena filiformis has been collected only in Babaçulândia and Estreito municipalities, States of Tocantins and Maranhão, respectively, in the northern Brazilian Cerrado (Fig. 1). The specimens from Babaçulândia municipality were collected in the left margin of the Corrente river, and the specimens from Estreito municipality were collected in the right margin of the Tocantins river on sandy soil. Babaçulândia and Estreito municipalities are located in a complex phytogeographic region, with three distinct vegetational formations: open lowland rainforest (floresta ombrófila aberta de terras baixas), seasonal forest (floresta estacional), and Cerrado. However, on the margins of Corrente river and Tocantins river, the main vegetational formation is the open lowland rainforest, locally characterized by the babaçu palm tree (Attalea speciosa Mart. ex. Spreng). The large presence of this species in a region is known as "palm forest" (Fig. 7) (IBGE 1992). It was in this vegetation that the specimens of A. filiformis were found.

We report on records of Amphisbaena cegei and Tupinambis rufescens in the Bolivian Inter-Andean Dry Forest (Bolivia) that extend the known vertical distribution.

A new species of Amphisbaena is described from municipalities of Babaculândia, State of Tocantins, and Estreito, State of Maranhao, northern Brazilian Cerrado. The new species differs from other two-pored species of the genus, by presenting mainly slender body shape; snout rounded in profile and dorsal view; high number of body annuli (328–342); 12–14 dorsal segments and 14–16 ventral in midbody half-annulus; autotomic site between 9–10 th caudal annuli; absence of chevron-shaped anterior dorsal half-annuli; 20–23 caudal annuli; postmalar row absent; and precloacals pores arranged in a continuous series of the precloacal half-annuli. Additionally, we present a key for two-pored species of Amphisbaena .

Fil: Ruiz García, José Augusto. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exacta y Naturales y Agrimensura; Argentina. Fil: Curi, Lucila Marilén. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exacta y Naturales y Agrimensura; Argentina. Fil: Lamas, Matías F. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exacta y Naturales y Agrimensura; Argentina. Fil: Céspedez, Jorge Abel. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exacta y Naturales y Agrimensura; Argentina. We present a new record of Amphisbaena trachura (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae) for the northeast of Corrientes province, Argentina. Seven specimens (five females and two males) were identified using morphological and meristic characters. The specimens were found under Eucalyptus sp. logs on 6 December 2014 and 3 March 2015, in General Alvear Department, Corrientes.

This report extends the distribution range of Amphisbaena medemi to the southeast foothills of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and western foothills of the Serranía del Perijá in La Guajira department, Colombia. These records offer a more detailed picture of the species’ distributional range along the Caribbean region of Colombia and represent the first observation of the species in a transitional zone between dry and moist tropical forest.

A new species in the genus Amphisbaena is described based on a single specimen road killed on MT 351 in the region under the influence of Manso Dam, at Chapada dos Guimaraes municipality, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. It is a small amphisbaenid with two precloacal pores, 139 body annuli, 18/14 segments on the midbody and an immaculate white belly. A checklist of the 25 species of amphisbaenids recorded for the Cerrado biome is presented. Although ecological and/or historical features might be the reason for the unusual amphisbaenid richness of eight sympatric species at Manso Dam region, the extensive collecting efforts at this site seem to offer a better explanation for finding eight sympatric species. Uma nova especie de Amphisbaena e descrita com base em um exemplar coletado na rodovia MT 351, regiao de influencia da usina hidreletrica de Manso, Chapada dos Guimaraes, estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. A nova especie distingue‐se de todos os demais anfisbenideos que possuem dois poros pre‐cloacais pelo men...

A new species of Amphisbaena is described from Fazenda Caraibas, municipality of Mucuge ˆ, state of Bahia, Brazil, in the northern portion of the Serra do Espinhaco. The new species is a small amphisbaenian without precloacal pores, 210-213 body annuli, 12-13 tail annuli without evident autotomic site, and 14 dorsal and 14-15 ventral segments per annuli at midbody. The striking difference of this form is the presence of small tubercles on the dorsal region of its tail. This feature is unique among its congeners, although Rhineura floridana, a North American amphisbaenian, has tubercles on its tail. We suggest that the presence of tubercles on the tail of Amphisbaena sp. nov. and Rhineura floridana has arisen independently. Several new species of amphisbaenians have been described from South America in the last decade (Vanzolini, 1997; Porto et al., 2000; Strussmann and Carvalho, 2001; Rodrigues et al., 2003), several of them from previously unexplored regions. In a survey conducted in the highlands of Serra do Espinhaco, state of Bahia, Brazil, we obtained three small specimens of amphisbaenians, which at first sight seem to have had the tail autotomized. At closer exam- ination, it became evident that their tail, short, blunt, nonautotomic, and covered with conic tubercules at their diagonal and dorsally orient- ed tip, was strikingly different from that of all other South American amphisbaenians. Despite its unique tail morphology, we describe the new taxon in Amphisbaena based on an overall similarity in head and body shape and scalation.

Cytogenetic analyses (Giemsa staining and NOR -banding) were performed on South American species of Amphisbaenidae. Leposternon microcephalum (2n = 34), Amphisbaena darwini heterozonata(2n = 30), A. hiata (2n = 30) and A. mertensi (2n = 40) from different localities of Argentina were examined. The comparative cytogenetic analysis indicates that the four species might be distinguished by the NORs locations.

Bronia saxosa, sp. n., localidade tipo UHE Luis Eduardo Magalhães, Estado do Tocantins, difere das demais espécies de Bronia Gray, 1865, principalmente por possuir nasais pequenas separadas pela rostral. A nova espécie possui 4 poros, 253-272 anéis corporais, 17-21 anéis caudais, 18-24/1621 segmentos em um anel no meio do corpo.Bronia saxosa, sp. n. from the state of Tocantins, Brasil, (Hydroelectric Dam Luis Eduardo Magalhães, 09°45'S, 48°21'W), a cerrado area, differs from the remainining species of the genus mainly by having small nasals scutes separated by the rostral. It has (82 specimens) 4 preanal pores, 253-272 body annuli, 17-21 tail annuli and 18-24/16-21 segments to a midbody annulus.

A new two-pored Amphisbaena is described from Formosa and Corrientes provinces of Argentina. The new species has a faint autotomy annulus (with a fracture plane) and two cicatricial precloacal pores separated medially by a pair of nonpored segments. It differs from Amphisbaena dubia, which has a pair of pores on adjacent segments and a fracture plane on the tail, and from Amphisbaena darwini heterozonata, which differs in pore number, coloration, and shape of the autotomy annulus.

The geographical differentiation of Amphisbaena fuliginosa L. is studied with basis on 220 specimens from 99 definite and 2 generic localities, ranging from Panamá to Puno in Peru and Goiás in Brasil. The pattern found is considered to support Vanzolini's 1951 scheme of five subspecies, defined by color pattern and by four meristic characters, and differentiated in consequence of Quaternary paleoecological events. Recent developments relating to models of differentiation in Quaternary tropical South America are briefly considered. A diferenciação geográfica de Amphisbaena fuliginosa (Reptilia, Amphisbaenia, Amphisbaenidae) é estudada com base em 220 exemplares de 99 localidades definidas e 2 localidades genéricas. O padrão encontrado apoia a conclusão de Vanzolini (1951) de que são reconhecíveis sub-espécies, definidas pelo padrão de colorido e por 4 caracteres merísticos. Esse padrão de diferenciação resultaria de eventos paleoclimáticos Quaternários. Contribuições recentes sobre modelos de diferenciação no Quaternário da América tropical são brevemente discutidos.

Amphisbaena littoralis, sp. nov. Holotype (Figure 1–3 A). URCA-H 3540, an adult female collected at 8.5 km in straight line to the downtown of Guamaré municipality, state of Rio Grande do Norte (05°07’ 31.5 ’’S, 36 ° 23 ’00.8’’W), Guamaré municipality, state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, by Igor J. Roberto on May 27 of 2011. Paratypes. Four adult males (URCA-H 3541 -3542, 3544, 3552), two adult females (URCA-H 3543, 3551) and six undetermined sex (URCA-H 3545-3550), all collected from June 9 th to June 25 th, by Lucas B. M. Brito between 0 5 ° 08' 30.9 '' S / 36 ° 25 ' 05.0''W, municipality of Guamaré and 0 5 ° 10 ' 31.3 '' S, 36 ° 28 ' 57.8 ''W, municipality of Macau, state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Etymology. The specific epithet littoralis, a noun in apposition, means in Latin inhabitant of coastal area, referring to the presence of the species in coastal sand dunes. Diagnosis. The new species is diagnosable by snout-vent length 248.8 ± 10.9 mm SVL in males and 257.3 ± 24 mm SVL in females, six precloacal pores, 252–264 body annuli, 20–22 dorsal and 21–24 ventral segments to the midbody annulus (Table 1). Nasals in broad contact at midline, without fusion of head scales. Three supralabials, third one larger; three infralabials, second the largest. Suture between frontals two times larger than the parietal and nasal sutures. Lateral sulci present, starting on 42 th segment, no dorsal or ventral sulci. Tail long with length maximum 70mm and cylindrical, 30–34 tail annuli with autotomy on the 6 th tail annuli, rounded tip of the tail. Description of the Holotype. Adult female, body robust, snout-vent length 263 mm, tail length 41.2 mm. Head not distinct from neck, head length 6.7 mm and width 4.9 mm, being narrower than body. Snout rounded and prognathous; rostral scarcely visible in dorsal view, slightly wider than long and in contact with the nasals and first supralabials. Three pair of scales in the top of head (nasal, frontal and parietal), with sutures between parietals longer than frontal and nasals sutures. Frontal and parietal longer than wider and nasal broader than longer. Nostril on the antero-inferior portion of the nasals. Parietal pentagonal; ocular diamond-shapped, with eyes visible and located at antero-dorsal portion of ocular. Three supralabials, third one larger. One postsupralabial smallest than the third supralabial. First supralabial in contact with rostral and nasal and meeting above the frontal, the second supralabial in contact with the frontal and ocular scales, the third in contact with the ocular and second temporal. Three infralabials, second the largest; the first infralabial meeting the shymphysial and post-symphysial, the second in contact with post-symphysial and lateral genial. Symphysial anvil-shapped, post symphysial longer than wider, pentagonal shapped; lateral genials wider than longer; median genial in two rows, with two and six scales. A row of eight postmalars present, eight postgenials; 257 body annuli. Dorsal and ventral sulci absent. Lateral sulci well marked, beginning at 42 nd body annulus. There are 20 dorsal and 21 ventral segments. Tail long and cylindrical, 30–34 tail annuli with an evident autotomy on the 6 th tail annuli, tip of the tail rounded. Six rounded precloacal pores; Cloacal shield semicircular with 8 precloacal scales and 12 postcloacal scales (Figure 2). Colouration. Dorsal ground color creamy with center of segments dark brown, ventral colouration creamy, immaculate. Head creamy white with dark brown at center of scales. Tail coloration follows the same pattern as the dorsum, and the last four ventral segments on tail with center dark brown (Figure 3 A). Variation within type series. Variations in body and tail counts and morphometric variables are presented in Table 2. SVL TL Pores Annuli Segments Body Tail Dorsal Ventral A. alba 245–810 16–58 4–10 198–248 13–21 30–42 35–46 A. fuliginosa 130–450 20–75 6–10 183–220 19–30 10–13 9–13 A. ignatiana 125–188 22–25 6 255–263 32–36 16 20–22 A. littoralis sp. nov. 231–278 34–70 6 252–264 30–34 20–22 21–24 A. lumbricalis 129–156 16 2–6 225–247 20–26 12–16 16–20 A. pretrei 124–462 16–53 5–9 231–255 20–27 20–27 20–28 Distribution. Amphisbaena littoralis sp. nov. was found in two municipalities at Rio Grande do Norte state: Guamaré and Macau (Figure 4). Amphisbaena littoralis sp.nov. is found in soft sand at Restinga environments (Fig. 3 B), which corresponds with areas of direct marine influence, especially in sand dune formations at the municipality of Guamaré. The species was also found occurring in ecotonal areas of Restinga and Dense Estepic Savana (Caatinga) (sensu Veloso et al. 1991), at the municipality of Macau. This region is part of the Coastal tablelands known as “Tabuleiros” composed of the Barreiras Formation and Quaternary sediments (Suguio et al. 2011). The new species was found in sympatry with A. heathi Schmidt and Leposternon polystegum Duméril. Comparisons with other species. By possessing six precloacal pores, the new species is promptly distinguished from all congeners except 11 species: Amphisbaena alba Linnaeus, A. angustifrons Cope, A. bolivica Mertens, A. camura Cope, A. fuliginosa Linnaeus, A. heterozonata Burmeister, A. ignatiana Vanzolini, A. lumbricalis Vanzolini, A. mertensi Strauch, A. pretrei Duméril & Bribon, and A. stejnegeri Ruthven. However, nine of these species have a variable number of precloacal pores: Amphisbaena alba (4–10), A. angustifrons (3–6), A. bolivica (3–6), A. camura (3–6), A. fuliginosa (6–10), A. heterozonata (2–6), A. lumbricalis (2–6), A. mertensi (6–8), and A. pretrei (5–9) (Vanzolini 2002 a). By the distribution associated with Restinga habitat in Northeastern Brazil, Amphisbaena littoralis sp. nov. can be distinguished from A. angustifrons, A. heterozonata, A. bolivica, A. camura, A. stejnegeri, and A. mertensi, which are distributed in Argentina, Bolivia, Guyana, Paraguay and central and southeastern Brazil (Vanzolini 2002 a). Besides geographic distribution, the new species can be differentiated by having body annuli higher than 250 and tail annuli higher than 30 from A. angustifrons (tail annuli 18–26; Vanzolini 2002 a), A. bolivica (body annuli 200–231; tail annuli 18–26; Vanzolini 2002 a), A. camura (body annuli 188–206; tail annuli 14–19; Vanzolini 2002 a), A. heterozonata (body annuli 190–207; tail annuli 13–17; Vanzolini 2002 a), A. mertensi (body annuli 210–250; tail annuli 25–31; Gans 1966), A. stejnegeri (body annuli 243–247; Vanzolini 2002 a). The remaining five species (A. alba, A. fuliginosa, A. ignatiana, A. lumbricalis and A. pretrei) are distributed in Northeastern Brazil, and the key characteristics distinguishing the new species from these can be found bellow and in Table 2. The new species differs from Amphisbaena alba by possessing an autotomic site (absent in A. alba; Gans 1962), smaller snout-vent length (snout-vent length 245–810 mm in A. alba; Colli & Zamboni 1999), and by having higher body annuli and tail annuli counts (body annuli 198–248 and tail annuli 13–21 in A. alba; Gans 1962; Vanzolini 2002 a). Amphisbaena littoralis sp. nov. can be distinguished from A. pretrei by the higher number of body annuli ranging from 252–264 (body annuli 231–255 in A. pretrei; Vanzolini 2002 a), and by tail annuli higher than 30 (tail annuli 22–26 in A. pretrei; Vanzolini 2002 a). The new species also have a smaller snout-vent and attain a higher tail length (snout-vent length 124–462 mm and tail length 16–53 in A. pretrei; Gans 1965). The parietals are also longer than larger and the rostral is not visible from above in A. littoralis sp. nov., while in A. pretrei the parietals are larger than longer and the rostral are visible in dorsal view. Amphisbaena littoralis sp. nov. has a dorsal color creamy, 252–264 body annuli and 30–34 tail annuli, whereas A. fuliginosa have a checkered black and white coloration, 190–220 body annuli and 23–30 tail annuli (Vanzolini 2002 a). According to Vanzolini (1951) five subspecies of A. fuliginosa are recognized (besides some authors have been considered then as full species (see Gans 2005, Ribeiro et al. 2008): A. f. amazonica, A. f. bassleri, A. f. fuliginosa, A. f. wiedi and A. f. varia. Three of these (A. f. bassleri, A. f. fuliginosa and A. f. varia) have precloacal pores 6–10, but are distributed in the upper Amazon. The remaining two subspecies (A. f. amazonica and A. f. wiedi) have been reported in Northeastern Brazil, but have 8–10 precloacal pores (Vanzolini 1951; 2002 b). From A. lumbricalis the new species is differentiated by the body annuli higher than 250 and tail annuli higher than 30 (225–247 body annuli and 20–26 tail annuli in A. lumbricalis; Vanzolini 2002 a). The new species also have 20–22 dorsal and 21–24 ventral segments to the midbody annulus, presence of a postmalar row and have a robust body, attaining higher size 231–278 mm SVL, tail length 35–41 mm, whereas A. lumbricalis have 12–16 dorsal and 16–20 ventral segments to the midbody annulus, absence of a postmalar row, slender body, with 116– 174 mm SVL (Vanzolini 2002 a). Finally, from Amphisbaena ignatiana, the new species is separated by possessing 3 supralabials, 20–22 dorsal and 21–24 ventral segments to the midbody annulus, a row of 8 postmalar and 12 postcloacal scales (4 supralabials, 16 dorsal and 20–22 ventral segments to the midbody annulus, a row of 9 postmalar and 16 postcloacal scales in A. ignatiana; Vanzolini 1991). Also, the new species has a robust body (Figure 5), and attains higher size, the snout-vent length 231–278 mm SVL, tail length 35–41 mm and head width 4.2–5.8 mm, whereas A. ignatiana have a slender body, snout-vent length 143–188 mm, tail length 22–25 mm and head width 2.1–3.1 mm (Vanzolini 1991).