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The effect of 112 mJ Nd: YAG laser irradiation on structural, morphological, infrared and magnetic properties of Ni1+xZrxFe2–2xO4 spinel ferrite nanoparticles has been systematically investigated in the present work. The sol-gel auto combustion synthesis method was successfully executed for the synthesis of the present system. All the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction technique (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (IR) technique. The magnetic properties of the present samples were measured by pulse field hysteresis loop technique. All the properties were measured for laser irradiated samples as well, to understand the effect of irradiation on the properties. The single-phase cubic spinel structure was confirmed by X-ray diffraction patterns of all samples and the disordered structure was observed for irradiated samples. The two principle absorption bands in IR spectra also confirm the formation of the spinel structure. Spherical and agglomerated morphology was observed for Zr4+ substituted nickel ferrite, whereas scratched morphology was observed for the irradiated samples. The grain size confirms the nanocrystalline nature, the crystallite size also evident the same. The magnetic parameters decreased after Zr4+ ion doping and strongly influenced by the irradiation.

The present investigation deals with the deposition of aluminum doped nickel ferrite thin films with general formula NiFe2-xAlxO4 (where, x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0) via a spray pyrolysis technique on glass substrate. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies revealed that prepared thin films are polycrystalline in nature and possesses single phase cubic spinel structure. Lattice parameter obtained from XRD data shows decreasing nature with Al3+ doping. The XRD analysis also confirms nanocrystalline nature as evidenced through the values of crystallite size. Metal oxygen stretching, metal cation active vibration modes and bending vibrations are confirmed through Raman spectra. The surface morphological study shows small particle agglomerations having spherical shape. The grain size estimated through SEM analysis found to be in the range of 26 nm to 14 nm. The energy band gap (Eg) calculated from UV–Vis spectra varies from 2.76 eV to 2.01 eV with the aluminum concentration x. The M-H plot shows that the saturation magnetization decreases linearly as the Al3+ concentration increases. The room temperature resistivity of thin films is in the range of 106–107 Ω cm. The electrical resistivity increases with the substitution of Al3+ in nickel ferrite thin films. I-V characteristic curve shows the ohmic nature of the deposited thin films.

A systematic investigations on the structural, morphological and electrical properties of Zn1-xNixO (x = 0.00, 0.03 and 0.05) nanoparticles synthesized via sol-gel auto combustion technique. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction technique (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). X-ray diffraction pattern shows the formation of single phase with hexagonal wurtzite structure. The lattice parameter of Ni doped ZnO is slightly greater than that of un-doped ZnO nanoparticles. The crystalline size of prepared nanoparticles is found to be in 30 to 32 nm. SEM image shows that the grains are in nanometre range which confirms the nanocrystalline nature of present samples. The temperature dependent DC electrical resistivity measurements have been carried out in the temperature range of 303-573 K. The DC electrical resistivity was found to increase with increase in Ni2+ concentration into ZnO matrix. The resistivity decreases with increasing temperature which interpreted semiconducting nature of ZnO nanoparticles.

Mn 2+ doped ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by sol–gel auto combustion technique. The effects of Mn 2+ doping on the structural and magnetic properties of ZnO nanoparticles were investigated. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction technique (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The hexagonal wurtzite structure with single phase of Mn2+ doped ZnO nanoparticles were confirmed by XRD analysis. The average crystallite size determined by Scherrer’s formula was found in the range 14–17 nm. It is observed that the lattice parameter, volume of unit cell, X-ray density, and atomic packing fraction increase with increasing Mn 2+ content. FTIR analysis revealed a slight change in main absorption band of ZnO in the frequency range of 500-1000 cm −1 . Magnetic characterization was performed using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and, which evidenced the properties of pure ZnO and Mn doped ZnO nanoparticles showed the diamagnetic and paramagnetic behaviour respectively.

The oxide glass system of the composition (10 – x)SrO–xFe2O3–90V2O5, (x = 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mol %) were prepared by a standard melt quenching technique. The amorphous nature of the prepared glass was confirmed using X-ray diffraction technique. The infrared spectra of these glasses were recorded over a continuous spectral range (850–1500 cm–1). The density of prepared sample was obtained by the Archimedes principle. The physical parameters of the glasses were also determined with respect to the composition. Density increases from 3.10 to 3.20 g/cm3, whereas the molar volume decreases with the increase in Fe2O3 concentration. In order to study optical properties, absorption spectra were measured at room temperature. Indirect optical energy band gap, optical dielectric constant, refractive index were calculated from optical energy band gap. The refractive index decreases gradually with the increase in Fe2O3 content due to increase of bridging oxygen’s. For temperatures from 300 to 500 K, the dc conductivity increased with the increasing Fe2O3 content. The dielectric properties like dielectric constant, dielectric loss factor and dielectric loss tangent investigated at the room temperature in the frequency range of 10 kHz to 1 MHz decreases with frequency. The dielectric behavior shows strong frequency as well as composition dependence.

Nanoceramics samples of BaZr 1- x Fe x O 3 (where, x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40 and 0.50) were prepared through sol-gel auto combustion method and structural, microstructural, magnetic and optical properties have been investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic measurements showed that the synthesized samples have a cubic perovskite structure. More emphasis was given for calculating accurate values of average crystallite size ( D ) and lattice parameter ( a ) by Williamson-Hall ( W - H ) analysis and Nelson-Riley extrapolation function ( N - R ) respectively. The average crystallite size ( D ) calculation shows that the crystallite size of the prepared samples was in the nano-regime. The surface morphology of grains of the present samples was examined using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Compositional stoichiometry was confirmed by energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) analysis. The pure BaZrO 3 prepared exhibits diamagnetism. Magnetism observed in doped compositions was significantly depended upon Fe ion concentration. With increasing Fe ion concentration, the concentration of oxygen vacancies was increased and as a result of which enhanced magnetic properties was observed. Simultaneously, magnetization of doped compositions was enhanced with increasing of Fe ion concentration. This incongruity in the magnetic behavior can be explained in terms of the changes in the oxidation state exchange interactions of ions such as the Fe 3+ -to-Fe 4+ change induced by oxygen vacancies. The divergence was observed in the temperature dependence of the field cooling (FC) and zero-field cooling (ZFC) magnetization curves, indicating a spin-glass behavior arising from the mixing of ferromagnetic and antiferro-magnetic phases. The ferromagnetic properties are predominant below 50 K and increases with the Fe doping concentration. UV–visible absorption spectra showed that absorption edge shifted to higher wavelength with increasing Fe concentration while corresponding energy band gap of the prepared nanoceramics decreases with increasing Fe concentration. The photoluminescence (PL) properties were significantly dependent on the Fe concentration and a strong violet-green emission for pure BaZrO 3 sample was observed.

In the present work, Co 2+ ion doped zinc oxide nanoparticles Zn 1−x Co x O (x = 0.00, 0.06, 0.12, 0.18, 0.24, 0.30 and 0.36 mol) were synthesized by sol-gel auto combustion method. The effects of heavily doped Co 2+ ion concentration on the structural, electrical and dielectric properties were studied. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction technique (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area diffraction pattern (SAED) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the formation of single phase having hexagonal wurtzite structure along with secondary phase (Co 3 O 4 ). TEM analysis clearly showed the small agglomeration and spherical shape of nanoparticles. SAED pattern also confirms the hexagonal wurtzite structure with single crystalline nature. FTIR analysis showed the vibrational frequency band position of Zn–O shifted to higher frequency band with Co 2+ ion increasing host semiconductor nanoparticles. The temperature dependent (300–400 K) DC resistivity of samples was studied by the standard two probe method. DC electrical resistivity was found to increase with increasing Co 2+ content in ZnO matrix. The dielectric properties of pure and Co 2+ doped ZnO nanoparticles were studied as a function of frequency and composition using the LCR–Q meter. All the dielectric parameters show dispersion and decreases with increase in Co 2+ content. The observed dielectric behavior is explained on the basis of Maxwell–Wagner model and Koops phenomenological theory.

Nanoparticles of Zn1−xCoxO (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.36) were successfully synthesized by sol-gel auto combustion method. Influence of Co2+ doping on structural, morphological, optical and magnetic properties has been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). The X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the formation of single phase having hexagonal wurtzite structure along with secondary phase (Co3O4). The lattice parameters, Crystallite sizes, volume of the unit cell, X-ray density and bond length of pure and Co2+ doped ZnO nanoparticles were determined from XRD analysis. SEM analysis showed that the prepared nanoparticles are in the nano regime, nearly spherical and loosely agglomerated. EDAX analysis showed that composition obtained is near stoichiometric. The presence of functional groups and the chemical bonding due to Co2+ doping is confirmed by FTIR spectra. UV–visible absorption spectra showed that absorption edge to shift towards the higher wavelength with increasing Co2+ concentration while the corresponding energy band gap of semiconductor nanoparticles decreases with increasing Co2+ concentration. From VSM and SQUID analysis, pure and Co2+ doped ZnO nanoparticles show diamagnetic and paramagnetic behaviour at room temperature respectively. The significant changes in M–H loop of diamagnetic behaviour to paramagnetic behaviour are due to non-availability of free carrier concentration for long range ferromagnetic interaction with our system.

Iron (Fe) doped barium titanate nanoceramics (BaTi 1- x Fe x O 3 ) were synthesized through sol-gel auto combustion route. The effect of Fe doping on the structural, morphological, ferroelectric and magnetic properties was systematically studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic measurements showed that the synthesized samples have a tetragonal dominant structure with the presence of intermediate hexagonal phase for higher Fe content ( x =0.4 and 0.5). Accurate values of average crystallite size ( D ) and lattice parameter ( a and c ) were calculated by the Williamson-Hall (W-H) analysis and Nelson-Riley extrapolation function (N-R) respectively. The calculated average crystallite size ( D ) of the prepared samples is in the 17–27 nm range. The surface morphology of the grains was examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Compositional stoichiometry was confirmed by energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) analysis. The ferroelectric property was studied by a P-E hysteresis loop. Magnetic and ferroelectric hysteresis loops are strongly influenced by Fe ion doping concentration due to creation of oxygen vacancies. The saturation electric polarization decreases with the increasing of Fe ion doping concentration. The pure BaTiO 3 prepared exhibits diamagnetism. Simultaneously, magnetization of doped compositions is enhanced with increasing of Fe ion concentration. Room temperature ferromagnetism is also observed in Fe doped BaTiO 3 samples. This anomaly in the magnetic behavior can be explained in terms of the changes in the oxidation state exchange interactions of ions such as the Fe 3+ - to - Fe 4+ change induced by oxygen vacancies. A divergence was observed in the temperature dependence of the field cooling (FC) and zero-field cooling (ZFC) magnetization curves, indicating a spin-glass behavior arising from micro-magnetic state, i. e. the mixing of ferromagnetic and antiferro-magnetic phases. The ferromagnetic properties are predominant below 50 K and increases with the Fe doping concentration.

The structural, microstructural, optical, electrical and dielectrical properties of nanocrystalline Fe substituted BaTiO3 synthesized by sol-gel auto combustion have been investigated. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the existence of the tetragonal phase for lower Fe content (x = 0.0–0.3) whereas, coexistence of the tetragonal and hexagonal structure of higher Fe content (x = 0.4 and 0.5). The lattice constant (a and c) and unit cell volume (V) increases with increase in Fe content; and an average crystallite size (t) was recorded in the range of ~14–20 nm. The surface morphology as examined using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and the compositional stoichiometry was confirmed by energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) analysis. The UV-Vis spectra showed that the band gap energy sensitively depends on the Fe concentration x. DC-electrical conductivity (σ) was recorded in the temperature range of 333–714 K which was found to be increases with increasing temperature and Fe concentration; indicating that an electrical conduction was a thermally activated process. The type of temperature dependent DC conductivity indicates that the electrical conduction in the material is a thermally activated process. The dependencies of the conductivity contributions were predicted from the simple defect model presented, in which oxygen vacancies charge compensate Fe substitution of Ti. Dielectrical property was measured as a function of frequency in the range 50 Hz - 5 MHz at room temperature which was found to be higher at lower frequencies. Dielectric constant (e’) and loss tangent (tan δ) shows strong compositional as well as frequency dependences.

Nanocrystalline samples of BaZr1−x Fe x O3 (x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40 and 0.50) ceramics were synthesized by the wet chemical sol–gel auto combustion method. The perovskite structured cubic phase formation of BaZr1−x Fe x O3 samples was confirmed by x-ray diffraction (XRD) data analysis. Various structural parameters such as lattice constant (a), unit cell volume (V), x-ray density (ρ x), and porosity (P) were determined using XRD data. The lattice constant (a), x-ray density (ρ x) and porosity (P) decrease with an increase in Fe content x. The average particle size was calculated by using the Debye–Scherer’s formula using XRD data and was 9–18 nm. The microstructural studies were investigated through scanning electron microscopy technique. Compositional stoichiometry was confirmed by energy dispersive spectrum analysis. The direct current electrical resistivity studies of the prepared samples were carried out in the temperature range of 343–1133 K using a standard two-probe method. The electrical conductivity (σ) increases with temperature and Fe concentration. The dielectric parameters such as dielectric constant (e′) and loss tangent (tan δ) were measured with frequency at room temperature in the frequency range 50 Hz to 5 MHz. The dielectric parameters show strong compositional as well as frequency dependences. The dielectric parameters were found to be higher at lower frequency.

In this paper, we report the structural, morphological and magnetic properties of pure and Co2+ doped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using sol–gel auto combustion method. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area diffraction pattern (SAED), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The analysis of XRD pattern shows the single phase nature with a hexagonal wurtzite structure for the prepared nanoparticles. The average crystallite sizes of the prepared nanoparticles were found in the range 18–19 nm. SEM images showed that pure and Co2+ doped nanoparticles have different morphology. The shape of the prepared nanoparticles is approximately hexagonal shown by TEM image. SAED pattern also confirms the wurtzite structure with single crystalline nature. FTIR spectra showed the characteristic vibrations frequency band of Zn–O. Photo luminescence spectrum showed that two emission peaks, which are ascribed to near band edge transitions and broadened intensive green emission associated with oxygen-vacancy defects. The magnetic properties were measured by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and superconducting quantum interference device with field dependant magnetization at 300 K and temperature dependant magnetization from 0 to 300 K. From VSM analysis, pure ZnO nanoparticles show diamagnetic behavior while Co2+ doped ZnO nanoparticles revealed ferromagnetic behaviour at room temperature. The significant changes in M–H loop from diamagnetic behavior to ferromagnetic behavior are due to the intrinsic defects such as oxygen vacancies (Vo) and zinc vacancies (Vzn). The RTFM has been presented in terms of vacancies in the frame of bound magnetic polaron model.

Al 3+ and Cr 3+ co-substituted barium hexaferrite BaCr x Al x Fe 12−2 x O 19 ( x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0) nanoparticles were prepared by using sol–gel auto combustion method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of M-type hexagonal crystal structure with some additional peaks of Fe 2 O 3 . Various structural parameters such as lattice constants ( a and c ), unit cell volume ( V ), X-ray density ( ρ x ), bulk density ( ρ m ) and porosity ( P ) were determined using XRD data. The lattice constant (a), X-ray density ( ρ x ) and porosity ( P ) decreases with increase in Fe content x . The grain size determined from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images is in the nanometer range. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the formation of hexagonal ferrite structure for all the calcined samples. The M–H curves recorded at room temperature using pulse field hysteresis loop tracer technique exhibited typical hysteresis loop indicating that the sample exhibits ferromagnetic nature. The large coercivity ( H c ) values indicate the nanocrystalline nature of the present samples. The coercivity ( H c ), saturation magnetization ( M s ), remanence magnetization ( M r ) and magneton number ( n B ) decreases with increase in Al–Cr content x . The dielectric parameters such as dielectric constant ( ɛ ′), dielectric loss ( ɛ ″) and loss tangent ( tan δ ) were measured at room temperature in the frequency range 50 Hz to 5 MHz. All the dielectrical parameters show compositional as a function of frequency dependences. At lower frequencies, it is observed that the dielectric constant ( ɛ ′), dielectric loss ( ɛ ″) and loss tangent ( tan δ ) are high.

The present work deals with the synthesis and characterizations of magnesium-substituted cobalt ferrite (Co 1−x Mg x Fe 2 O 4; x = 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00) nanoparticles by sol-gel auto combustion method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques were used for the characterization of the prepared samples. The magnetic properties were studied through pulse field hysteresis loop technique at room temperature. The XRD patterns of all the samples show the reflection which belongs to the cubic spinel structure. The XRD analysis confirmed the single-phase formation of spinel structure for the present ferrite system. Various structural parameters such as tetrahedral ionic radius (r A), the octahedral ionic radius (r B), theoretical lattice constant (a th), hopping length (L A and L B), tetrahedral bond length (d AL), octahedral bond length (d BL), tetra edge (d AE) and octa edge (d BE) were calculated from the XRD data. The variation of these structural parameters in magnesium composition has been studied. The M-H curves recorded at room temperature exhibit a typical hysteresis loop indicating that the sample exhibits a magnetic nature, which decreases with an increase in Mg content x. The large coercivity (H c) values indicate a nanocrystalline nature of the present samples. The coercivity, saturation magnetization, remanence magnetization, and magneton number decreases with an increase in Mg content x.

Undoped and Co 2+ doped ZnO nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by sol–gel auto combustion method. The ratio of metal nitrates to citric acid was taken at 1:1.11. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), Fourier transform infrared and Uv–visible spectroscopy techniques. The X-ray powder diffraction analysis revealed the formation of single phase having hexagonal wurtzite structure. The lattice constant ‘ a ’ increases while ‘ c ’ decreases as Co 2+ concentration ‘ x ’ increases. The average crystallite size obtained from XRD data is in the range of 19–15 nm. The X-ray density, atomic packing factor, strain, surface area to volume ratio, etc was obtained using XRD data. SEM analysis showed that the prepared nanoparticles are in nano regime, nearly spherical and loosely agglomerates. EDAX analysis showed that composition obtained is near stoichiometries. In order to understand functional group and vibrational frequency band position of synthesized nanoparticles FTIR technique was used. FTIR analysis results observed that vibrational frequency band position of Zn–O shifted to higher frequency band with Co 2+ ion increasing host semiconductor nanoparticles. Uv–visible absorption spectra showed that absorption edge shifted to higher wavelength with increasing Co 2+ concentration while corresponding energy band gap of semiconductor nanoparticles decreases with increasing Co 2+ concentration.

The effect of annealing temperature on structural, electrical and dielectric properties of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles has been discussed in this work. The cobalt ferrite nanoparticles were prepared by using sol–gel auto-combustion method taking AR grade nitrates of the constituent ions and l-ascorbic acid as a fuel. The as-prepared powder was annealed at temperatures 600, 800 and 1000 °C. The single phase nature of the prepared samples was confirmed through X-ray diffraction analysis. The particle size was estimated through Scherrer’s formula by considering the most intense peak i.e. (311). The particle size found to be in the nanometer range (32, 43 and 48 nm) and increases with increase in annealing temperature. XRD data was used to obtain other structural parameters and their variation with annealing temperature is discussed. Scanning electron microscopy and infra-red spectroscopy techniques were employed to characterize the prepared cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. IR spectra reveal the characteristic features of the spinel ferrite. The grain size obtained from SEM images was found to vary with annealing temperature. The electrical and dielectric behavior of the cobalt ferrite nanoparticles was studied by using two probe technique as a function of temperature and frequency respectively. The DC electrical resistivity varies inversely with temperature. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss and dielectric loss tangent all decreases exponentially with increasing frequency. The DC electrical resistivity decreases with increasing annealing temperature whereas dielectric parameters increase with increasing annealing temperature.

Nanocrystalline samples of Co 1−x Mg x Fe 2 O 4 (x = 0.0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0) ferrite were synthesized by wet chemical sol-gel auto combustion method. The spinel cubic phase formation of Co 1−x Mg x Fe 2 O 4 ferrite samples was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) data analysis. All the Bragg planes observed in XRD pattern belong to the cubic spinel structure of ferrite. The microstructural studies were investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique. Pellets of Co–Mg ferrite were used to study the electrical and dielectric properties. The DC electrical resistivity studies of the prepared Co 1−x Mg x Fe 2 O 4 (x = 0.0–1.0) ferrite samples were carried out in the temperature range of 300–873 K using a standard two-probe method. Ferrimagnetic to paramagnetic transition temperature known as Curie temperature (T c) for all samples was noted from resistivity data. The Curie temperature decreases linearly as concentration of magnesium content is increased. The activation energy below and above T c was calculated. The dielectric parameters such as dielectric constant $(\varepsilon ^{\prime })$ , dielectric loss $(\varepsilon ^{\prime \prime })$ , and loss tangent (tan δ) were measured with frequency at room temperature in the frequency range 10 kHz to 1 MHz. The dielectric constant $(\varepsilon ^{\prime })$ measurements with increasing frequency show two peaks at room temperature of measurements for all samples under investigation. The peaks observed show compositional dependences as a function of frequency. The observed behavior in the electrical and dielectric behavior of nanocrystalline Co 1−x Mg x Fe 2 O 4 spinel ferrites is discussed in this work.

In the present study, the molecular interaction between ethanolic extract of drug Piper nigrum with (metal ions) ZnCl2 have been investigated by ultrasonic method. The ultrasonic velocity (U), density (ρ), and viscosity (η) of an ethanolic extract of drug with metal ions of different concentration (number of moles of drug = 1.4018, 2.1027, 2.8036, and 3.5045) and different temperature (T = 308.15, 313.15, 318.15, 323.15, and 333.15) K at 2 MHz have been measured through ultrasonic interferometer. From experimental parameters (ultrasonic velocity (U), density (ρ) and viscosity (η)), various thermoacoustical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (β), intermolecular free length (Lf), specific acoustic impedance (Z) has been calculated. The change in concentration of drug P. nigrum and varying temperature affects compressibility of solution, which gives idea about molecular interactions in liquid mixtures. Obtained experimental and thermoacoustical parameters are used to investigate the solute–solvent interactions between P. nigrum and ZnCl2 ions which is useful to understand the mechanism of their metabolism in living systems. The conclusion drawn from the ultrasonic investigation is the mixture act as structure breaker and there is a complex formation between ZnCl2 and P. nigrum for the system as a function of concentration and temperature. The results obtained from these studies are helpful for pharmacological applications of drugs, transport of drugs across biological membranes.