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Introducción: La caracterización anatómica de la cadera ha demostrado ser significativamente variable entre grupos poblacionales (1,2,3); estas diferencias morfológicas están asociadas a factores intrínsecos como la edad, el sexo y la etnia, o factores extrínsecos como el medio ambiente y el estilo de vida (4,5). Existen múltiples estudios descriptivos de la geometría del fémur proximal y el acetábulo en diferentes países y grupos de individuos pertenecientes a una etnia, sin embargo, el conocimiento de la morfología y morfometría ósea de la cadera en la ciudad de Bogotá procede principalmente de estos estudios centrados en población extranjera ya que no existe ninguna descripción anatómica de la cadera en la actualidad basada en nuestra población. Teniendo en cuentas estas diferencias y variabilidad, este estudio tiene como objetivo describir la morfología y morfometría ósea de la cadera en adultos sin patología articular que permita ser aplicada para detectar tempranamente anomalías estructurales y mejorar los enfoques de tratamiento. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo por medio de radiografías simples AP de cadera, obtenidas en los últimos 2 años de la base de datos de dos instituciones privadas de la ciudad de Bogotá. Se incluyó un total de 61 pacientes, para un total de 121 caderas (89 de mujeres y 32 de hombres). Los parámetros morfológicos y morfométricos de la cadera evaluados fueron: orientación acetabular (profundidad, ancho, y relación de profundidad/ancho acetabular), morfología femoral (longitud del cuello y diámetro de la cabeza del fémur), alineación femoral (ángulo de la diáfisis del cuello femoral), cobertura acetabular (ángulo centro borde lateral) y asfericidad de la cabeza femoral (ángulo alfa) Resultados: Todas las variables analizadas obtuvieron diferencias relacionadas con el sexo. Los hombres mostraron valores medios superiores excepto para el ángulo alfa (mujeres: 53,2°; hombres: 49,2°). Con relación a las medidas de orientación acetabular: ancho y profundidad acetabular, estos resultados son similares con respecto a la población estudiada en china (profundidad acetabular: mujeres: 27,6 mm; hombres: 31,9 mm en Bogotá y mujeres: 29.65 mm; hombres: 32.76 mm en China) (ancho acetabular: mujeres: 57,2 mm; hombres: 63,4 mm en Bogotá y mujeres: 57.86 mm; hombres: 64.27 mm en China). El fémur resultó ser más corto (30. 47 mm), la cabeza femoral más pequeña (50.71 mm) y el desplazamiento femoral (41.84 mm) fue menor en esta muestra en comparación con las poblaciones revisadas en la literatura. Por otra parte, el ángulo de la diáfisis del cuello femoral de la muestra obtenida en Bogotá fue mayor en ambos sexos (mujeres: 131°; hombres 132°). Conclusión: Es realizada la primera descripción de las características morfológicas y morfométricas de la cadera en una muestra de población de la ciudad de Bogotá-Colombia. Los resultados coinciden con otros estudios en dónde existe una gran diversidad en la morfología y morfometría de la cadera relacionadas con diferencias geográficas y del sexo. (Texto tomado de la fuente) Introduction: The anatomical characterization of the hip has been shown to be significantly variable between population groups (1,2,3); These morphological differences are associated with intrinsic factors such as age, sex and ethnicity, or extrinsic factors such as environment and lifestyle (4,5). There are multiple descriptive studies of the geometry of the proximal femur and acetabulum in different countries and groups of individuals belonging to an ethnic group, however, knowledge of the morphology and bone morphometry of the hip in the city of Bogotá comes mainly from these focused studies in foreign population since there is currently no anatomical description of the hip based on our population. Considering these differences and variability, this study aims to describe the bone morphology and morphometry of the hip in adults without joint pathology that allows it to be applied to detect structural abnormalities early and improve treatment approaches. Methods: A descriptive study was carried out by means of plain AP radiographs of the hip, obtained in the last 2 years from the database of the Colsubsidio Calle 100 Clinic and 94 Clinic. The number of patients studied was 61 for a total of 121 hips (89 for women and 32 for men). The morphological and morphometric parameters of the hip evaluated were the following: acetabular orientation (depth, width, and ratio of acetabular depth / width), femoral morphology (length of neck, lateral femoral offset and diameter of femoral head), femoral alignment (femoral neck-shaft angle), acetabular coverage (center lateral border angle) and asphericity of femoral head (alpha angle) Results: All the variables analyzed obtained differences related to sex. Men showed higher mean values except for the alpha angle (women: 53.2 °; men: 49.2 °). Regarding the acetabular orientation measurements: acetabular width and depth, these results are similar with respect to the population studied in China (acetabular depth: women: 27.6 mm; men: 31.9 mm in Bogotá and women: 29.65 mm; men: 32.76 mm in China) (acetabular width: women: 57.2 mm; men: 63.4 mm in Bogotá and women: 57.86 mm; men: 64.27 mm in China). The femur was found to be shorter (30. 47 mm), the femoral head smaller (50.71 mm), and the femoral displacement (41.84 mm) was less in this sample compared to the populations reviewed in the literature. On the other hand, the angle of the diaphysis of the femoral neck of the sample obtained in Bogotá was greater in both sexes (women: 131 °; men: 132 °). Conclusion. The first description of morphological and morphometric characteristics of the hip is made in a population sample from the city of Bogotá-Colombia. Results coincide with other studies where there is great diversity in morphology and morphometry of the hip related to geographic and sex differences. Ninguno Maestría Magíster en Morfología Humana

The burrower bugScaptocoris castaneaPerty, 1830 (Hemiptera: Cydnidae) is an agricultural pest feeding on roots of several crops. The histology and ultrastructure of the salivary glands ofS. castaneawere described. The salivary system has a pair of principal salivary glands and a pair of accessory salivary glands. The principal salivary gland is bilobed with anterior and posterior lobes joined by a hilus where an excretory duct occurs. The accessory salivary gland is tubular with a narrow lumen that opens into the hilus near the excretory duct, suggesting that its secretion is stored in the lumen of the principal gland. The cytoplasm of the secretory cells is rich in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicles with different electron densities and mitochondria. At the base of the accessory gland epithelium, there were scattered cells that do not reach the gland lumen, with the cytoplasm rich in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, indicating a role in protein production. Data show that principal and accessory salivary glands ofS. castaneaproduce proteinaceous saliva. This is the first morphological description of theS. castaneasalivary system that is similar to other Hemiptera Pentatomomorpha, but with occurrence of basal cells in the accessory salivary gland.

The Korean shuttles mudskipper Periophthalmus modestus has paired olfactory organs on its snout, consisting of anterior and posterior nostrils, a single olfactory canal with sensory and nonsensory epithelia, and a single accessory nasal sac. Its sensory epithelium consists of numerous islets forming a pseudostratified layer and contains various cells: olfactory receptor neurons, supporting cells, basal cells, lymphatic cells (LCs), and axon bundles. The sensory epithelium is a stratified squamous layer comprising stratified epithelial cells, mucous cells (MCs) with glycogen, flattened cells (FCs), LCs, and unidentified cells. Specific structures are as follows: (a) a tubular anterior nostril projecting outward, (b) a slit posterior nostril, (c) an elongated olfactory canal, (d) an ethmoidal accessory nasal sac, (e) axon bundles found only in the basal layer of the sensory epithelium, (f) FCs only at the top of the nonsensory epithelium, and (g) glycogen-containing MCs. Such structures seem to be unique in that they have not been observed in most teleost fishes spending their whole life in water.

Objective: The foramen of Luschka is a natural hole between the fourth ventricle and the subarachnoid space of the cerebellopontine angle (CPA). The obstruction of the foramen is a rare entity with primary and secondary forms. The secondary form is a result of various pathologies, while the primary [for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 69. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgie (DGNC), Joint Meeting mit der Mexikanischen und Kolumbianischen Gesellschaft für Neurochirurgie

Goals Periarticular fat pads of the human knee are relatively well studied structures, but the majority of the reviewed articles focus on fat pads of the anterior part of the knee. Therefore, the goal of this scoping systematic review is to summarize and disseminate current knowledge about the only fat pad in the posterior part of the knee – the pericruciate fat pad (PCFP). Methods In November 2020 two independent researchers, in order to gather the maximally broad set of articles pertaining to the studied topic, searched the following databases: PubMed, Embase, Karger, Scopus, using terms: pericruciate fat pad, PCL fat pad, posterior cruciate ligament fat pad. The article inclusion criteria was that it contained any scientific or clinical data about the PCFP, regardless of the type of article (original study, case report, review), and the year of its publication. Article exclusion criteria were that the study was not related to the PCFP and the article was written in any other language than English. In order to write each section of this review the included studies were then sorted into subtopics related to the PCFP. Main findings During the initial search of medical databases only eight articles mentioning the PCFP were identified, and only four directly focused on the PCFP. PCFP is located in the intercondylar fossa, filling the space between cruciates near their femoral attachment sites, surrounding the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) and directly contacting the posterior capsule of the knee joint. The PCFP is composed of fatty tissue, covered by a thin synovial layer. It can be visualized on a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and during arthroscopy. Injuries of the PCFP may occur, resulting in nonspecific posterior knee pain. It has been proposed that alterations of the PCFP signal in MRI were a secondary sign of acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, and an early indicator of osteoarthritis of the knee joint. While functions of the PCFP are not yet well studied, the PCFP is hypothesized to be a container of reparative stem cells. In agreement with this hypothesis, „the PCL fat pad transfer technique” was described as a promising treatment to enhance synovialization and revascularization of the ACL, after its repair or reconstruction. Conclusions Anatomy and imaging of PCFP is relatively well studied, however, we still need additional studies concerning its histology, functions, injuries, and a role in osteoarthritis. While there are theoretical promising benefits of using PCFP in ACL repair or reconstruction, high level-of-evidence research is needed to formulate any stronger opinions on the topic.

The study of the International Morphological Terminology, the creation of a dictionary or guide and its implementation is complex. The creation of SILATs meant an advance in the studying, spreading and acceptance of the international morphology in Ibero-America. However, there are some problems that have not been completely solved. This paper tries to explain some aspects that will get us closer to the understanding of those challenges, together with a possible way of solving them.

In this chapter, the fundamental aspects related to the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the bone are described, essential for the development of nanomaterials suitable for the treatment of the various pathologies that affect the bone system.

The Gymnotus inaequilabiatus is a Neotropical fish widely distributed in marginal areas of bays. The aim of this study was to describe the main histological and histopathological traits in the head and exocrine kidney. Here, histometric and structural density techniques were associated with renosomatic index (RSI). The kidney was processed for light microscopy. Lipofuscin and hemosiderin content were visually estimated in the melonomacrophages centers (MMCs). All the biometric body variables were correlated with RSI, especially the kidney weight and gross lesions count. The general architecture of head and exocrine kidney was similar to that described for other teleost species. MMCs were prevalent in both portions and correlated with RSI in the head and exocrine kidney. Granulomatous structures were often observed in both portions; however, they were associated only in the exocrine kidney with RSI. Of all the structures hystometrically estimated, only proximal tubular diameter and thickness, and distal tubular thickness were correlated to renosomatic index. The RSI is an useful biometric variable that represent some physiological and morphological characteristics of kidney in G. inaequilabiatus. These findings may be used in future studies to evaluate the effects of environmental stressors on the renal adaptative physiological process. RESUMO Gymnotus inaequilabiatus é um peixe neotropical amplamente distribuído em áreas marginais de baías. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever características anatômicas, histológicas e histopatológicas no rim cefálico e exócrino. Análises histométricas e a densidade volumétrica estrutural foram associadas ao índice renossomático (IRS). Fragmentos de ambos tecidos foram processados para análise e microscopia de campo claro. O conteúdo de lipofuscina e hemossiderina foi estimado visualmente nos centros de melanomacrófagos (CMMs). Todas as variáveis corporais biométricas foram correlacionadas com o IRS, principalmente o peso renal e a contagem de lesões superficiais. A arquitetura geral do rim cefálico e exócrino foi semelhante à descrita para outras espécies de teleósteos. Os CMMs foram frequentes em ambas as porções e correlacionaram-se com o IRS. Estruturas granulomatosas foram frequentemente observadas em ambas porções; no entanto, foram associadas ao IRS apenas no rim exócrino. De todas as estruturas estimadas histometricamente, apenas o diâmetro e espessura dos túbulos proximais e distais correlacionaram-se ao IRS. Este índice mostrou-se uma variável útil associada a características fisiológicas e morfológicas do rim de G. inaequilabiatus. Esses achados podem ser empregados em futuros estudos a fim de avaliar efeitos ambientais bem como processos adaptativos fisiológicos.