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Compositional analysis has proved to be a powerful tool for investigating the recycling of transparent glass in the Roman and Byzantine periods. This paper expands the focus further to explore the recycling of coloured and opaque glass in the Late Iron Age and Roman periods in Britain. A review of the findings to date, predominantly for beads and bangles, illustrates how a combination of methods is needed to identify when coloured glass has been recycled and altered in the past. Chemical analysis, microstructural examination and experimentation have been used to understand how coloured glass was mixed, diluted, and modified with novel colourants and opacifiers, in ways that are not apparent from non‐destructive chemical analysis alone. The paper discusses the possible types and sources of trade glass, the challenges of recycling mono‐ and polychrome glass in different colours, and the unconventional methods used by glassworkers on the periphery of Roman influence to extend and modify coloured glass to produce distinctive items in order to express their identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study draws insights from environmental criminology to implement a policing initiative focused on risky places and the micro-spatial attractors that create vulnerable settings for crime to emerge or persist in the town of Basildon. Evidence-based approaches to crime control have become more important within law enforcement approaches to crime control. Insights that have emerged from recent research on place-based approaches will serve as a central focus of this paper. The experimental approach taken to assess, implement and test the risk-based policing initiative incorporates lessons learned from similar US-based initiatives, and is the first study of its kind in the UK. Results show that community violence offences reduced significantly, and the target areas outperformed the control areas by over 47%. A cost-benefit analysis found this equates to a costs savings of £106,220 during the 6-month intervention period. This study demonstrates the value of evidence-based approaches to problem analysis and place-based crime prevention, and the generalizability of policing research in the US to UK settings. It also demonstrates how a researcher-practitioner implemented initiative from a large city in Missouri (US) was transferred to a small town in Essex (UK) solely via the in-house expertise of Essex Police personnel who reviewed published and open-access scientific literature, a true testament to "pracademics" and translational criminology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Conservar Património is the property of Associacao Profissional de Conservadores-Restauradores de Portugal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: In this study, we bibliometrically evaluated the top 100 cited articles on urological emergencies published since 1975 with a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary perspective. Material and methods: We obtained the data for this study from the Thomson Reuters Web of Science and PubMed. We determined 360 articles which were related directly or indirectly to urological emergencies between 1975 and 2017 and analyzed retrospectively the top 100 cited articles among these. Results: The mean citation impact factor of the top 100 cited articles was 25.8±50.1 (range: 4-467) between 1991 and 2014. We determined that classical articles were cited for 2588 times and the total number of self-citations was 23 (0.8%). Highest publication rate per year was in 2006 (n=9). Among the institutions which published ≥2 articles per year University of Texas led the way with 5 articles. The top 100 articles came from 27 countries and 58% of these are from the USA (n=29), the United Kingdom (n=23) and Germany (n=6). For the top 3 journals of the 33 of top 100 articles most frequently cited were published in journals with an impact factor ≥2 namely, Journal of Urology (n=15), British Journal of Urology International (n=13) and Urology (n=5) respectively. The most frequently cited main topics were penile emergencies with 22 articles and acute scrotal problems with 15 articles. Most of the classical articles on urological emergencies were based on clinical researches (n=95) and also we found that the average level of evidence for the top 100 cited articles was 4.16 (range: 1-5). Mostly preferred publishing language was English among this scientific papers (n=90). Conclusion: Although not considered as a completely unbiased and adequate criterion for scientific evaluations, analysis of the top 100 cited articles provides us with important current data on urological emergencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For most of the 1950s, manned aircraft were the prime nuclear bomb delivery method, and were therefore a vital metric for British and American intelligence when calculating the Soviet threat. Each community reached very different conclusions from the same raw intelligence, generating the ‘bomber gap’ myth in the US but not in the UK. The information available was inconclusive, so in order to understand it estimators had to rely on their assumptions, which were different. Contrasting scopes for parochial capitalisation drew their conclusions further apart. Contrary to orthodox accounts of this episode, Soviet deception did not play a central role. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Three hundred and fifty foodstuffs packaged in printed paper/board were purchased from UK retail outlets. Solvent extracts of all foods and associated quality assurance samples were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the presence and concentrations of 20 printing ink compounds: benzophenone, 4-methylbenzophenone, 2-methylbenzophenone, 3-methylbenzophenone, 4-hydroxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxybenzophenone, 4-phenylbenzophenone, methyl-2-benzoylbenzoate, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, 2-isopropylthioxanthone, 4-isopropylthioxanthone, 2,4-diethyl-9H-thioxanthen-9-one, 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone, 2-methyl-4′-(methylthio)-2-morpholinopropiophenone, 4-(4-methylphenylthio)benzophenone, ethyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate, 2-ethylhexyl-4-(dimethylamino)benzoate,N-ethyl-p-toluene-sulphonamide, triphenyl phosphate and di-(2-ethylhexyl) fumarate. The presence of one or more of the compounds benzophenone, 4-phenylbenzophenone, methyl-2-benzoylbenzoate, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone, 4-(4-methylphenylthio)benzophenone, ethyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate, 2-ethylhexyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate and triphenyl phosphate was confirmed in some food samples. Analysis of the associated packaging material was also carried out to confirm whether or not it was likely that the occurrence of these compounds in the foods was due to migration from the printed paper/board packaging. With the exception of triphenyl phosphate, detected in one foodstuff, all the packaging material contained the substance(s) found in the food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a critical analysis of the development and erosion of the infrastructure for practice learning in England over the past two decades. Although specifically focused on social work it illustrates the way resources can be eroded and so has implications for other professions regulated by government. During the first decade under consideration, UK support for social work practice learning was characterised by an acknowledged pedagogical purpose, nationally agreed standards, economic resources and a recognised status distinct from practice. In the following decade, a range of technical and administrative changes have resulted in the landscape of practice learning shifting with potentially serious consequences for the profession. At the time of writing, social work education is facing another review, prompted by the death of a child. The intention of the paper is to show how changes and improvements may be viewed differently when seen collectively. Announcements of new initiatives can divert attention from erosions that threaten the integrity of existing provision. The disappearance of frameworks and resources may have a real impact on the education of students to be professionals who can assess risk, manage uncertainty and uphold the rights of people with whom they work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brief review of the current recommendations for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), such as the devices and software, recording requirements, the thresholds for the day and night and how to analyze and use ABPM data in clinical practice. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is a fully automated technique in which multiple blood pressure (BP) measurements are taken at regular intervals (usually every 15 to 30 minutes) over a 24 hour period, providing BP values during the patient's normal daily activities. Some experts propose the use of 24-hour ABPM for all first diagnoses of hypertension and for treatment decision-making. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence in the United Kingdom recommended that ABPM should be offered as a cost-effective technique to all people suspected of having hypertension. Measuring circadian changes, ABPM has been shown to predict cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, predicting disease severity and prognosis among patients with significant cardiovascular risk. Only validated devices are recommended for ABPM use. Position papers generally recommend ABPM to exclude white coat hypertension and common recommendations include the assessment of masked hypertension, circadian blood pressure patterns, BP variability, and hypotension assessment. Structured training in the use of ABPM could take place during medical school clerkships, residency or fellowship, workshops or conferences on ABPM could also play a role in training practicing physicians improving patient care and procedural skills. Over the past several decades evidence has emerged that mean BP measured by ABPM has a stronger association with CVD and mortality risk than office BP [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When residential property valuation files are critically examined, usually after some time has elapsed since the valuation was completed, the supporting documentation relating to the comparable evidence used to justify the valuation is frequently found to be incomplete or inadequate. This paper reviews the process of selecting and applying comparable evidence with particular emphasis on the need for structured analysis and recording. It contrasts historic practice with current requirements and draws on the RICS Information Paper Comparable Evidence in Property Valuation (2012) and some relatively recent court cases. It suggests that for many residential valuation file documents the term 'site notes' is a misnomer and the entire file should more accurately be regarded and described as the valuation record. It suggests adopting a structured approach for dealing with comparables to reduce the risk of potential difficulties when files are later reviewed for any purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Universidad & Empresa is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Climate change impact assessments require detailed information regarding the impact of weather in the current climate. This study focuses on the road network, using UK Highways Agency Traffic Information System data and NIMROD precipitation radar data to determine the impact of precipitation on traffic speeds along the M1 and M6 corridors for use in future impact assessments. The results show that whilst precipitation does impact on traffic speeds, there is no universal significant single factor relationship between the two variables and only a small amount of variance in traffic speeds can be explained by the intensity of precipitation. However, a threshold appears to exist simply at 0 mm h−1 (i.e. precipitation/no precipitation). The significance of this threshold is tested in this paper, but it appears clear that a universal relationship between precipitation intensity and vehicle speeds is unlikely to exist and local conditions such as capacity and drainage are equally as important to take into account. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to identify the theoretical approaches presented by the literature on the human factor. In order to achieve such objective we have performed a qualitative research by analyzing the content of several papers published in internationally renowned journals, classified according to the list of journals' ranking provided by the Association of Business Schools (UK), in relation to the theories that have been approached within it. Our findings suggest that from all identified theories, the human capital theory, agency theory, signaling theory and organizational theory are the most frequently approached theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Politics takes diverse forms within the museums sector, from the effect of national government policies and funding decisions to the manner in which the contents of museums are presented to the public. This diversity of political forms leads to the creation of a range of administrative and managerial contexts within which museums operate. This paper explores the relationship of political practices and administrative and managerial regimes for the manner in which museums and galleries in the United Kingdom undertake the functions that they are responsible for, and indicates the possibilities and problems for museum and gallery practice that are associated with different political forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An understanding of future trends in construction prices is likely to influence the construction investment strategy of a variety of interested parties, ranging from private and public clients to construction contractors, property speculators, financial institutions, and construction professionals. This paper derives leading indicators for construction prices in the United Kingdom. These indicators are based on two experimental methods: turning points of the basic indicators in relation to construction price turning points; and predictive power of lags of the basic indicators. It is concluded, based on the analyses, that unemployment level, construction output, industrial production) and ratio of price to cost indices in manufacturing are consistent leading indicators of construction prices. Building cost index and gross national product constitute coincident indicators. `Popular' macro-economic time series such as nominal interest rate, inflation rate, real interest rate, all share index and money supply produced inconclusive results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modelling of UK commercial property development has been a growth industry in recent years. This paper examines the time series characteristics of the data on commercial output and considers the fruitfulness of modelling strategies with respect to it. The models estimated here make sense, and highlight the importance changes in national income, property values and construction costs in determining changes in commercial output. However, several technical and theoretical reasons suggest that they are likely to have poor forecasting ability. One reason is the data on commercial output have a low volatility, while the orders data are of poor accuracy and so are a bad substitute. Doubt is expressed over whether future econometric models can improve on this situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many impactful weather and climate events include two or more variables (like temperature or precipitation) having high or low values (e.g., hot dry summers). Understanding biases in the relationship between modelled variables is important for characterizing uncertainties in the risks associated with compound events. We present a framework for evaluating the relationships between different variables (multi‐variate bias). We illustrate our approach with UK temperature and precipitation, using HadUK‐Grid observations and two model ensembles (12 and 2.2 km horizontal resolution) of the HadGEM3 regional model used in UK Climate Projections both forced with the same driving conditions. There are distinct regional patterns in the biases of both the Pearson correlation coefficients and coefficients of linear regression between temperature and precipitation in both resolutions, for example, large areas of positive biases in the Pearson correlation coefficients across the United Kingdom in winter, and negative biases across most of England in summer. We combine the Pearson correlation coefficients and bias in the coefficient of linear regression into a combined metric and consider regions where either the bias in the coefficient of linear regression or the bias in Pearson correlation coefficient is significantly dominant over the other. By considering only days with similar North Atlantic driving conditions using Met Office Weather Patterns we can identify regions with significant differences between the two model resolutions that are attributable to the difference in model resolution and structural design. The root mean square error (RMSE) of correlation bias across the United Kingdom is reduced in the 2.2 km compared to the 12 km model data in each season except summer where it is broadly similar. For Weather Pattern 2 (North Atlantic Oscillation positive) days the RMSE for correlation coefficient and the coefficient of linear regression is twice as large than for all conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has often been observed that the early years of the 20th century witnessed a significant and noticeable rise in both the quantity and quality of British analysis. Invariably in these accounts, the name of G.H. Hardy (1877–1947) features most prominently as the driving force behind this development. But how accurate is this interpretation? This paper attempts to reevaluate Hardy''s influence on the British mathematical research community and its analysis during the early 20th century, with particular reference to his relationship with the London Mathematical Society. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study aims to shed light on the news selection process by examining the news values currently operational in British newspapers. The study takes as its starting point Galtung and Ruge's widely cited taxonomy of news values established in their 1965 study and puts these criteria to the test in an empirical analysis of news published in three national daily UK newspapers. A review of Galtung and Ruge's original study as well as a wider review of related literature is provided. The findings of the news content analysis are used to evaluate critically Galtung and Ruge's original criteria and to propose a contemporary set of news values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Happiness economics theorizes that economic growth is only tenuously connected to happiness. This article tests this theory on historical evidence by quantifying the trend in emotional well-being (EWB) of British men during the period of rapid industrialization between 1800 and 1900, using a digitized corpus of 19,682 pamphlets published in Britain during this period and held by JSTOR. EWB is measured between these years using a sentiment analysis method of quantifying the frequency over time of a set of positive-valence ("happy") word groups relative to negative-valence ("sad") word groups in the corpus, finding that it remains trendless throughout. This method thereby also provides insight into the quality of life of men during the Industrial Revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the mid 1980s, British Aerospace's Military Aircraft Division has been committed to the concept of real time data monitoring and analy sis in the flight test environment as a prime means of improving effectiveness. This paper presents an overview of the aerodynamic aspects of flight testing, the area which was chosen for the proof of concept phase and was utilized extensively on the experimental aircraft programme. The techniques developed and methods employed are discussed in more detail and examples of the achievements are given. The lessons learnt from the proof of concept phase are reviewed and the implementations of the concept on current major projects are briefly outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel coronavirus disease, also known as COVID-19, is a disease outbreak that was first identified in Wuhan, a Central Chinese city. In this report, a short analysis focusing on Australia, Italy, and UK is conducted. The analysis includes confirmed and recovered cases and deaths, the growth rate in Australia compared with that in Italy and UK, and the trend of the disease in different Australian regions. Mathematical approaches based on susceptible, infected, and recovered (SIR) cases and susceptible, exposed, infected, quarantined, and recovered (SEIQR) cases models are proposed to predict epidemiology in the above-mentioned countries. Since the performance of the classic forms of SIR and SEIQR depends on parameter settings, some optimization algorithms, namely Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (BFGS), conjugate gradients (CG), limited memory bound constrained BFGS (L-BFGS-B), and Nelder–Mead, are proposed to optimize the parameters and the predictive capabilities of the SIR and SEIQR models. The results of the optimized SIR and SEIQR models were compared with those of two well-known machine learning algorithms, i.e., the Prophet algorithm and logistic function. The results demonstrate the different behaviors of these algorithms in different countries as well as the better performance of the improved SIR and SEIQR models. Moreover, the Prophet algorithm was found to provide better prediction performance than the logistic function, as well as better prediction performance for Italy and UK cases than for Australian cases. Therefore, it seems that the Prophet algorithm is suitable for data with an increasing trend in the context of a pandemic. Optimization of SIR and SEIQR model parameters yielded a significant improvement in the prediction accuracy of the models. Despite the availability of several algorithms for trend predictions in this pandemic, there is no single algorithm that would be optimal for all cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of artificial intelligence will transform clinical practice over the next decade and the early impact of this will likely be the integration of image analysis and machine learning into routine histopathology. In the UK and around the world, a digital revolution is transforming the reporting practice of diagnostic histopathology and this has sparked a proliferation of image analysis software tools. While this is an exciting development that could discover novel predictive clinical information and potentially address international pathology workforce shortages, there is a clear need for a robust and evidence‐based framework in which to develop these new tools in a collaborative manner that meets regulatory approval. With these issues in mind, the NCRI Cellular Molecular Pathology (CM‐Path) initiative and the British In Vitro Diagnostics Association (BIVDA) have set out a roadmap to help academia, industry, and clinicians develop new software tools to the point of approved clinical use. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years several European states have seen the emergence of 'counter-Jihad' movements, which in contrast to the established populist radical right eschew electoral politics and put stronger emphasis on mobilising opposition to Islam and Muslims. Despite attracting attention, counter-Jihad movements and the predictors of their support are under-researched. Drawing on a new survey and sample of self-identified supporters, this article investigates the predictors of public support for the English Defence League (EDL), the inaugural 'defence league' in Europe. Contrary to accounts that stress unemployment, apathy or single issues, it is found that support is concentrated among male workers, citizens with school-level education, who read tabloid newspapers and vote for right-wing parties, but who are not more likely to be unemployed, in social housing, have no qualifications or be politically apathetic. Foremost, regression analysis confirms that the strongest predictor of their support is xenophobic hostility toward Muslims, and ethnic minorities more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the relationship between community policing, intelligence-led policing and crime control. Whilst community and intelligence-led policing have developed as distinctive reform movements within contemporary UK policing there have been calls for the two to interact in practice. In particularly, aspects of community policing are operationalised through the frameworks of intelligence-led policing. This article unpicks the structures and processes of (community) intelligence processes in detail. It focuses on the nature of information generated from community policing; how analytical products are constructed; and the nature of the officer tasking and briefing process. It is argued that community policing was conceived, at least in part, as an alternative to traditional reactive policing styles which coalesce around patrol, rapid response to incidents and enforcement of the criminal law. However, as community policing has evolved in practice it has become firmly embedded in conventional police-centric notions of ‘efficiency’, law enforcement and crime control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the national vocational qualifications (NVQs) in Great Britain. It notes that NVQs were launched in 1987 and were the first national effort to base vocational qualifications on the idea of competence. The article offers information on the origins of the NVQs outcomes model, the pilot project CATERBASE, and functional analysis as related to NVQs. NVQs for accounting technicians and the National Health Service (NHS) are outlined.

Professionals involved in assessing the needs of children and young people are required to make sense of complex information. Judgements may be made intuitively or through more explicit, analytical thinking. Judgements are required in relation to risk and need and will impact on children and young people's lives in the immediate future and ultimately across the lifespan. While there are many demands placed on those developing best practice in assessment, two themes appear consistently from studies of serious case reviews and inspections. The quality of assessments has improved but there is a persistent difficulty with levels and quality of analysis in assessments. Also, there is a repeated failure amongst professionals to pay sufficient attention to what children and young people may be saying about their own needs and experiences. There are tensions between policy and practice in the exercise of analysis and judgement. Neither governance nor good intentions may be sufficient to address current weaknesses in practice and practice can benefit from further study of judgement in child welfare and protection. Contemporary policy and practice developments may be a connecting contributor to ongoing professional failure to analyse and failure to represent the child's lived experience accurately and empathically in assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]