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α-synuclein (αSyn) is a protein consisting of 140 amino acid residues and is abundant in the presynaptic nerve terminals in the brain. Although its precise function is unknown, the filamentous aggregates (amyloid fibrils) of αSyn have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, which is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. To understand the pathogenesis mechanism of this disease, the mechanism of the amyloid fibril formation of αSyn must be elucidated. Purified αSyn from bacterial expression is monomeric but intrinsically disordered in solution and forms amyloid fibrils under various conditions. As a first step toward elucidating the mechanism of the fibril formation of αSyn, we investigated dynamical behavior of the purified αSyn in the monomeric state and the fibril state using quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS). We prepared the solution sample of 9.5 mg/ml purified αSyn, and that of 46 mg/ml αSyn in the fibril state, both at pD 7.4 in D2O. The QENS experiments on these samples were performed using the near-backscattering spectrometer, BL02 (DNA), at the Materials and Life Science Facility at the Japan Accelerator Research Complex, Japan. Analysis of the QENS spectra obtained shows that diffusive global motions are observed in the monomeric state but largely suppressed in the fibril state. However, the amplitude of the side chain motion is shown to be larger in the fibril state than in the monomeric state. This implies that significant solvent space exists within the fibrils, which is attributed to the αSyn molecules within the fibrils having a distribution of conformations. The larger amplitude of the side chain motion in the fibril state than in the monomeric state implies that the fibril state is entropically favorable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amyloid fibrils are fibrillar aggregates of denatured proteins associated with a large number of amyloidoses. The formation of amyloid fibrils has been considered to occur by nucleation and elongation. Real-time imaging of the elongation as well as linear morphology of amyloid fibrils suggests that all elongation events occur at the growing ends of fibrils. On the other hand, we suggested that monomers also bind to the lateral sides of preformed fibrils during the seed-dependent elongation, diffuse to the growing ends, and finally make further conformation changes to the mature amyloid fibrils. To examine lateral binding during the elongation of fibrils, we used islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), which has been associated with type II diabetes, and prepared IAPP modified with the fluorescence dye, Alexa532. By monitoring the elongation process with amyloid specific thioflavin T and Alexa532 fluorescence, we obtained overlapping images of the two fluorescence probes, which indicated lateral binding. These results are similar to the surface diffusion-dependent growth of crystals, further supporting the similarities between amyloid fibrillation and the crystallization of substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: α-Synuclein is one of the causative proteins of the neurodegenerative disorder, Parkinson''s disease. Deposits of α-synuclein called Lewy bodies are a hallmark of this disorder, which is implicated in its progression. In order to understand the mechanism of amyloid fibril formation of α-synuclein in more detail, in this study we have isolated a specific, ~20 residue peptide region of the α-synuclein fibril core, using a combination of Edman degradation and mass-spectroscopy analyses of protease-resistant samples. Starting from this core peptide sequence, we then synthesized a series of peptides that undergo aggregation and fibril formation under similar conditions. Interestingly, in a derivative peptide where a crucial phenylalanine residue was changed to a glycine, the ability to initiate spontaneous fibril formation was abolished, while the ability to extend from preexisting fibril seeds was conserved. This fibril extension occurred irrespective of the source of the initial fibril seed, as demonstrated in experiments using fibril seeds of insulin, lysozyme, and GroES. This interesting ability suggests that this peptide might form the basis for a possible diagnostic tool useful in detecting the presence of various fibrillogenic factors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The conversion of the soluble, nontoxic amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide into an aggregated, toxic form rich in β-sheets is considered a key step in the development of Alzheimers disease. Whereas growing evidence indicates that the Aβ amyloid fibrils consist of in-register parallel β-sheets, little is known about the structure of soluble oligomeric intermediates because of their transient nature. To understand the mechanism by which amyloid fibrils form, especially the initial development of the "nucleus" oligomeric intermediates, we prepared covalently linked dimeric Aβ peptides and analyzed the kinetics of the fibril-forming process. A covalent bond introduced between two Aβ molecules dramatically facilitated the spontaneous formation of aggregates with a β-sheet structure and affinity for thioflavin T. Transmission electron microscopy revealed, however, that these aggregates differed in morphology from amyloid fibrils, more closely resembling protofibrils. The protofibril-like aggregates were not the most thermodynamically stable state but were a kinetically trapped state. The results emphasize the importance of the conformational flexibility of the Aβ molecule and a balance in the association and dissociation rate for the formation of rigid amyloid fibrils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Light chain-associated (AL) amyloidosis is characterized by dominant fibril deposition of the variable domain (VL) of an immunoglobulin light chain, and thus its constant domain (CL) has been considered not to be amyloidogenic. We examined the in vitro fibril formation of the isolated CL in comparison with β2-microglobulin (β2-m), an immunoglobulin domain-like amyloidogenic protein responsible for dialysis-related amyloidosis. Two methods useful for β2-m at neutral pH also induced amyloid fibrils of CL, which were monitored by thioflavin-T binding and electron microscopy (EM). These results suggest that CL plays an important role, more than previously assumed, in the development of AL-amyloidosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The amyloid deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides is a critical pathological event in Alzheimer disease (AD). Preventing the formation of amyloid deposits and removing preformed fibrils in tissues are important therapeutic strategies against AD. Previously, we reported the destruction of amyloid fibrils of β2-microglobulin K3 fragments by laser irradiation coupled with the binding of amyloid-specific thioflavin T. Here, we studied the effects of a laser beam on Aβ fibrils. As was the case for K3 fibrils, extensive irradiation destroyed the preformed Aβ fibrils. However, irradiation during spontaneous fibril formation resulted in only the partial destruction of growing fibrils and a subsequent explosive propagation of fibrils. The explosive propagation was caused by an increase in the number of active ends due to breakage. The results not only reveal a case of fragmentation-induced propagation of fibrils but also provide insights into therapeutic strategies for AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the insolubility and polymeric properties of amyloid fibrils, techniques used conventionally to analyze protein structure and dynamics have often been hampered. Ultrasonication can induce the monomeric solution of amyloidogenic proteinsto form amyloid fibrils. However, ultrasonication can break down preformed fibrils into shorterfibrils. Here, combining these 2 opposing effects on β2-microglobulin (132-m). a protein responsible for dialysis-related amyloidosis, we present that ultrasonication pulses are useful for preparing monodispersed amyloid fibrils of minimal size with an average molecular weight of ≈1,660,000 (140-mer). The production of minimal and monodispersed fibrils is achieved by the free energy minimum under competition between fibril production and breakdown. The small homogeneous fibrils will be of use for characterizing the structure and dynamics of amyloid fibrils, advancing molecular understanding of amyloidosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Calorimetric measurements were carried out using a differential scanning calorimeter to characterize the thermal response of β2-microglobulin amyloid fibrils, the deposition of which results in dialysis-related amyloidosis. The fibril solution showed a large decrease in heat capacity (exothermic effect) before the temperature-induced depolymerization of the fibrils, which was characterized by a definite dependence on heating rate. To understand the factors that determine the heating-rate-dependent thermal response, the concentration dependence of polyethylene glycol, which inhibits the association of amyloid fibrils with heating, on exothermic effect was examined in detail and showed a causal link between the exothermic effect and fibril association. The results suggest that the transient association driven by a spatial approach and the concomitant dehydration of hydrophobic areas of amyloid fibrils may be significant factors determining the thermal response with exothermic effect, which has not been observed in calorimetric studies of monomolecular globular proteins. The heating-rate-dependent thermal response with the exothermic effect was observed not only for other amyloid fibrils formed from amyloid β-peptides but also during the processes of the temperature-induced conversion of β2-microglobulin protofibrils and hen egg-white lysozyme into amyloid fibrils. These results highlight the physics related to the heating-rate-dependent behaviors of heat capacity in terms of interactions between the specific structures of amyloid fibrils and water molecules. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To understand the mechanism by which amyloid fibrils form, we have been making real-time observations of the growth of individual fibrils, using total internal fluorescence microscopy combined with an amyloid-specific fluorescence dye, thioflavin T (ThT). At neutral pH, irradiation at 442 nm with a laser beam to excite ThT inhibited the fibril growth of β2-microglobulin (β2-m), a major component of amyloid fibrils deposited in patients with dialysis-related amyloidosis. Examination with a 22-residue K3 fragment of β2-m showed that the inhibition of fibril growth and moreover the destruction of preformed fibrils were coupled with the excitation of ThT. Several pieces of evidence suggest that the excited ThT transfers energy to ground state molecular oxygen, producing active oxygen, which causes various types of chemical modifications. The results imply a novel strategy for preventing the deposition of amyloid fibrils and for destroying preformed amyloid deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat-triggered conversion of the salt-induced thin and flexible protofibrils into well-organized thick and straight mature amyloid fibrils was achieved with β2-microglobulin, a protein responsible for dialysis-related amyloidosis. First, protofibrils that formed spontaneously at pH 2.5 in the presence of 0.5 M NaCl were aggregated by agitating the solution. Second, the aggregated protofibrils were heated in a cell of a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The DSC thermogram showed an exothermic transition with sigmoidal temperature dependence, resulting in a remarkably large decrease in the heat capacity of the solution. Third, on the basis of electron microscopy together with circular dichroism spectroscopy, seeding experiments, and a thioflavin T binding assay, the sigmoidal transition was found to represent the conversion of protofibrils into mature amyloid fibrils. Furthermore, DSC thermograms obtained at various heating rates revealed that the transition curve depends on the heating rate, implying that the effects of heat associated with the conversion to the mature fibrils are kinetically controlled, precluding an interpretation in terms of equilibrium thermodynamics. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of the change in heat capacity in addressing the biological significance of interactions between solvent water and amyloid fibrils and, moreover, in detecting the formation of amyloid fibrils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mutations in keratoepithelin are associated with blinding ocular diseases, including lattice corneal dystrophy type 1 and granular corneal dystrophy type 2. These diseases are characterized by deposits of amyloid fibrils and/or granular non-amyloid aggregates in the cornea. Removing the deposits in the cornea is important for treatment. Previously, we reported the destruction of amyloid fibrils of β2-microglobu1in K3 fragments and amyloid β by laser irradiation coupled with the binding of an amyloid-specific thioflavin T. Here, we studied the effects of this combination on the amyloid fibrils of two 22-residue fragments of keratoepithelin. The direct observation of individual amyloid fibrils was performed in real time using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Both types of amyloid fibrils were broken up by the laser irradiation, dependent on the laser power. The results suggest the laser-induced destruction of amyloid fibrils to be a useful strategy for the treatment of these corneal dystrophies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aggregation of mostly antibody light chain variable (V L ) domains into amyloid fibrils in various tissues is the main cause of death in systemic amyloid light chain amyloidosis. Point mutations within the domain are important to shift the V L into the fibrillar pathway, but why and how only some site-specific mutations achieve this still remains elusive. We show here that both destabilizing and surprisingly stable mutants readily predispose an amyloid-resistant V L domain to amyloid formation. The decreased thermodynamic stability of the destabilizing mutant results in the accumulation of non-native intermediates that readily populate the amyloid state. Interestingly, the stable mutants establish site-specific non-native interactions with especially nearby serine/threonine residues that unexpectedly do not affect the folding behavior of the V L domain but rather readily induce and stabilize the fibril structure, a previously unrecognized mechanism. These findings provide a new concept for the molecular mechanism of amyloid fibril formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The inhibition of fibril formation of amyloid β proteins (Aβ) would be attractive therapeutic targets for the treatment of Alzheimer''s disease (AD). Dopamine (DA) and other catechol derivatives were used as inhibitory factors for Aβ fibril formation. The fibril formation of Aβ was monitored by Thioflavin T fluorescence, a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and a total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM). Catechol and its derivatives showed the dose-dependent inhibitory effects on the spontaneous Aβ fibril formation. The inhibitory activity depended on the chemical structure of catechol derivatives both in the presence and absence of the liposome a model of biomembrane. Formation of catechol quinone-conjugated-Aβ adduct by a Schiff-base is a key step for the inhibition effect of Aβ fibril formation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]